Unit 8 Linking Words

7/30/2019 Unit 8 Linking Words

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Linking wordsLinking words

andandphrasesphrases

Written by Hai NguyenWritten by Hai Nguyen

(HEC-VN 006)(HEC-VN 006)

Comunicacin y Gerencia

Click to add TextClick to add Text


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ExplanatioExplanationsns

There are manyfeatures of texts which

help the reader

understand how the

information in the textis organised. This term

covers a wide range of

words and phrases

which make text easier

to understand. A

selection is given here.


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TextText OrganisersOrganisersAdding a point

As well asthe obvious dangers, there was theweather to be considered.

In addition tothe obvious dangers, there was

the weather to be considered.

Not onlywere there the obvious dangers, butthere was also the weather to be considered.


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TextText OrganisersOrganisersContrast

The identity of the attacker is known to the

police. However/nevertheless/all the sameno name has been released.

The identity of the attacker is known to the

police. No name has, however/all the same,been released.


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TextText OrganisersOrganisersContrast(Al)though/while/even though/despite the

fact thatthe identity of the attacker is known tothe police, no name has been released.

The identity of the attacker is known to thepolice. A name has nevertheless/

nonetheless / stillnot been released.


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TextText

OrganisersOrganisersContrastNo, I didn't say the President got it wrong. On

the contrary, I think he's handled the affairsuperbly.

I prefer city life as opposed to country life.

I prefer city life, whereas John prefers countrylife.

Donahue established his reputation as a

novelist. In contrast, his new book is a non-

fiction work.


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TextText

OrganisersOrganisersExplainingreasonsThe government does not intend to cause any

further provocation.As a result/ accordingly/

thus/ hence /consequently/for that reason,all troops have been withdrawn.

The employers have promised to investigate these

complaints, and we in turn have agreed to endthe strike.


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TextText

OrganisersOrganisersMakinggeneralisations

Broadly speaking, generally speaking, on

the whole, by and large, to a large/some/a

certain extent, this has been an encouraging

year for the company..


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TextText

OrganisersOrganisersStarting

That's absolute rubbish! For a start/first of

all/in the first place/for one thing, it was Rod

who said that, not me.And secondly...


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TextText

OrganisersOrganisersGivingnewinformationShe then turned to Henry, who incidentally/by

the way is now about two meters tall, andsaid...

By the way/incidentally, do you remember anold friend of ours called Ransom?


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TextText

OrganisersOrganisersConcession/qualificationOK, so you two have had a few problems. Even

so/all the same, I don't see why you need tosplit up.

Lancaster is a man of great personal integrity.Having said that/even so/all the same, Idon't think he'd make a good chairman.


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TextText

OrganisersOrganisersRealityWhat did you think of 'Death in Action'?

To be (perfectly) honest/to tell the truth, Ican't stand films like that.


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TextText

OrganisersOrganisersPurpose2Infinitive of purpose

We can also use to to express purpose. Thesubject of the main clause and of the purpose

clause must be the same.

Jack went to England so that he could studyengineering.

Jack went to England to study engineering.(NOT for to study) next page


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TextText

OrganisersOrganisers

If the two subjects are different, we can't use

to. We have to use so that.

Jackwent to England so thathis brotherwould have some help working in the restaurant


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TextText

OrganisersOrganisersPurpose3In order to, so as to

These are more formal ways of expressingpurpose.Scientists used only local materials, in order to

save money.

There are also negative forms: in order not to/so as not to.The soldiers moved at night, so as not to alarm

the villagers.


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TextText

OrganisersOrganisersPurpose4For

This describes how something is used.

This button is for starting the engine.

This is for the lights.


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TextText

OrganisersOrganisersResult 1So, such a

So is used with an adjective or adverb.Jim was so tall that he hit his head on theceiling.

Jim drove so quickly that they reached thestation twenty minutes early.

Such a is used with adjective + singular noun.

Helen is such a busy person that she never

feels bored. Continued next page


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TextText

OrganisersOrganisersToo/Not enough + to

Too means more than is necessary or good.

Not enough means less than is necessary orgood. They can both be used with an adjective +

to. Compare:

The bookcase was too big to get down thestairs.The bookcase was not small enough to getdown the stairs.


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TextText

OrganisersOrganisersReasonBecause, as and since

As and since have the meaning ofbecause and

can begin a sentence.

As/since it was late, we decided to go home.

In formal, written language we can use fortomean because, but it cannot begin a sentence.Peter has given up sailing, forhe doesn't have

the time. Continued next page


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TextText

OrganisersOrganisersGivingopinions

We can introduce personal opinions,

Personally..., In my own opinion/view..,


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TextText

OrganisersOrganisersGivingexamplesWe can introduce examples,

For example,For instance,

We can also use such as to give an example,

but it is not used at the beginning of a sentence,

The factory produces electrical goods, such asfood mixers and other kitchen appliances


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TextText

OrganisersOrganisersSummarizing,We can summarize all the points we have made.

In conclusion ...,

To sum up ...

Owning a car


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Owning a car

Owning a car has several advantages. (1)_____you can gowherever you want, whenever you want. You don't have todepend on public transport and (2)_____ you feel more

independent. (3)____you are able to give lifts to friends, orcarry heavy loads of shopping. (4)_____, there can beproblems, especially if you live in a city. Running a car canbe expensive, and you have to spend money on items(5)_____petrol, servicing the car, and repairs. You might alsohave problems with parking, as everywhere is becomingmore and more crowded with cars. (6)_____, most peoplefeel that the advantages of owning a car outweigh thedisadvantages.(7)_____most young people of my age start

driving as soon as they can. (8)_____, I think that carsnowadays have become essential, but I also feel that theycause a lot of problems, (9)_____they are noisy and dirty.(10)_____, the large numbers of cars on the road means thatmost towns and cities are organized for the convenience of

cars, and the needs of pedestrians are ignored.

1) A First of all B As a result A B C D


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1) A First of all B As a result A B C D

C Personally D Besides this

2) A however B personally A B C D

C since D as a result

3) A In contrast B In my view A B C D

C Besides this D However4) A On the other hand B To sum up A B C D

C Thus D For example

5) A as B such as A B C D

C owing to D then

6) A Finally B Secondly A B C DC However D As

7) A For B Next A B C D

C As well as this D Consequently

8) A For example B Personally A B C D

C Nevertheless D In comparison9) A for example B however A B C D

C thus D since

10) A As a result B Moreover A B C D

C Personally D In comparison

success attend you!

Supplements Linking words


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Supplements - Linking wordsAddition

In additionAndSimilarlyLikewise

As well as

BesidesFurthermoreAlsoMoreover

And then

TooNot only, butEven

Sequence in order


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Sequence in order

Firstly

SecondlyThirdly

Initially

To begin withEarlier/later

After this/that

Following this/thatAfterwards

Consequence


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Consequence

As a resultThusSoThereforeConsequentlyIt follows that

TherebyEventuallyThenIn that case

AdmittedlyHence

Contrast (comparison)


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Contrast (comparison)

HoweverOn one hand/on the other handDespite

In spite ofAlthoughThoughButOn the contraryOtherwiseYetInstead ofRatherWhereasNonetheless

Even thoughCompared withIn contrast

Alternatively

Certainty


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Certainty

Certainly

ObviouslyEvidently

Undoubtedly

Of course

Condition


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Condition

If

UnlessWhether

Provided that

ForSo that

Depending on

Definition


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Definition

Is

Refers toMeans

Consists of

That is

Example


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Example

For instance

One exampleJust as

In particular

Such asNamely

To illustrate

Reason


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Reason

Since

AsSoBecause ofDue to

Owing toThe reason whyIn other wordsLeads toCause


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Summary


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Summary

In conclusion

To sum upTo conclude with

Lastly

FinallyTo recapitulate

In short

The end

C G


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Thank youThank you

Written by Hai NguyenWritten by Hai Nguyen

(HEC-VN 006)(HEC-VN 006)

Comunicacin y Gerencia

Unit 8 Linking Words

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Transcript of Unit 8 Linking Words