Unit II The Gilded Age and Progressivism. SECTION I: IMMIGRATION, INDUSTRIALIZATION, & URBANIZATION.

Unit IIUnit II

The Gilded Age and ProgressivismThe Gilded Age and Progressivism

Section I: Immigration, Industrialization, & Urbanization

“New” vs. “Old” Immigrants

““Old ImmigrantsOld Immigrants”” – –

Immigrants who arrived from Northern and Western EuropeImmigrants who arrived from Northern and Western Europe

(1630—1860).(1630—1860). Old nationalities included English, German, Irish, Scots, etc.Old nationalities included English, German, Irish, Scots, etc.

““New ImmigrantsNew Immigrants”” – –

Immigrants who arrived from Eastern and Southern Europe Immigrants who arrived from Eastern and Southern Europe

(1870—1914).(1870—1914). New nationalities included Poles, Russians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Italians, New nationalities included Poles, Russians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Italians,

etc.etc.

Push factorsPush factors – factors that compel people to leave their – factors that compel people to leave their

homeshomes Ex: Poor economic conditions, wars, religious discrimination and Ex: Poor economic conditions, wars, religious discrimination and

other factors that force people to emigrate from a nation.other factors that force people to emigrate from a nation.

Pull factorsPull factors – factors that draw people to a new place – factors that draw people to a new place Ex: Good economic conditions, peace, religious freedom, and Ex: Good economic conditions, peace, religious freedom, and

other factors that motivate people to immigrate into a nation.other factors that motivate people to immigrate into a nation.

Why are Immigrants Leaving?

The Journey to AmericaThe Journey to America

Passage on ships was Passage on ships was

the only means of the only means of

travel in early on.travel in early on.

Many immigrants Many immigrants

traveled as traveled as steeragesteerage

(third class).(third class).

Ellis IslandEllis Island

Opening in 1892 , Opening in 1892 , an immigration station, located in NYC, an immigration station, located in NYC,

welcomed new immigrants into Americawelcomed new immigrants into America

First-class and second-class passengers were usually First-class and second-class passengers were usually

inspected on the ship and released.inspected on the ship and released.

About About 2% were denied entry 2% were denied entry and sent back to the nation of and sent back to the nation of

origin.origin.

Many new immigrants remained in New York City or traveled Many new immigrants remained in New York City or traveled

to other eastern cities for economic or social reasons.to other eastern cities for economic or social reasons.

Ellis IslandEllis Island

Angel IslandAngel Island Immigration station Immigration station

located in located in San Francisco San Francisco

Bay, primarily serving Bay, primarily serving

Asian immigrants Asian immigrants

Many Many Angel Island Angel Island

immigrants had to immigrants had to wait wait

weeks to be processedweeks to be processed and and

lived in poor conditions lived in poor conditions

until released.until released.

Assimilation for ImmigrantsAssimilation for Immigrants

The The majority of immigrants lived in ethnic majority of immigrants lived in ethnic

neighborhoods neighborhoods with people who shared their native with people who shared their native

language, religion, and culture.language, religion, and culture.

SettlementSettlement houseshouses offered Americanization programs offered Americanization programs to to

help immigrants help immigrants develop some skills, learn English, and develop some skills, learn English, and

adopt to American styles of dress and dietadopt to American styles of dress and diet..

Example: Hull House by Jane AddamsExample: Hull House by Jane Addams

Assimilation for ImmigrantsAssimilation for Immigrants

““Melting PotMelting Pot”” – – Many immigrants held on to their traditions and cultureMany immigrants held on to their traditions and culture, ,

while adding to the culture of the United States.while adding to the culture of the United States. This This blend of cultures created one distinct American blend of cultures created one distinct American

culture culture ((E Pluribus UnumE Pluribus Unum).).

E Pluribus UnumE Pluribus Unum – – Phrase which means, Phrase which means, ““from many, onefrom many, one””

which indicates the unique blend of the which indicates the unique blend of the

culture of the United States.culture of the United States.

