unit 9 solutions practice packet - Mr. Palermo's Flipped ...€¦ · 9 REGENTS PRACTICE (c)...

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RegentsChemistry:Mr.Palermo

PracticePacketUnit9:Solutions

Vocabulary:_______________Lesson1:__________________Lesson2:__________________Lesson3:__________________Lesson4:__________________Lesson5:__________________Lesson6:__________________Lesson7:__________________

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Vocabulary

Solute:____________________________________________________________________________________

Solvent:___________________________________________________________________________________

Solution:__________________________________________________________________________________

VaporPressure:____________________________________________________________________________

Solubility:_________________________________________________________________________________

Saturated:_________________________________________________________________________________

Unsaturated:_______________________________________________________________________________

Supersaturated:____________________________________________________________________________

Concentrated:______________________________________________________________________________

Dilute:____________________________________________________________________________________

Molarity:__________________________________________________________________________________

PartsPerMillion:___________________________________________________________________________

FreezingPointDepression:____________________________________________________________________

BoilingPointElevation:_______________________________________________________________________

Chromatography:___________________________________________________________________________

Precipitate:________________________________________________________________________________

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LESSON1:VAPORPRESSURE

Waterinavacuumchamber

Predict:Whatwillhappenwhenwaterisplacedinavacuumchamber(decreasedpressure)?

Observe:Whatoccurred?

Explain:Whydidyouthinkthisoccurred?

Drawamodelofwhatyouthinkisoccurring

1. Whatistherelationshipbetweenatmosphericpressureandboilingpt?

Objective:• Differentiatebetweenevaporationandboiling• Determineeffectsofvaporpressureonboilingpoint

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2. Baseduponthedemo,whydoesittakelongertocookfoodsuchaspastaatextremelyhighaltitudes?

3. Liquidsevaporatewhentheyareleftintheopenair.Thisisalsoknownas____________________.

Liquidsalsogothroughthisphasechangeinclosedcontainers.Thevaporthatisproducedineither

containerexertsapressureontopoftheliquidphase.Thispressureisknownas_________________

____________________.

4. Inorderforthevaportoescapeitsoriginalliquidphasecompletelyitspressuremustovercometheregular

atmosphericpressureaboveit.Astemperatureoftheliquidincreases,thenumberofparticlesevaporating

____________________andthevaporpressure____________________.Therefore,temperatureand

vaporpressurehaveadirectcorrelation.

5. Underhighatmosphericpressure,theliquidwillhaveahardertimeescapingtheliquidphasesothe

temperatureatwhichitboilsishigherthannormal.Underlowatmosphericpressure,theliquidwillhave

aneasiertimeescapingtheliquidphasesothetemperatureatwhichitboilsis_________________than

normal.

6. UseTableHtoanswerthesequestions:

Whichsubstancehasthelowestboilingpoint? ____________________

Whichsubstancehasanormalboilingpointof100C? ____________________

Whatisthenormalboilingpointofpropanone? ____________________

Whichsubstancehasthehighestvaporpressureat40C? ____________________

Atwhatpressurewillwaterboilat90C? ____________________

Atwhatpressurewillpropanoneboilat20C? ____________________

Whattemperaturewillethanoicacidboilat48kPa? ____________________

Whattemperaturewillwaterboilat110kPa? ___________________

7. Thestrongertheintermolecularforcesofattraction(particleattractionsorIMF’s)the (moreorless?)energyrequiredtobreakthem.

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REGENTSPRACTICE

8. ThestrongertheIMF’s,the (higherorlower?)thevaporpressureatanygiven

temperature.Explanation:

9. TheweakertheIMF’s,the (harderoreasier?)itisforaliquidtoevaporate.

Explanation:

ASSESSYOURSELFONTHISLESSON:Ifyoumissedanyregentspracticequestionsyoushouldseemeforextrahelpand/orre-watchthe

lessonvideoassignment

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LESSON2:SOLUTIONSANDSOLUBILITY1. Drawwhathappenswhenanioniccompounddissolvesinwater(NaCl)andamolecularcompound

(C6H12O6)dissolvesinwater.2. Whatisanelectrolyte?Whydotheyconductelectricity?

3. Whydomolecularsolutionsnotconductelectricity?

4.UseTableFtodetermineifthefollowingcompoundsaresolubleorinsoluble.

Substance SolubleorInsoluble

Substance

SolubleorInsoluble

Substance SolubleorInsoluble

NaCl K3PO4

calciumhydroxide

PbBr2

MgCO3 copper(II)hydroxide

CaSO4 NH4NO3

lead(II)sulfate

potassiumchromate

sodiumhydrogencarbonate

ammoniumsulfide

Objective:• UseTableFtodeterminesolubility

NaCl(aq) C6H12O6(aq)

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REGENTSPRACTICE

5.UseTableFtodetermineifthefollowingcompoundsaresolubleorinsoluble.

