Unit Three

Early National(1789) Through the Era of Good Feelings(1824)

Presidents

• George Washington• John Adams• Thomas Jefferson• James Madison• James Monroe

• Who doesn’t match?

• 1789-1797• 1797-1801• 1801-1809• 1809-1817• 1817-1825

Was the country good to go in Sept 1787?

Was the country good to go in June 21st,1788?

How about when we added Rhode Island?

What can you say is probably the number one reason the

Constitution was passed in the first place?

Because it gave general answers to the big questions!!

Our country was immediately faced with answering some of the

questions

Issues

• Supremacy• Limits of Government• Slavery• Indians

Have we answered all of the questions today?

Anyway, back to the history. Who’s presence probably insured

passage of the constitution?

George, George, Baby…

• April 30th, 1789• What party was he a member of?• What did he think of foreign

entanglements/treaties/involvements?

What was promised to get the Constitution passed in the big

states?Bill of Rights

September 25th, 1789

George Washington’s First Cabinet

• Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson

• Secretary of the Treasury– Alexander Hamilton

• Secretary of War– General Henry Knox

• Attorney General– Edmund Randolph

Which of the two most disagreed?

Hamilton, Jefferson

How to interpret the Constitution

• Strict Constructionist– Government should only be able to do those

things which are specifically stated in the Constitution and are absolutely necessary

• Loose Constructionist– Article I, Section 8, Clause 18

Alexander Hamilton

• Illegitimate child from the Caribbean• Loose constructionist• Leading Federalist• Wanted a national bank

Alexander Hamilton• Had a strong desire for a stable and

effective government• Need the support of the wealthy and

powerful for a good country• Rotate the debt by providing new bonds to

pay off the old bonds• People would have a permanent stake in

the survival of the country• Believed in an enlightened ruling class

Thomas Jefferson

• Strict Constructionist• Leading Republican• Against a national bank

Hamilton Jefferson

• Wealthy, enlightened class• An independent commercial economy• Thriving industrial economy• Centralized control• National supremacy

• Rural country, agrarian• Small independent farmers• No big cities• Decentralized government• States rights

How did the Articles of Confederation raise money?

Northwest Land Ordinances

Which of the following does not fit?

• Kentucky• Ohio• Illinois • Michigan• Indiana• Wisconsin

How did Hamilton propose to put the country on a secure financial

footing?

Which of the following did not pass?

• National Bank• Assumption• Funding the debt• Excise tax

– Tax on goods produced within a country– Whiskey Tax

• Tax on imports– Revenue tariff – Protective tariff

Taking over the debt of the Articles of Confederation is

called…Funding the debt

Taking over the debt of states related to the war is called…

Assumption

Did all of the parts pass?

They all passed

• National Bank (1791)• Assumption• Funding the debt• Excise tax• Tax on imports

Which one required the biggest compromise?

State debt – D.C. would be located near Virginia and

Maryland

Who did Washington support?

Hamilton. While he wasn’t a federalist he was more supportive

of their positions

The good from Hamilton’s policies

• Restored public credit• Bonds were again selling at par• Manufacturers profited from the tariffs• Businesses benefited from the new

banking system

The bad from Hamilton’s policies

• Rise of an opposing party (republicans)– Thomas Jefferson– James Madison???????

• Poor were paying an unfair amount of the taxes

• Federalist got the image of catering to the wealthy, and not the common man

Federalist Republicans

• Most numerous in commercial centers• Seaports• Favored the British

• Rural areas• South• West• Favored the French

Republicans criticisms of the Federalists

• Feared the awarding of government franchises (bank)

• Appointing of government officials• Buying alliances and support

Judiciary Act of 1789

• Created the Supreme Court• Established John Jay as the Chief Justice

of the Supreme Court• Created 13 District Courts• Created 3 Circuit Courts

1792 election

• Who is the presidential candidate– George Washington

• Who is the vice president (again)– John Adams

• Federalist accomplishments– Stabilizing of the western lands– Strengthened America’s international position

Further Events

• Whiskey Rebellion (1794)• 1793 – war between France and G.B.

– Are we neutral, or the Treaty of 1778?– Citizen Genet

• 1794 – British seizing American ships doing business with French Indies

• 1794 – Canadian Governor was inciting the Indians to the North

Jay’s Treaty

• Commercial relationship with Britain• Undisputed sovereignty over the northwest• Scared the Spanish

– Are the Americans and British friends?• It did not resolve the problem of

impressment so it was not popular with the people

Pinckney’s Treaty

• A treaty with the Spanish• America has the right to navigate the

Mississippi• Use New Orleans as a port (right of

deposit)• Fixed the northern border of Florida• Gave us Alabama and Mississippi• Spain had to help with the Indian Attacks

Battle of Fallen Timbers

• August 1794• General Anthony Wayne• Indians gave away land in Ohio and

Indiana• Treaty of Greenville 1795

– Most of the territory of Ohio– Tecumseh did not sign the treaty

Which states were added by 1800

• Vermont 1791• Kentucky 1794• Tennessee 1796

What two items did George address in his farewell speech?

