Unit E

Terminology • Abduction • adduction • Appendicular skeleton• Axial skeleton• Ball and socket joint• Bursa• Circumduction• Compact bone• Diaphysis• Endosteum• Epiphysis• Extension• Flexion• Fontanel• Hemopoiesis

• Joint • Medullary canal• Ossification• Osteocytes• Periosteum• Pronation• Rotation• Spongy bone• Supination• Suture• Gliding joint• Hinge joint• Pivot joint• Synovial fluid

Disorders and Related Terminology

• Arthritis• Arthroscopy• Closed

reduction• Dislocation• Fractures• Greenstick

fracture• Kyphosis• Lordosis

• Open reduction• Scoliosis• Sprain• Strain• Traction

Skeletal System• 206 bones• Functions

1. Supports body and provides shape2. Protects internal organs3. Movement and anchorage of muscles4. Mineral storage (Calcium and

Phosphorus)5. Hemopoiesis (red marrow of the bone

is the site of blood cell formation – red marrow is in long bones, sternum and ilia).

Osteocytes - mature bone cell

Bone Formation• Embryo skeletal starts as

osteoblasts (primitive embryonic cells) – then change to cartilage

• Fontanel – soft spot on baby’s head

• 8 weeks:– Ossification begins (mineral matter

begins to replace cartilage)– Infant bones soft because

ossification is not complete

Sutures• The bones

enclosing the brain have large flexible fibrous joints (sutures) which allow, firstly, the head to pass through the birth canal and secondly, postnatal brain growth.

Structure of Long Bone• Diaphysis – shaft• Epiphyses – ends• Medullary cavity – center of

shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fatty cells, also cells that form white blood cells

• Endosteum- lines marrow cavity

Structure of Long Bonecontinued

• Shaft is made of compact bone (DENSE) the ends are spongy bone (POROUS). Ends contain red marrow where red blood cells are made.

• Periosteum – tough, outside covering of bone – contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

• Axial – skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, hyoid(u-shaped bone in neck to which the tongue is attached)

• Appendicular – shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs (126 bones total)

Human Rib Cage

Appendicular skeleton• Clavicle• Scapula• Humerus• Radius and

ulna• Carpals• Metacarpal

s• Phalanges• Pelvis• Femur

• Tibia and Fibula

• Patella• Tarsal

bones• Calcaneus• Metatarsal

s

Spine – Vertebral Column• Encloses the spinal cord• Vertebrae – separated by pads of

cartilage – Intervertebral discs

• Cervical Vertebrae (7)– Atlas – 1st cervical vertebrae– Axis – 2nd cervical vertebrae

• Thoracic Vertebrae (12)• Lumbar Vertebrae (5)• Sacrum• Coccyx

muscles

become

paralysed

Vertebral Column

Joints• Joints are points of contact

between 2 bones- classified according to movement:– Diarthrosis – movable – Amphiarthrosis – partially movable– Synarthrosis – immovable

• Articular cartilage – covers joint surface

• Synovial Fluid – lubricating substance in joints

                           

                  

Types of Joints

Types of Joints• Ball and socket

– Bone with ball shaped head fits into concave socket of 2nd bone. Shoulders and hips

• Hinge– Move in one direction or plane. Knees, elbows,

outer joints of fingers• Pivot

– Those with an extension rotate on a 2nd arch shaped bone. Radius and ulna, atlas and axis

• Gliding– Flat surfaces glide across each other.

Vertebrae of spine

Articular Cartilage

• It is composed of collagen fibers and/or elastic fibers, and can supply smooth surfaces for the movement of articulating bones.

Synovial Fluid• It’s a

boundary-layer lubrication, which reduces friction between opposing surfaces of cartilage.

Types of Motion• Flexion• Extension• Abduction• Adduction• Circumduction• Rotation• Pronation• Supination

FLEXION•Flexion is a

position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing.

Extension

A movement of a joint in which one part of the body is moved away from another.

• AbductionA motion that pulls a structure or part away the midline of the body.

• Adduction• A motion that

pulls a structure or part towards the midline of the body

Circumduction

•The circular or a more precise movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye.

Rotation

•A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis.

Pronation• A rotation of

the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down.

Supination• The opposite

of pronation, the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up.

Disorders of the Bones and Joints

• Fracture- a break• Treated by:

– Closed reduction- cast or splint applied

– Open reduction- surgical intervention with devices such as wired, metal plates or screws to hold bone in alignment (internal fixation)

– Traction- pulling force used to hold the bone in place

• Used for fractures of long bones

Fractures• Closed or simple

– bone broken, broken ends don’t break skin• Open or compound

– broken bone pierce the skin, can lead to infection• Greenstick

– in children, bone bent and splintered but never completely separates

• Comminuted – splintered or broken into many pieces

• Spiral – bone twists, resulting in one or more breaks

Disorders Cont.• Dislocation

– Bone displaced from proper position in joint

• Sprain – sudden or unusual motion,

ligaments torn but joint is not dislocated

• Radiology– X-rays for diagnosis evaluation of

bones

Curvature of Spine• Kyphosis

– Hunchback• Lodosis

– Swayback• Scoliosis

– Lateral curvature

Bone Disorders• Osteoporosis- % of those

infected are women. Mineral density of bone is reduced 35 – 65%. The loss of bone mass leaves the bone thinner, porous and more prone to fracture.

• Osteomyelitis – bone infection

• Osteosarcoma – bone cancer

Osteoporosis Osteomyelitis

Osteosarcoma

Dx and Rx• Arthroscopy- examination into joint

using arthroscope with fiber optic lens

• Arthroplasty- reconstruction of joint

• Microdiskectomy- operation to remove damaged Intervertebral disc through tiny incision. Bone plug is usually used to replace the damaged disc.

Arthroscopy

Arthroplasty

Microdiskectomy

Diseases of Bone• Bursitis- inflammation of a

bursa (joint sac)

Diseases of Bone continued

• Arthritis An inflammation of one or

more joints.

• Osteoarthritis- degenerative, occurs

with aging, 80% of Americans suffer,

joints become enlarged and painful

Rheumatoid Arthritis– A chronic, autoimmune disease- joints become

swollen and painful, joint deformities common

Bursitis

                                                

Rheumatoid arthritis

Osteoarthritis

Diseases of Bones cont.• Gout-

Increase of uric acid deposited in joint cavity, mostly the great toe in men.

Whiplash

• Trauma to the cervical vertebra

Herniated disc Intervertebral

disc ruptures or protrudes, putting pressure on spinal nerves.

Rickets Found in

children, caused by lack of vitamin D, bones become soft.

Diseases of Bones Cont.• Osteomalacia – softening of

bones caused by deficiency in phosphorous or calcium

• Bone marrow aspiration – removal of marrow sample with a needle for diagnostic purposes

Bone Marrow Aspiration

That’s the bones of it!