Key: I – Insoluble S – Soluble

Ace

tate

Bro

mid

e

Car

bona

te

Chl

orat

e

Chl

orid

e

Chr

omat

e

Hyd

roxi

de

Hyd

roge

n C

arbo

nate

Iodi

de

Nitr

ate

Phos

phat

e

Sulfa

te

Sulfi

de

Aluminum Ammonium Barium Calcium Copper II Iron II



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LESSON3:DoubleReplacementReactionsDoubleReplacementReactionsandTableF1.Doublereplacementreactionsrequirethecationstoswitchwiththeanions.UsingTableFdeterminewhichproductistheprecipitatethenfillinthestatesofmatteroftheproductsformed.

a. (NH4)3PO4(aq)+AlCl3(aq)àAlPO4+NH4Cl b. NaCl(aq)+AgNO3(aq)àAgCl+NaNO3

d. K2SO4(aq)+BaI2(aq)àBaSO4+2KI

e. CaCl2(aq)+Li2CO3(aq)à2LiCl+CaCO3

2.CompletethefollowingdoublereplacementreactionsandusetableFtodeterminethestatesofmatteroftheproductsformed.

a. CaBr2+Na2CO3à____________________+_____________________

b. ZnCO3+BaCl2à____________________+_____________________

c. AgNO3+LiClà____________________+_____________________

3.Writethebalancedchemicalequationforeachofthefollowingdescriptions.• UseTableFtodeterminethestateofthereactantsandproducts(s)or(aq).• Write“soluble”or“insoluble”undereachreactantandproduct.• Squareofftheprecipitate.

(a) Solutionsofsodiumcarbonateandsilvernitratearemixedtoformsodiumnitrateandsilver

carbonate.

(b) AgC2H3O2(aq)ismixedwithNaCl(aq)toformAgClandNaC2H3O2.

Objective:• Composedoublereplacementreactionsanddeterminetheprecipitate

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REGENTSPRACTICE

(c) Solutionsofpotassiumsulfateandcalciumchloratearemixedtoformpotassiumchlorateandcalciumsulfate.

(d) Whatdoalltheabovedoublereplacementreactionshaveincommon?

4.Completethefollowingdoublereplacementreactionsanddeterminewhichproductformsaprecipitate

LiBr(aq)+AgNO3(aq)àCaCl2(aq)+Na2SO4(aq)à

CaBr2(aq)+Ba3(PO4)2(aq)à



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LESSON4:FACTORSTHATAFFECTSOLUBILITY1. Whydoesn’toilandwatermix?2. WhenyounormallygotoDunkinDonutsyouorderalargecoffeewith2sugarswhichisreallysweetand

justhowyoulikeit.Todaywasreallyhotoutsoyoudecidedtogetalargeicedcoffee.Explainwhythelargeicedcoffeedoesn’ttasteassweetasyoulikeiteventhoughyouaddedtwosugarpacketstoit.

3. WhattypeofsubstancewoulddissolveinCCl4?4. Thebendsisaconditionsufferedbydeepseadiverswhosurfacequickly.Operatingat

highpressuresdeepbelowthesurfaceandbreathingcompressedaircausesmoregas,especiallynitrogen,tobedissolvedinthebloodthanwouldotherwisebedissolvedatsurfacepressure.Asthediversurfacesthepressuredecreasesandmakesthegaseslesssoluble.Ifthediversurfacesquickly,bubblesofnitrogengasforminthebloodwithexcruciatingpainandmayresultindeath.

Whataffectdoespressurehaveonthesolubilityofagasintheblood?

5. Whydoespressurehavethiseffectongases?6. Whydoesasodafizzwhenyouopenit?Explainintermsofpressureandsolubility.7. WhatconditionswouldgivesodathemostamountofdissolvedCO2(g)?

Objective:• Identifythefactorsthataffectsolubility

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REGENTSPRACTICE

8. Checktheconditionsunderwhicheachofthefollowingsoluteswillbemostsoluble.

SoluteName SoluteFormula

Temperature Pressure BestSolvent

Low High Low High NoEffect

H2O CCl4

potassiumnitrate KNO3(s)

hydrogenchloride HCl(g)

carbondioxide CO2(g)

ammoniumchloride NH4Cl(s)

potassiumiodide KI(s)

potassiumchlorate KClO3(s)

3. Naphthalene,anonpolarsubstancethatsublimesatroomtemperature,canbeusedtoprotectwool

clothingfrombeingeatenbymoths.a. Explain,intermsofintermolecularforces,whynaphthalenesublimes.

b. Explainwhynaphthaleneisnotexpectedtodissolveinwater.

c. TheempiricalformulafornaphthaleneisC5H4andthemolecularmassofnaphthaleneis128grams/mole.Whatisthemolecularformulafornaphthalene?