• Dangers of political parties– factions (Federalist # 10)

• Getting involved in European quarrels– neutrality

Election of 1796Federalist Republican

• Candidates– John Adams– Thomas Pinckney

• Only won by three electoral votes - why?• 12th amendment fixes this problem

• Candidate– Thomas Jefferson

X,Y,Z Affair

• A response to French ships capturing American ships

• Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry

• Were asked to provide a bribe, loans• Led to us attacking ships, cutting off trade

Quasi War with France

• French Captured U.S. ships and imprisoned their crews

• Mostly a naval war

What good came of the X, Y, Z affair

• Made the federalists more popular (for the time)

• Increased their majorities in the 1798 elections

• Got us out of the agreement of 1778 (we aren’t allied to France anymore) we are truly neutral

What was a negative with X, Y, Z affair?

• Made the federalists feel like they could protect their turf

• Made the biggest mistake in U.S. History• Created the Department of the Navy 1798

– Just kidding

With the rise of the second partythe federalists got nervous.

• They had a choice between – Liberty– Stability

Which did they choose?

Stability

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Alien Act – placed obstacles for people wanting to become citizens– Discouraged immigration

• Sedition Act – Government could prosecute those who were in sedition against the government– Arrest/convict ten men who were republican

newspaper editors

What was Jefferson’s response to the Alien and Sedition Acts

• He did not like them• Looked to the state legislatures to stop the

acts• Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky

(Jefferson) Resolutions• What was claimed in the Kentucky

Resolutions– Nullification

Quiz

• Which of the following was the result of the other four?– Quasi War– X,Y,Z affair– Revolution of 1800– Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions– Alien and Sedition Acts

Answer

• X,Y,Z Affair• Quasi War• Alien and Sedition Acts• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions• Revolution of 1800

1800 Election

The election of 1800• What did Jefferson call this election?

– The revolution of 1800• Nation was saved from tyranny• The nation could get back to its principles

• What happened that was significant in this election?– Electoral vote tie

• “We are all republicans we are all federalists”

Election of 1800

• Who controlled which branches of government?– Republicans – President, Congress– Federalist – Judiciary

Midnight Judges

• Federalists created 16 new federal judges• All delivered except a few• John Marshall appointed Chief Justice• Marbury v. Madison

– Establishes the principal of judicial review

Thomas Jefferson• A firm believer in public education• Led a crusade against ignorance• Schools were mostly open to the elite• Republicans believed in

– Virtuous white men who took care of everyone else, dependents, women, slaves…

– Assimilating Indians – “Noble Savages”• Republican Motherhood

– Push for schools for women– How can women train our boys if they are ignorant– A way to make a woman a better wife and mother

What is the difference between Jefferson and the Federalists?

• Weak national as opposed to a strong national

• The federalists scared people, they were appearing to abuse their power and take care of the rich

Did Jefferson live up to the difference?

• Unassuming, did his work through the congress

• 1802 abolished the internal taxes (whiskey)

• Reduced government spending• Reduced the army and navy

In what ways was Jefferson like the Federalists?

• Created the Military Academy (1802)• Took on the Barbary Pirates, even though….• Impeaching of Judges• Treatment of Indians

– Become a part of white society, or migrate west of the Mississippi

• The Louisiana Purchase (1803)– The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804)

• Replaced all the government employees with…

Napoleon

• Received the land west of the Mississippi, back from the Spanish in 1800

• Wanted to reestablish control, Empire• Suppressed the rebellion in the West

Indies• New Battle with England• What happened to the force in the West

Indies?

For $15,000,000

Lewis and Clark

Election of 1804

• Jefferson wins in a landslide, federalists are becoming weaker

• What worried the New Englanders about the Louisiana Purchase– More of the non-elite– More farmers is what Jefferson envisions for

the country

Yet another war starts in Europe that spills over to the United

StatesNapoleonic Wars

Napoleonic Wars

• 1805 Battle of Trafalgar– Destroyed the French Navy

• Napoleon’s Berlin and Milan Decrees• Britain’s orders in council

– Impressment

U.S. Solution• Nonintercourse Act (1806)

– Ban on British imports• Embargo Act (1807)

– Stop trading with everyone• Nonintercourse Act (1809)

– Only stop trading with England and France• Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)

– Trade with the nation who agreed to stop violating American Shipping rights

Election of 1808

• Election of James Madison• The Virginia Dynasty• Essex Junto• Trouble between Aaron Burr, now a

Federalist, and Alexander Hamilton

Tippecanoe

• Nov 7th, 1811• Ended the threat of Tecumseh• We blamed the British for inciting the

Indians

War Hawks

• Congress starting in 1811• Henry Clay (Kentucky)

– Speaker of the House• John C. Calhoun (South Carolina)

– Committee on Foreign Affairs• Remember their names

Election of 1812

• Reelection of James Madison

Causes of the War of 1812• Chesapeake-Leonard (1807)• Peaceable Coercion – The Embargo of the world• Replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act

– England and France only• Macon’s Bill number two

– England only• British relationship with the Indians

– Tecumseh/Tenskwatawa• We wanted Florida – War Hawks

– What was Florida, then?– Britain – Spain were allies

• British soldiers still on US soil– Did not resolve the Tory land issue, TOP 1783

War of 1812

Timeline

• Timeline• Ft. McHenry• Washington DC and Baltimore• Battle of New Orleans

Outcomes of the War of 1812• Treaty of Ghent (1814)• By 1815 impressment had ceased• Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)

– Mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes• The Indians fought with…

– William Henry Harrison won the Battle of Thames, killing the British General Tecumseh

• Assured our independence once and for all

Hartford Convention 1814

• The federalists are getting desperate• Hinted at seccession• Right of nullification

What did the War of 1812 show us?

