Unit V: 1914 – Present

Why 1914?Why 1914? World War (Decline of Empires) “Decolonization” & New Nations Cold War Conflicts Globalization

Causes of WWI:

M – Militarism

A – Alliances

I – Imperialism

N – Nationalism

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

Europe in 1914

World War IWorld War I

Total War Effort: women; colonial soldiers Machine guns, subs, planes, tanks, trench

warfare = major death & destruction Financial strain on empires New nation-states formed (Palestinians, Jews,

Arabs, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia) Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles

Lasting-Peace: Causes of WW II:

-Arms Limitation

-Creation of League of Nations

-Poland is created-Great Depression

-Germany pays reparations

-Germany lost Territory-No secret alliances

New Map of Europe

Acts of Aggression Lead to WWII:

Country Area AttackedJapan Manchuria, China

Italy Ethiopia

  1. Austria

Germany 2. Czechoslovakia

  3. Poland (1939)

AXIS POWERS:

-Adolf Hitler:-Adolf Hitler:re-armed Germany into a

modern war machine

- Italian dictator Benito Benito Mussolini Mussolini

*Both FascistFascist allies

“APPEASEMENT” OF HITLER

“An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile, hoping it will eat him last.”

- Winston Churchill

“My good friends… I have returned form Germany bringing peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time… Go home

and get a nice quiet sleep.”

German “Blitzkreig” of Europe

Japanese Aggression in Pacific:

-Bombing of Pearl Harbor

- Japanese imperial expansion

Turning Points: Africa & Italy

Operation Torch, 1942-43 El Alamein,

1942-43

Invasion of Sicily and Italy, 1943

Operation Overlord (D-Day), 1944

August 6, 1945:

U.S. dropped atomic bomb on

Hiroshima

Democracy in Japan:

• 7 yr. U.S. occupation

• new Constitution & democratic gov’t

1. Western powers weakened

2. Costs of War

3. Ends Fascism

4. Atrocities: Nazi Holocaust, Rape of Nanjing, Atomic Bombings

WW II: Post-WW II:

Impacts of World War II

2. The Cold War: “Bipolar World” of US vs. USSR

(arms race, proxy wars, space race, containment)

3. United Nations

1. Decolonization: Creation of “3rd World” countries

20th-cen. Revolutions:

•Rural peasants

•Rapid Industrialization

•Corrupt political systems

•Foreign intervention

Mexican Revolution (1911-1917)

“Tierra y Libertad”

Changes:

• 1917 Constitution

• Land redistribution for peasants

• Universal voting

• Educational reforms for boys/girls

• Workers unions

• Single-party dominance by PRIPRI

Russian Revolution

“Peace, Bread, & Land”

1. 1917: oust Czar

2.Communist “Bolshevik” party takes power (LeninLenin as leader)

3. Lenin industrializes U.S.S.R. w/ the New Economic PolicyNew Economic Policy

Effects:

• Authoritarian dictatorship (Stalin’s Stalin’s 5-Year Plans5-Year Plans industrialized military)

• Supported Communist movements around world

• Capital moved to Moscow

Chinese Revolutions:

1911: Qing Dynasty overthrown

Sun Yat-Sen Sun Yat-Sen – “Father of Modern China”; 1st democratically elected leader

Mao Zedong:Mao Zedong: 1949 Communist Revolution defeats Chiang Kaishek (flees to Taiwan)

How do these paintings

demonstrate how Mao was

successful at gaining power in

China?

1959: CastroCastro seized power

Tried to spread Communism

allied w/ Soviets

Cuban Revolution:

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS (1962 ):

Soviet missiles w/ nukes on island

Iranian Revolution:

1953: Shah Mohammad Reza took power 1979 - Ayatollah Khomenini ousted Shah

- 1st Islamic Fundamentalist gov’t - Hostage Crisis: 55 Americans held in Tehran - 1980-1988: Iraq-Iran War

Decolonization Movements:

Anti-colonial nationalism after 1945 :

1.1. Violent Revolutions & Civil War:Violent Revolutions & Civil War:China, Algeria, Vietnam, Palestinians

2.2. Non-Violent Independence:Non-Violent Independence: India, Ghana, Turkey

3.3. Both:Both: Kenya, Egypt, South Africa

Palestine & Israel:

1917 Balfour DeclarationBalfour Declaration: promised a Jewish state 1948: Israel created

Violent Movements

Algeria:

1954-1962: FLN rebels against French “Arab nationalism” FLN used terrorist tactics

India:

Indian National Congress (1885): Elite, educated

Indian national consciousness GandhiGandhi: prevented violence

- boycotts: Salt March, Homespun Movement

Muslims: led by Jinnah (Muslim League) insisted on separate Hindu & Muslim states

1947: “Partition” of India & Pakistan1947: “Partition” of India & Pakistan

Non-Violent Movements

De-colonization in Africa:

Ghana…led by western- educated Kwame Nkrumah

Kenya: Jomo Kenyatta used non-violent protests

““Africa for Africans”: Africa for Africans”:

- Pan-Africanism- African National Congress

Decolonization of Africa

Egypt:

1952: coup by Nasser

1956: Suez Canal nationalized

Nasser: symbol of “pan-Arab nationalism”

South Africa:

Dutch Afrikaner dominated

Apartheid – separation of blacks

1994: Nelson Mandela 1st Black Pres,

Nasser in Egypt

Ataturk in TurkeyNkrumah in Ghana

Nehru in India Kenyatta in Kenya

Mao Zedong in China

U.S. COLD WAR POLICIES:

2. TRUMAN DOCTRINE: monetary support to allies

1. CONTAINMENT: block Soviet influence

SOVIET RESPONSE:

1. W. & E. Germany

2. BERLIN WALL (1961)

“THE IRON CURTAIN “

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent.”

Soviet-occupied E. Europe

ARMS RACE:

-Massive military buildup

“SPACE RACE”:

-USSR: 1957 Sputnik

-U.S.: NASA

-1961: USSR 1st in space

-1969: U.S. 1st on moon

Vietnam:

Anti-French rebellion

Ho Chi Minh: educated; Communist leader

U.S. involvement

Fall of USSR: • Gorbachev: economic & political opening up (Glasnost & Perestroika)

• China: still Communist; under Deng Deng ONLY slow economic reforms

Global Economics

North (rich) & South (poor)

“Asian Tigers”: Singapore, S. Korea, Taiwan,

Hong Kong

Globalization NAFTA; W.T.O. Response to Globalization?

“Globalization”

International Terrorism

Genocide

Social Reforms:

Rise of Feminism (suffrage for women) Civil rights movements

Environmental Issues:

“Green Revolution”: food Deforestation, global warming…

World Population