Unit1 Microprocessor

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Embedded Systems

Unit I

Instructor : Govind Krishnan

Courseware : Embedded Systems S/WDesign © Seer Akademi Pvt. Ltd., 2011




Concept of an ES

SOFTWARE PROGRAM

#include <16f876a.h>

#use delay (clock=20000000)

#byte PORTB=6

main()

{

set_tris_b(0);

portb=255; //decimal

delay_ms(1000);portb=0x55; //hexadecimal

delay_ms(1000);

portb=0b10101010; //binary

delay_ms(500);

}

HARDWARE



Components of an ES

Any ES consists of the following components:

Processor/MCU/DSP

Sensors

Converters (A-D and D-A)

Control Components

Memory (On-chip and Off chip)

Interfaces




Courseware : Embedded Systems S/W

Design © Seer Akademi Pvt. Ltd., 2011

Block Diagram of an Embedded System

Memory

Processor &

ASICsA-DSensor D-AControl

components



Components of a Microprocessor

• A microprocessor is a singlechip CPU used inmicrocomputers.

• Functions :

Has the ability to fetch and

execute instructions storedin memory.

Has the ability to accessexternal memory, external

I/O and other peripherals.• Applications :

Used as CPU incomputers.




Microprocessor Features

• It is the key element of all computers, providing the mathematical

and decision making ability.

• They are powerful pieces of hardware, but not much useful on their

own. Just as the human brain needs hands, feet, eyes, ears, mouthto be useful; so does the microprocessor.

• They operate at ultra-fast speeds – doing over a billion operations

every second.

• Current state-of-the-art uPs (Pentium, Athlon, SPARC, PowerPC)

contain complex circuits consisting of tens of millions of

transistors.




Continued ..

• More than 90% of the microprocessors/micro-controllers

manufactured are used in embedded computing applications. In

2000 alone, 365 million microprocessors and 6.4 billion micro-

controllers were manufactured.

• Examples of microprocessors :

Intel

4004, 4040

8080, 8085, 8086, 8088,

80186, 80188, 80286,80386, x86-64, Pentium

AMD

Athlon, Phenom, Fusion

Motorola, Cyrix, Zilog

and others




Microprocessor Architecture

The MPU communicates with memory and I/O using the systembus

• Address bus

Unidirectional

Memory and I/O Addresses

• Data bus

Bidirectional

Transfers binary data and instructions

• Control lines

Read and write timing signals




Functional view of a Microprocessor-based

System




Evolution of Intel Microprocessors




Components of a Microcontroller

• A microcontroller is afunctional computer SoC.

• Includes microprocessor,memory, I/O ports, and support

devices (such as timers, A/Dconverter, sensors etc) on asingle semiconductor chip.

• Applications :

They are found in small,minimum componentdesigns performing controloriented activities.




Microcontroller Features

• They are essentially another type of microprocessor systems.

• They are a complete computer on a chip containing directinput and output capability and memory along with the

microprocessor on a single chip. Many times they containother specialized application-specific components as well.

• The processing power is much less compared to aMicroprocessor.

• They are found embedded in video games, VCRs, microwaveovens, printers, autos, etc.




Microcontroller Architecture

• It includes an integrated CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM, programmemory, or both) and peripherals capable of input and output.

• I/O ports are generally multiplexed and can be programmed to performdifferent functions.

• Examples of microcontrollers :

INTEL 8031,8032,8051,8052,8751,8752

PIC (Microchip)8-bit PIC16, PIC18 ; 16-bit DSPIC33 / PIC24 ; PIC16C7x

ARM, NXP, Freescale, Cypress PSOC, ATMEL, Renesas




Differences

Microprocessor Microcontroller

An IC that can be programmed to

do certain processing , but cannot

sustain alone as a completesystem.

It is a small computer on a single

IC. It needs IO devices to be a

complete system.

Building blocks : ALU, control

unit, buses.

Building blocks : MPU core,

timers, counters, UART,

programming memory and data

memory.

It does not have input and output

ports.

Microcontrollers have input and

output ports.




Continued ..

Microprocessor Microcontroller

Here there are more op-codes and

few bit-handling instructions.

Here there are few op-codes and

more bit-handling instructions.

The access time for memory and IO

devices is more.

The access time is less because, of

inbuilt memory and IO devices.

High speed, 1-3GHz Moderate speed, 500KHz-2GHz




Temperature Measurement System




Blood Glucose Monitor


Unit1 Microprocessor

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