• We stunk at transportation • We stunk at finances

– Second Bank of the United States (1816)

Election of 1816

• James Monroe• Goodwill tour• Panic of 1819

– Tightening of credit by the national bank• Era of Good Feelings

– Why are we feeling good?– Is this a true indicator of the period?

• Last time there was a federalist candidate

James Monroe

• His Secretary of War John C. Calhoun tells Andrew Jackson….

• Take necessary steps to stop Indian attacks

• Attacks St. Marks and Pensacola – Seminole War

• Does Adams denounce Jackson’s actions?

Outcome of the Seminole War

• What did Jackson prove, or who did it scare?

• Adams – Onis Treaty of 1819– Spain gives up claim to Florida– Everything in the Northwest above 42 parallel– U.S. gives up Texas

What caused the Missouri Compromise to happen?

• Missouri wanted to be admitted as a state• We were tied in 1819, 11 – 11• Tallmadge Amendment attached to the

Missouri statehood bill, to end slavery in the area

• What was the Compromise– Maine Free– Missouri Slave– Parallel 36° 30'

Election of 1820

• James Monroe reelected • No opposition• Revolutions in South America• Recognize five new Central/South

American Nations– Chile, Peru, La Plata, Columbia, Mexico

• The Monroe Doctrine 1823

Henry Clay’s American System

• Protective Tariff• National Bank• Federally funded transportation

infrastructure

Election of 1824

• Jackson - 153,544 votes, 99 electoral• Adams - 108,740, 84 electoral• So who gets elected?• John Quincy Adams• End of the caucus system• The corrupt bargain

– Named Henry Clay his Secretary of State

Major Themes

• Westward expansion• Sectionalism/Nationalism• Strengthening National Power• American Culture

Westward Expansion• By 1820

– Passed the Mississippi• Helped by the factor system

– Goods to the Indians at cost• Added new states

– Indiana - 1816– Mississippi - 1817– Illinois - 1818– Alabama - 1819

• Mexican Independence from Spain - 1821

Migration

• Population doubled between 1800 and 1820– Used the canals, turnpikes

• People kept moving west as things got crowded

Sectionalism

• Geography– rocky v. good soil

• Economically– Agriculture/industry

• Missouri Compromise• New States

Nationalism

• New States• Monroe Doctrine• 1816 Second Bank of the United States• Chief Justice John Marshall

National Prowess• Marbury v. Madison (1803)

– Established the principle of judicial review• Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

– Yazoo land deal• Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

– Override the decisions of state courts• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

– 2nd National Bank of the US• Johnson v. McIntosh (1823)

– Only the federal government could take land from the Indians• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

– Only the federal government can regulate interstate trade• Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816)

– Supreme Court could determine the constitutionality of State court decisions

Noah Webster

• American Spelling Book 1783 – Blue Backed Speller

• Grammar books• Changed the spelling of words, replaced s

with c• An American Dictionary of the English

Language (1828)

Eli WhitneyCotton Gin 1793

• What was bad about the cotton gin?– Bad for the slaves?– Bad for the south?

• What was good about the cotton gin?– customers– The north grew a stronger

textile/manufacturing industry

Eli’s Patent Application Drawing

What else was Eli Whitney known for?

• Interchangeable parts• Applied to guns• Adapted to other machinery

Growth in Manufacturing• Samuel Slater (1790)

– First Modern Factory in America– Spinning Mill– Pawtucket, Rhode Island– Whole families were hired– Replacing the putting-out system

• Francis Cabot Lowell (1813)– Waltham Massachusetts– First mill in America– Only young women were hired– Spinning and weaving under one roof

Canals

What do canals beat to make them so cost effective?

Friction

 

 

Robert Fulton

• Steamboat 1807• River Navigation• Not just down the river, but also up the

river

American Shipping

• Why did American Shipping Grow?– Tariffs on foreign shipping– War in Europe in the 1790s

• Convert merchant ships to war ships

Turnpikes

• Toll roads• 1792 road from Philadelphia to Lancaster• Road from Maryland to Virginia

Second Great Awakening

• 1800• Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians• Helped establish order and stability in

society• Reinforced the belief that different

religions could exist• First “Camp Meeting” 25,000 people• Appealed to more women than men• Slaves and Indians

Rising cities• By 1800

– 3% lived in towns of 8,000 or more– 10% lived west of the Appalachians

• Biggest Cities– Philadelphia 70,000– New York 60,000– Baltimore 26,000– Boston 24,000– Charleston 20,000

What two people died on July 4th, 1826

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams