Unit 8A Motivation

Aron Ralston

Motivation (Obj.1)   Motivation: need/desire that serves to

energize behavior and direct it toward a goal.   Primary motives: (Nature / Biology - PUSH) unlearned / innate

• common for survival

  Social motives: (Nurture / Environment - PULL) learning

• social interaction

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Motivation

  Motives are triggered by a stimulus (Incentive)   Bodily conditions (low blood sugar)   Cue in the environment (AP Test/College Success)   Emotion - Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that

underlies behavior

  When the stimulus creates goal-directed behavior it motivated the person

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Perspectives on Motivation Four perspectives to explain motivation include the

following:

1.  Instinct Theory (Evolutionary) 2.  Drive-Reduction Theory 3.  Arousal Theory 4.  Hierarchy of Motives

Motivation Theories 1.  Instinct (evolutionary): behavior that is

patterned throughout a species (Tinbergen, 1951)   Unlearned / In-born / Innate

  Rooting / hunger - feeding   Imprinting / bonding   Sex / reproducing

•  Salmon / Humans

  Named but didn’t Explain   curiosity

  Genes predispose species-typical behavior

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Instincts

  Fell out of favor   Most important human behavior is learned   Human behavior is rarely inflexible and found

throughout the species   Meta-analysis during the height of this craze

found 5759 ‘instincts’

  Humans have reflexes but not instincts?

Motivation Theories 2.  Drive-Reduction Theory: (PUSH)   replaced the instinct theory when it failed   physiological (need) creates a psychological

aroused state (drive)   motivates us to reduce or satisfy (needs)   to achieve internal homeostasis state of stability

Drive-reducing behaviors

(eating, drinking)

Need (e.g., for

food, water) Drive

(hunger, thirst)

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Two types of drives • Primarydrive

‐Unlearneddrivebasedonaphysiologicalstatefoundinallanimals‐ Motivatebehaviornecessaryforsurvival‐ Hunger,thirstandsex

• Secondarydrive‐Learneddrive–wealthorsuccess

• ProblemwithDrive‐Reduction–oncehomeostasisisachievedwe’dneverdoanything• Notjustbalancewe’relookingfor

Motivation Theories 3.  Incentive: (PULL) external incentives   Positive or Negative

  Money, praise, craving or disapproval

  Learned

Motivation Theories 4.  Arousal: behaviors that increase

excitement, curiosity-driven   too little or too much stimulation can motivate

people to seek an optimum level of arousal   Too much = stress   Too little = boredom

•  boring people get bored

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Optimum Arousal Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of

arousal, not to eliminate it. Young monkeys and children are known to explore the environment in the

absence of a need-based drive.

Harlow

Prim

ate Laboratory, University of W

isconsin

Randy Faris/ C

orbis

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Arousal Theory

  People are motivated to seek an optimal level of arousal for a given moment

  Yerkes-Dodson law   States that there is an optimal level of arousal

for best performance on any task   The more complex the task, the lower the

level of arousal that can be tolerated without interfering with performance

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Yerkes-Dodson Law

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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

  Intrinsic motivation   Motivation for a behavior is the behavior itself   Children playing is an example

  Extrinsic motivation   Behavior is performed in order to obtain a

reward or to avoid punishment   A bonus program is an example

Rewards Affect Motivation

Mom: “I’ll give you $5 for every A.’’ Controlling reward

Child: “As long as she pays, I’ll study.’’ Extrinsic motivation

Mom: “Your grades were great! Let’s celebrate by going out for dinner.’’ Informative reward

Child: “I love doing well.’’ Intrinsic motivation

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Hierarch of Needs Abraham Maslow (1970)

suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like

breathing, thirst, and hunger come before

psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem,

and the need for recognition.

(1908-1970)

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Obj.2)

Self-Actualizing Person’s Traits

  Acceptance of self   accentuate the positive and live with the negative

  Problem centering   more concerned with problems than with themselves

  Autonomy   independent from their environment / parents?

  Interpersonal relationships   close relationships with a few chosen individuals

  Democratic character structure   indifferent to matters of gender, race, and religion

  Creativeness   generate new ideas

Theories of Motivation Instinct / Drive-reduction / Incentive / Arousal 1.  Infant’s “rooting reflex” from birth. 2.  Getting a glass of water when you are thirsty. 3.  Going for a walk or run for pleasure. 4.  Working a sudoku puzzle until complete. 5.  Studying over break to do well on the exam. 6.  Crying when hurt. 7.  Having a piece of pie after a full meal. 8.  Salmon swimming up stream to spawn. 9.  Getting a good night of sleep. 10. Developing a lasting, intimate relationship.

1.  Coming up for air when swimming 2.  Getting into college 3.  Liking what you see in the mirror 4.  Accepting all races, genders & cultures 5.  Gatorade at half time of the game 6.  Getting new snow tires on your car 7.  Night out with the boys/girls 8.  Getting your dream job 9.  Respected by your peers 10.  Christmas time with the family 11.  Being good at a sport/hobby 12.  Good Health 13.  Going to subway from lunch 14.  Problem centered, not self centered 15.  Not texting when driving 16.  Getting married 17.  Creative ideas that help others 18.  Taking a power nap

4,8,14,17

2,3,9,11

7,10,16

6,12,15

1,5,13,18

Self-Actualization Survey 1=Disagree 2=Somewhat Disagree 3=Somewhat Agree 4=Agree

 1. I do not feel ashamed of my emotions  2. I do not feel, I must do what others expect me to do.  3. I believe that people are good and trustworthy.  4. I feel free to be angry at those I love.  5. It is not necessary that others approve of what I do.  6. I accept my own weaknesses.  7. I can like people without having to approve of them.  8. I do not fear failure.  9. I like mental challenges.  10. It is better to be yourself than to be popular.  11. I have a mission in my life that I feel dedicated to accomplish.  12. I can express my feelings even when they may result in tension.  13. I feel responsible to help others.  14. I am not bothered by fears of being inadequate.  15. I am loved because I give love.

Self-Actualizing Questions   How self-actualizing are you at this point in your life?   Are you currently fulfilling your own potential?

  If not, why?

  Are there changes you would like to make in yourself?   If so, what?

  Are you now more self-actualizing than in the past?   If so, what has changed?

  What are your current needs?   What do you currently want but don’t really need?

  Who do you know that is self-actualized?   What make them that way?

Self-Actualization Score

  15-29 low self-actualization   30-44 medium self-actualization   45-60 high self-actualization

Thirst

  Biology of Thirst   Monitor the level of fluids inside the cells   When levels drop thirst drive is activated   Another monitors level of fluids outside the

cells causing less blood to flow to the kidneys   This in turn causes the activation of the thirst

drive   Environmental cues

The Biology of Hunger Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the

brain making us aware of our hunger.

Stomachs Removed Tsang (1938) removed rat stomachs, connected the

esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still felt hungry (and ate food).

Glucose: C6H12O6

  Sugar that circulates throughout body used for energy.   Orexin- released when body runs low on glucose, makes you feel hungry.

 “Satisfy your hunger and eat a Snickers”

  Insulin- hormone that coverts glucose to energy  high levels of insulin results in low levels of glucose = you feel hungry.  Teeter-totter: insulin goes up, glucose goes down hunger

Glucose Molecule

Glucose & the Brain Levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by

receptors (neurons) in the stomach, liver, and

intestines. They send signals to the

hypothalamus in the brain. Rat Hypothalamus

Hunger Motivation (Obj.3)

  Physiological Motivation   Body chemistry – Hypothalamus “Reward Center”

  glucose levels are low and insulin levels are high •  Monitored by Hypothalamus – Hormones regulates Hunger

–  Lateral Hypothalamus starts eating “Lets Eat” –  Ventromedial Hypothalamus stops eating

Hypothalamic Centers • The lateral hypothalamus (LH) brings on hunger (when stimulated lab animals ate!). • Destroy the LH, and the animal has no interest in eating. • The reduction of blood glucose stimulates orexin in the LH, which leads one to eat.

Hypothalamic Centers • The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) depresses hunger (satiety) • Destroy the VMH, and the animal eats excessively.

Richard H

oward

Hypothalamic Centers

Destroyed Stimulated

Lateral Hypothalamus

Stops Eating Overeats

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Overeats Stops Eating

Hunger Hypothalamus - Hormones

Arousing

Arousing

Suppressing

Arousing

Suppressing

Suppressing

Hunger Motivation (Obj.3)

  Physiological Motivation con’t…   Set point “weight thermostat”, system dictates how

much fat a person should carry; ideal body weight •  Some have high settings, others have low •  Body Fat % & body weight are matters of internal controls that

are set differently in different people.

  body also adjusts its basal metabolic rate: rate body conserves and burns off calories

•  Eat less calories = body slows down / conserves energy

  Factors that affect BMR: •  Women have a slower BMR •  Not eating lowers BMR •  Exercising speeds up BMR •  Overweight people have higher BMR

How to change the set point

  Dieting does nothing   Dieting research demonstrates that the body has more

than one way to defend its fat stores.   Long-term caloric deprivation, in a way that is not clear,

acts as a signal for the body to turn down its metabolic rate.

  The body reacts to stringent dieting as though famine has set in. Within a day or two after semi-starvation begins, the metabolic machinery shifts to a cautious regimen designed to conserve the calories it already has on board. Because of this innate biological response, dieting becomes progressively less effective,

  A plateau is reached at which further weight loss seems all but impossible.

How to change the set point

  The ideal approach to weight control would be a safe method that lowers or raises the set point rather than simply resisting it.

  So far no one knows for sure how to change the set point, but some theories exist.   regular exercise is the most promising as a

sustained increase in physical activity seems to lower the setting

Messing with Set-Point

  Studies show that a person’s weight at the set point is optimal for efficient activity and a stable, optimistic mood.

  When the set point is driven too low, depression and lethargy may set in as a way of slowing the person down and reducing the number of calories expended.

The Psychology of Hunger (Obj. 3)  Environmental cues can trigger the biological responses (increased insulin production)  Memory plays an important role in hunger. Due to difficulties with retention, amnesia patients eat frequently if given food (Rodin et al., 1998).  Emotional attachment?  Social expectations  Conditioning

Taste Preference: Biology or Culture? Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only how much or when we feel hunger but what

we feel hungry for!

Richard O

lsenius/ Black Star

Victor Englebert

Hot Cultures like Hot Spices Countries with hot climates use more bacteria-

inhibiting spices in meat dishes.

Summary

Hunger – Eating – Body Weight (Obj.4)

  Biological, Nature   Hypothalamic centers

  Lateral – Ventromedial   “Want/Reward Center”

  Blood Glucose   Insulin

  Hormonal Regulation   Orexin, Ghrelin, Leptin, PYY

  # and size of Fat cells   Obesity

  Current “Set Point”   weight thermostat

  Genetic Predisposition   fat cells / metabolic rate

  Environmental, Nurture   Cultural Traditions

  Time/Times/Amount

  Food Preferences   Sweet – Salty - Spicy

  Social Eating   Christmas dinner

  Eating Habits   Portion size, Super-size

  Body Image   Anorexia, Bulimia

  Stress, Mood   carbohydrate - serotonin

Eating Disorders (Obj.5)   Anorexia Nervosa:

  Diets (starves) and becomes significantly underweight (15%), yet, still feeling fat   Self-identity, Self-esteem, Distorted body image, Control   OCD – compulsive exercising

  Female (95%) Ages 16-30   30% diagnosed die from disorder

  Bulimia Nervosa:   Private “binge-purge” episodes of overeating, usually of high

calorie foods, followed by vomiting and/or laxative use   Easy to hide – weight fluctuations   Binge-eating disorder – wo/ purge, fast, over exercise

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Sexual Motivation (Obj. 7)   Sex for Humans is a physiologically based motive, like

hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values   Biological Push, Environmental Pull, Moral Restrain   Most important organ in sexual motivation = Brain

  Hypothalamus: “reward center” - dopamine   Hormones: estrogen / testosterone (Male & Female)

  Masters and Johnson’s Sexual Response Cycle: 1. excitement 2. plateau 3. orgasm 4. resolution = only phase different from male to female

•  Refractory Period - resting period after orgasm, male

Need to Belong (Obj.11)

 Belongingness   Social bonds boost Survival

  Animals Imprint / Humans Bond • Wilson (volleyball friend) in “Cast Away”

  Ostracized people suffer Health issues   stress & depression

• Your most satisfying moment in the past week relates with the need for belonging

–  Social support system –  Facebook, Instagram

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Motivation at Work   Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology – studies / advises

workplace behavior   Personnel psychology = selecting / evaluating workers

  Structured Interviews   Organizational psychology = work environment / morale

  Achievement motivation – mastery, accomplishment   Cultivating intrinsic motivation (Flow)

•  Intrinsic Motivation - desire to perform for your own sake •  Extrinsic Motivation - desire to perform due to rewards

–  Overjustification Effect – the more extrinsic motivation the less intrinsic motivation

  High Morale = High Profits   Leadership Style

•  Task leadership (Goal-oriented) •  Social leadership (Group / Teamwork-oriented)

The Sexual Response Cycle

Males Females

Orgasm

Plateau

Excitement Resolution

Resolution with orgasm

Resolution without orgasm

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs   Until satisfied, some

motives are more compelling than others

1.  Physiological 85% 2.  Safety needs 70% 3.  Belongingness 50% 4.  Self esteem 40% 5.  Actualization 10%   Don’t need to be met

at 100% to move up   May not take into

account all motivation   i.e. respect before love

Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s

fullest and unique potential

Esteem needs Need for self-esteem,

achievement, competence, and independence; need for

recognition and respect from others

Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and

predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable

Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong

and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation

Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

Measure of Self-Actualization

  Handout 12-4   #(2,5,6,8,9,11,13&14)   Reverse score: (6=1, 5=2, 4=3, 3=4, 2=5, 1=6)

  Range 15-90   Mean (average) = 60