Immigrants Face Hostility..NativismNativism – – The belief that native-born citizens of the United States were The belief that native-born citizens of the United States were

superior to newcomers.superior to newcomers. Rose due to the competition for jobs, fear of religion, and Rose due to the competition for jobs, fear of religion, and

change.change.

EX. Chinese Exclusion ActEX. Chinese Exclusion Act

New American Industry

Innovation Drives A Nation

Thomas EdisonThomas Edison – –

Inventions:Inventions:

Phonograph (recorded Phonograph (recorded

sound- 1877)sound- 1877)

Motion picture cameraMotion picture camera

Light bulb (1880)Light bulb (1880)


Bessemer Steel ProcessBessemer Steel Process – –

Invented by Henry Bessemer (1850)- removing carbon Invented by Henry Bessemer (1850)- removing carbon

from ironfrom iron

Steel could now be produced more efficiently at lower Steel could now be produced more efficiently at lower

pricesprices

New Uses for SteelNew Uses for Steel – – railroads, bridges, skyscrapers, railroads, bridges, skyscrapers,

suspension bridgessuspension bridges


Henry BessemerHenry Bessemer


• Example: the Brooklyn Bridge


TypewriterTypewriter – –

Invented by Christopher Sholes Invented by Christopher Sholes

(1867).(1867).

TelephoneTelephone – –

Invented by Alexander Graham Invented by Alexander Graham

Bell (1876).Bell (1876).

Both inventions revolutionize Both inventions revolutionize

women’s role in the workplacewomen’s role in the workplace

Sky High Growth• Elisha Otis-

developed a safety elevator that would not fail if the lifting rope broke. Skyscrapers would not have been useful without new technology

Urbanization

America Becomes A Nation of Cities

Urbanization –Urbanization –

The rapid growth of cities which The rapid growth of cities which occurred in the late 19occurred in the late 19thth and early 20 and early 20thth

centuries due to the number of centuries due to the number of immigrants from other nations and immigrants from other nations and rural immigrants seeking jobs in the rural immigrants seeking jobs in the

city.city.

transportation improvementstransportation improvements electric trolleyselectric trolleys subwayssubways

Building and City PlanningBuilding and City Planning Steel improvements = skyscrapersSteel improvements = skyscrapers Central heating systems Central heating systems ElevatorsElevators

Technology Changes the Urban Technology Changes the Urban LandscapeLandscape – –

Technology Changes the Urban Technology Changes the Urban LandscapeLandscape

Rise of SuburbsRise of Suburbs – –

Areas around urban centers which Areas around urban centers which

utilized mass transit to travelutilized mass transit to travel

Frederick Law OlmstedFrederick Law Olmsted – –

Civil engineer who developed Civil engineer who developed

““green spacesgreen spaces”” in urban areas. in urban areas.

Most Famous work: Central Park in Most Famous work: Central Park in

New York CityNew York City

Urban Living Creates ProblemsUrban Living Creates Problems

Most immigrants and city poor lived in tenements (low-cost, multi-family housing. (ex. Dumbbell Tenements)

Major Problems In Cities

Problems

• Overcrowding• Unsafe housing• Sanitation• Fire• Crime

Solutions

• Housing regulations• Sanitation departments• Sewer systems• Professional fire

departments• City police

Section 2: Society and Culture

Social and Cultural Trends

Mark TwainMark Twain (aka Samuel (aka Samuel

Clemmons)–Clemmons)–

Writer who used satire to Writer who used satire to

describe life in the United States describe life in the United States

Famous work: Famous work: The Adventures of The Adventures of

Tom SawyerTom Sawyer

Coined the phrase, Coined the phrase, ““Gilded AgeGilded Age””

““Gilded AgeGilded Age”” – –

The term used to The term used to

describe last decades describe last decades

of the 19of the 19thth century century

(1880s—1890s) in (1880s—1890s) in

which the which the United United

States was considered States was considered

to have had a rotten to have had a rotten

core covered with core covered with

““golden paint.golden paint.””