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LESSON5:TYPESOFSOLUTIONSANDSOLUBILITYCURVES1. Statewhethereachofthefollowingsolutionsissaturated,unsaturated,orsupersaturated. (a)80gNaNO3in100gH2Oat10ºC ___________________________

(b)75gNaNO3in100gH2Oat10ºC ___________________________

(c)90gNaNO3in100gH2Oat10ºC ___________________________

(d)90gKNO3in100gH2Oat50ºC ___________________________

(e) 40gKClin50gH2Oat60ºC ___________________________

(f) 35gNaNO3in50gH2Oat10ºC ___________________________

(g) 5gKClO3in200gH2Oat5ºC ___________________________

(h) 30gNH4Clin200gH2Oat10ºC ___________________________

2. Tellhowmanygramsofeachsolutewillcrystallize/precipitate/settle.Assumeallsolutionsaresaturated

andin100gramsofH2O.

Amountcooled AmountPrecipitated

a.KNO3(aq)iscooledfrom70ºCto40ºC

b.NH4Cl(aq)iscooledfrom90ºCto20ºC

c.KCl(aq)iscooledfrom55ºCto30ºC

d.KI(aq)iscooledfrom20ºCto5ºC

Objective:• Determineifasolutionsissaturated,unsaturatedorsupersaturatedusingTableG• Determinehowmuchofasolutecandissolve,willprecipitateetc.usingTableG

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REGENTSPRACTICE

3. TellhowmanyMOREgramsofeachsolutemustbeaddedto100gofwatertoformasaturatedsolutionatthattemperature.

GramsSolute

per100gH2O

SoluteAddedtomake

Saturated

GramsSoluteper

100gH2O

SoluteAddedtomake

Saturateda.35gKNO3at

40ºC e.35gNaClat

90ºC

b.50gNH3at10ºC

f.5gNH3at90ºC

c.15gKClat75ºC

g.10gKClO3at40ºC

d.95gKIat15ºC

h.15gKClat60ºC



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LESSON6:CONCENTRATIONOFSOLUTIONS 1.Calculatethemolarityofeachofthefollowingsolutions: (a)2.5molofNaOHin0.500Lofsolution (b)1.8Lofsolutioncontaining3.3molKNO3

(c)3.0molofNaOHin0.500Lofsolution (d)12gofHClin250mLofsolution2.Calculatethetotalmolesofsoluteineachofthefollowingsolutions: (a)1.7Lof0.35MNaOH (b)50Lof3.3-molarKNO3 (c)5.0Lof1.25MNaOH (d)116mLof1.5MK2SO4Percentbymass3.Calculatethepercentbymassofthefollowingsolutions:

a. 50.0gramsofsolutein200.0gramsofsolution

b. 25.0gramsofsolutein150.0gramsofsolution

Objective:• Calculatetheconcentrationofvarioussolutions

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PartsPerMillion4. Calculatetheconcentrationofchlorineinppminaswimmingpoolifthereis0.02gofchlorinein

10,000gofpoolwater.

5. Exposuretoleadhasbeenlinkedtodelaysinphysicalandmentaldevelopmentandattentiondeficitdisordersinchildrenaswellaskidneyproblemsinadults.Onesourceofthistoxicheavymetalisdrinkingwaterinolderhomeswhoseplumbingcontainslead.Waterwithaleadconcentrationofbelow0.015ppmisconsideredsafetodrink.A100gwatersampletakenfromahomecontains1.2x10-6gramsoflead.Isthiswaterconsideredsafetodrink?

6. Thehealthoffishdependsontheamountofoxygendissolvedinthewater.Adissolvedoxygen(DO)concentrationbetween6partspermillionand8partspermillionisbestforfishhealth.ADOconcentrationgreaterthan1partpermillionisnecessaryforfishsurvival.Fishhealthisalsoaffectedbywatertemperatureandconcentrationsofdissolvedammonia,hydrogensulfide,chloridecompounds,andnitratecompounds.Astudent’sfishtankcontainsfish,greenplants,and3800gramsoffish-tankwaterwith2.7x10-2gramofdissolvedoxygen.

a.) Statehowanincreaseinthetemperatureofthefish-tankwateraffectsthesolubilityofoxygeninthe

water.

b.) DetermineiftheDOconcentrationinthefishtankishealthyforfish.Yourresponsemustinclude:•acorrectnumericalsetuptocalculatetheDOconcentrationinthewaterinpartspermillion•thecalculatedresult•astatementusingyourcalculatedresultthattellswhytheDOconcentrationinthewaterisorisnothealthyforfish

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REGENTSPRACTICE

c.) Explain,intermsofmolecularpolarity,whyoxygengashaslowsolubilityinwater.Yourresponsemustincludebothoxygenandwater.

d.) Underwhatkindofconditionsoftemperatureandpressurewouldoxygengasbemostsolubleinwater?



