Unit-IX Samples sampling measurement tools, instruments.
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Transcript of Unit-IX Samples sampling measurement tools, instruments.
Unit-IXSamples sampling measurement tools, instruments
Objectives:
• Define the term population sample and sampling.
• Identify and select various soft wares to calculate
sample size according to particular type of research.
• Discuss types of measurement tools for collecting data
from quantitative, qualitative and outcome research.
• Differentiate between interview guide and interview
schedule
Measurement tools
• Measurement tools are instruments used by researchers to aid in the assessment of participants.
• The instruments are used to measure or collect data on a variety of variables ranging from physical functioning to psychosocial wellbeing.
• Types of measurement tools include scales, interviews, structured questioner and informal observations.
Data collection
• Data collection is precise, systematic, gathering of information relevant to the research purpose or the specific objective, questions, or hypotheses of a study.
• Measurement is a research tool.• Scientific problem solving involves four steps
1. Developing the problem; 2. Formulating the hypotheses; 3. Gathering the data; 4. Analyzing and interpreting results.)
• Step 3 necessitates an understanding of measurement
Study variables are measured by a Variety of techniques
• Mail,
• Telephone,
• Face to face interviews
• Hospital records
• Self-administered
Before
writing
the q
uestio
ns, th
e
resear
cher m
ust de
cide w
hich o
f
these
method
s will
be use
d.
1. Sources of Data
2. Form of Data
3. Amount of Data
4. Accuracy/Reliability of Data
5. Design Fit
Major Issues of Data Collection
Sources of Data
Two broad categories:
1. Primary Data = information obtained
exclusively for current research
2. Secondary Data = archival or previously
recorded information
Advantages of Primary data Collection
• Based on researcher's need
• Control over measurement selection and
execution
Advantages of Secondary data collection
• Little cost or time required to access data
• Not confined to immediate level or unit of
analysis
Form of data
Self-Report Data• Subject provides account of attitude,
opinion, memory, personal characteristics, or circumstances
• Examples:• Surveys/Questionnaires• Interviews
Amount of Data
• Determine amount of data needed to conduct
study
• Data sources, time periods, and number of
participants (sample)
• Involves sampling techniques
Archival Data
• Previously collected data
• Examples:
• Prior research
• Procedural documents
The data related to a study focus can be collected from the
following means:
Questionnaire
Checklist
Interview
Observation
Records
Experimental Approach
Data Collection Tools
• Use validated questioner from of other research that similar topics
• Find out through literature review about similar topics
• Do not include questions those questions which you ‘just like to know’
Development of a Study Questionnaire
• Open-ended response
Allow subjects to answer the question, without any
restrictions imposed by the questionnaire's designer.
• Close-ended response Limits the answers which subject gives, requiring a
choice of one or more of the answers provided by the questionnaire.
Example: there has been a great deal of concern about the rising cost of food. How do you handle the problem of rising food cost?”
purchase cheaper types of foods Substitute other types of food in your diet Purchase large amounts of items which is on sale Eat at restaurants less Invite fewer people over to eat a meal at your house
ChecklistThese are items that comprise several questions on a topic and require the same response format.
Interview
Interview Guide
Interview Schedule
• A interview schedule is a interview with pre-coded question to produce quick and easy quantitative data which is high in reliability.
• A set of questions which are asked by interviewer and filled in on the given space in a face to face interaction with another person.
RecordsA record refers to all the numbers and statistics that institutions, organizations and people keep as a record of their activities.
Sources
1. Census data2. 2. Educational records3. 3. Hospital/clinic records
Experimental Approach A powerful design for testing hypothesis of causal
relationships among variables. Researcher controls the
independent variable & watches the effect on the
dependent variable.
Two Groups of Experimental Approach 1. Treatment / Experimental group
2. Control group
Thank you
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