New Lifestyles Change CultureNew Lifestyles Change Culture – – Despite authors like Mark Twain, many in the 19Despite authors like Mark Twain, many in the 19thth century century

believed the United States was entering a golden age.believed the United States was entering a golden age. The increase in shopping, sports, newspaper readership, The increase in shopping, sports, newspaper readership,

magazines, and the development of a defining magazines, and the development of a defining ““American American CultureCulture”” distinct from other nations. distinct from other nations.

Conspicuous ConsumptionConspicuous Consumption – – The buying of the new products developed during the late The buying of the new products developed during the late

1919thth century by the wealthy, middle-class, and poor. century by the wealthy, middle-class, and poor. Only the very poorest could not afford many of the new Only the very poorest could not afford many of the new

luxuries.luxuries.


Mass CultureMass Culture – – The effects of transportation, communication, and The effects of transportation, communication, and

advertising of new products increased the standard advertising of new products increased the standard of living of most Americans.of living of most Americans.

The style of clothing, product consumption, and The style of clothing, product consumption, and other cultural traits by the population at-large other cultural traits by the population at-large brought about the phenomenon of brought about the phenomenon of ““mass culture.mass culture.””


NewspapersNewspapers – –

The newspaper of the The newspaper of the

Gilded Age reflected and Gilded Age reflected and

help create the mass help create the mass

culture of the age.culture of the age.

Competition for readership Competition for readership

led to more improved led to more improved

methods for selling methods for selling

newspapers (use of multi-newspapers (use of multi-

sections and sections and

advertisement).advertisement).

““Newspaper Row"Newspaper Row"New YorkNew York City, 1890City, 1890


Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer – –

Hungarian immigrant and veteran of the Civil Hungarian immigrant and veteran of the Civil

War.War.

Moved to NYC after engaging in Missouri politics. Moved to NYC after engaging in Missouri politics.

Editor of the Editor of the New York WorldNew York World newspaper who newspaper who

believed in informing people and stirring believed in informing people and stirring

controversy to sell newspapers.controversy to sell newspapers.

He used sensational writing and filled his paper He used sensational writing and filled his paper

with politics, comics, sports, and illustrations.with politics, comics, sports, and illustrations.


William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst – –

Editor of the Editor of the New York New York

JournalJournal who also used a who also used a

sensationalized writing style sensationalized writing style

to sell newspapers.to sell newspapers.

Competition in NYC led to Competition in NYC led to

an all out battle for an all out battle for

readership and methods of readership and methods of

selling papers.selling papers.


EducationEducation – – Public education in the Northeast spread to other areas around Public education in the Northeast spread to other areas around

the nation (including the South).the nation (including the South). The increase in education led to an increase in literacy.The increase in education led to an increase in literacy. The introduction of kindergarten and the creation of high schools The introduction of kindergarten and the creation of high schools

increased the age of school-aged students.increased the age of school-aged students. Schools were used to Americanize immigrants and vocational Schools were used to Americanize immigrants and vocational

classes (woodworking and science) prepared many for work.classes (woodworking and science) prepared many for work. New classes taught in schools included civics, history, English, and New classes taught in schools included civics, history, English, and

business to prepare graduates for the workforce.business to prepare graduates for the workforce.


New Forms of EntertainmentNew Forms of Entertainment – – Amusement parks located near urban centers (e.g. Coney Amusement parks located near urban centers (e.g. Coney

Island).Island). Outdoor events and traveling shows (e.g. Buffalo BillOutdoor events and traveling shows (e.g. Buffalo Bill’’s Wild s Wild

West Show).West Show). Vaudeville shows were musical dramas and comedy.Vaudeville shows were musical dramas and comedy. Spectator Sports became popular:Spectator Sports became popular:

- Professional baseball leagues- Professional baseball leagues

- University football clubs.- University football clubs.

- Boxing- Boxing

VaudevilleVaudeville

Coney Island

1919thth Century Baseball Century Baseball

Boston Braves, 1890Boston Braves, 1890

Section 3: Captains of Industry

SECTION 4: Labor Unions

Labor Unions –

Organizations of workers formed to protect the interests of its

members

Organized strikes as a means to gain benefits

Knights of Labor –

Formed in 1869 and opened to skilled and unskilled workers

Worked to create worker cooperatives

People feared labor unions, because of their socialist ideas Socialism- Economic and political philosophy that favors public

control of property and income, believed in the even distribution of wealth by the government

Karl Marx – German philosopher who expanded the ideals of socialism in

his Communist Manifesto (1848).