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LESSON7:COLLIGATIVEPROPERTIES1.Completethefollowingchart:

IsthecompoundIonicorMolecular(covalent)

ElectrolyteorNonelectrolyte

Howmanyparticlesthecompoundbreakupinto

Rankinorderofwhichsubstanceaffectstheboilingandfreezing

pointstheleasttomost1=affectsthemleast4=affectsthemmost

BaBr2

LiF

C2H6O

Fe(NO3)3

Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandthenanswerthecorrespondingquestions. HowDoesRockSaltWork,Anyway?

"Howcomeaddingrocksalttoyouricecreammakermakestheicecreamfreezeandputtingitontheroadmakesicemelt?"

That'sagoodquestion,andhere'stheanswer:inbothofthesescenarios,humanstakeadvantageofthesamescientificpropertiestoachievetwodifferentobjectives.

Addingsodiumchloride(otherwiseknownastablesalt)towateractstodepressthefreezingpointofthesalt-watersolution.Inotherwords,saltwaterfreezesatalowertemperaturethanfreshwater.Theexacttemperaturedependsontheconcentrationofsaltandthetypeofsaltused.

Whenrocksaltisaddedtoanicecreammaker,theresultingsaltwatersolutioncanbathethemetalcanisteratatemperaturelessthan32°F(or0ºC).Asthehumanaddsice,thetemperaturedropsbelow0ºC,butthesaltwatersolutiondoesn'tfreeze.Theresult?Hardericecream!

Objective:• Differentiatebetweenboilingpointelevationandfreezingpointdepressionandthefactorsthatinfluence

them

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Whenrocksaltisaddedtothestreet,itdepressesthefreezingpointofanywaterwhichdissolvesit.Thissaltwatersolutioncanexistasaliquidatlowertemperaturesthanfreshwater.Theresult?Saltywater,insteadofcleanice,ifthesolutionisstrongenoughtowithstandthesurfacetemperature.

SpeakingofMeltingIce...

Pouringtablesaltonsnowy(orpre-snowy)roadsisn'ttheonlywaytomeltice.Sodiumchlorideisusedbecauseitischeapandeasytoobtaininlargequantities.But,asanyNewYorkerwithacarcantellyou,saltcanbequitecorrosive.Andashardasitisoncars,it'sjustashardonroadwaysandbridgedecks.Thisiscostlyinthelongrun.

So,alternativemethodstoroadsaltingaredesirable.Onetypeofalternativeisusingadifferentkindofsalt.Somesaltsaremoreeffectivethanothersatloweringfreezingpoints,andsomesaltsaremoreenvironmentallyfriendly(androad-,car-,andbridge-friendly).However,thesesaltsaretypicallymuchmoreexpensivethanordinarysodiumchloride.

writtenbyDerekArndtMeteorologistwiththeOklahomaMesoNet

1. Whydoweputsaltonsnowcoveredroads?

2. Howdoesaddingrocksalttoanicecreammakermaketheicecreamharder?

3. Whyisitbettertousesaltonroadsinsteadofsugar(C6H12O6)?

4. NametwoadvantagestousingNaClonsnowyroadsinsteadofanothertypeofsalt.

5. Whatthescientifictermusedtodescribethefactthataddingsalttowaterdecreasesitsfreezingpoint?

6. Explainwhysomepeopleaddsalttowater.Doesitmakethewaterboilingfaster?Whatexactlydoesthesaltdotothewaterthatwouldbeabenefitforcooking?

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REGENTSPRACTICE

7. Explainwhyaddingamolecularsolidtowaterwillnotelevateboilingpointasmuchasaddingsalttowater.

8. Ifyouadd2.0-gofMgOtowaterwhatwillhappentothefreezingandboilingpointsofwater?

9. Rank1moleofthesubstancesC12H22O11,NaCl,andCaBr2fromleasttomosteffectiveonsnowyroads.Besuretoexplainyouranswer—andyoumayneedyourreferencetablesforthisone.



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