American Federation of Labor (AFL) Craft union formed by skilled workers

in closed shops. The union was not open to women,

immigrants, or Blacks.

Samuel Gompers – Founder and labor leader of the

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Methods used by Unions – Pick 3

Strike (refusal to work until employers meet demands).

Boycott (refusal to buy or pay for certain products in the

hopes of forcing producers to change their policies).

Collective Bargaining (process through which employees

negotiate as a united group rather than as individuals).

Arbitration (a form of mediation in which a third party

determines the outcome of a dispute which is legally

binding).

Closed Shop (employers can only hire union workers).

Methods used by Employers (to discourage unions)– Pick 3

Blacklisting (A list shared by employers with names of

employees that should not be hired).

Yellow-dog contract (Employer-Employee contract in which

the employee agrees not to join a union ).

Scabs (Someone willing to work despite labor union strikes ).

Lockout (Withholding work from employees during a labor

dispute).

Injunction (Court order demanding an employee provide a

service).

Eugene Debs – Founder of the American Railway

Union (ARU). Arrested during the Pullman Strike,

1894. Formed the Industrial Workers of the

World (IWW) in 1905. Ran for president in 1900 and 1912 on

the Socialist Party ticket.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877 –

First attempt to use the United States military to end a

strike.

Haymarket Riot (May, 1886) –

Workers went on strike and a dynamite bomb was thrown

resulting in the death of several workers and police.

Homestead Strike (1892) –

Steelworkers at Carnegie Steel went on strike, but were

put down by private police (Pinkertons)

Pullman Company Strike (1894) –

Organized by Eugene Debs against the Pullman Company

Complaints: reducing pay increasing rents in the company town

President Grover Cleveland sent federal troops to end the strike.

The results: death of 30 workers blacklisting of employees

Debs was arrested for “disrupting interstate commerce” under the Interstate Commerce Act

Pullman Company Strike (1894)Pullman Company Strike (1894)

Result of the Strikes –

The outcome of the strikes set a trend of businesses using

court orders against unions.

The violence initiated by unions made them unpopular for

the next two decades.

Section 5: Politics of the Gilded Age

Corruption in Government• Government

corruption grew after the Civil War• Examples:• Whiskey Ring• Credit Mobilier Scandal

Corruption in Government

• Whiskey Ring• During Grant’s

presidency• The IRS was not

collecting taxes in exchange for bribes from whiskey distillers


• Credit Mobilier Scandal• A scandal in which the

Union Pacific Railroad and Credit Mobilier (construction company) were highly overpaid for their work• 20 members of Congress

were found to be involved• Extra costs fell upon

travelers

Corruption in Government• These scandals were

blamed on the spoils system• Things began to change

though with the assassination of President James Garfield, who was killed by someone upset over not getting a political appointment

Corruption in Government• Pendleton Act• Established the Civil

Service Commission• Must pass a civil

service exam, positions were now based on merit

Corruption in Government• Corruption occurred on

the state and local level as well, because of urban growth• Political Machines• Organization in urban

areas meant to keep a particular group in power

• Graft (illegal use of one’s political position to gain wealth) became a common practice


• Most Famous Political Machine: Tammany Hall• Lead by William “Boss”

Tweed• Democratic party control of

New York City• Stole over $100 million

• Tweed was exposed and brought down by cartoonist Thomas Nast

Government Regulation• Scandal plagued presidential

elections• In the Election of 1884, both

candidates James Blaine (R) and Grover Cleveland (D) had scandals in their past• Many republicans switched

parties and voted for Cleveland, gaining the name Mugwumps

Unit II The Gilded Age and Progressivism. SECTION I: IMMIGRATION, INDUSTRIALIZATION, & URBANIZATION.

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Transcript of Unit II The Gilded Age and Progressivism. SECTION I: IMMIGRATION, INDUSTRIALIZATION, & URBANIZATION.