MUSCLE TISSUE. A primary tissue type, divided into: skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle.
Unit 7 Objectives 1. Describe the properties and functions of muscle tissue. (p. 178) 2. Describe...
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Transcript of Unit 7 Objectives 1. Describe the properties and functions of muscle tissue. (p. 178) 2. Describe...
Unit 7 Objectives
1. Describe the properties and functions of muscle tissue. (p. 178) 2. Describe the organization of muscle at the tissue level. (p. 178) 3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. (pp. 179–182) 4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184) 5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189) 6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192) 7. Relate types of muscle fibers to muscular performance. (pp. 193–195) 8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance and explain their implications for muscular performance. (p. 192) 9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194–195) 10. Identify the principal axial muscles of the body together with their origins and insertions. (pp. 199–204) 11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, together with their origins and insertions. (pp. 204–216) 12. Describe the effects of exercise and aging on muscle tissue. (p. 216)
Unit 7
1. Describe the properties and functions of muscle tissue. (p. 178)
Unit 7 1. Describe the properties and functions of muscle tissue. (p. 178)
• Produces movements such as walking, running, facial expressions, eye movements, and respiration. • Maintains posture, joint stability.• Supports, protect and encloses vital organs.• Helps to maintain body temperature by producing heat. • Guards the “gates” into and out of our bodies (ex. The iris of the eye).
The integrated action of joints, bones, nerves and skeletal muscles…
Unit 7
2. Describe the organization of muscle at the tissue level. (p. 178)
Muscle Organization II
Muscle Organization III
Muscle Organization I
Unit 7 2. Describe the organization of muscle at the tissue level. (p. 178)
Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone.
* Insertion
* Tendon
* Origin * Muscle Contracting
* DUH!
Unit 7 2. Describe the organization of muscle at the tissue level. (p. 178)
Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
* Bone * Perimysium * Blood Vesseles
*Tendon *Epimysium*Endomysium
*Fascicle
*Muscle Fiber
Unit 73. Identify the structural components of a
sarcomere. (pp. 179–182)
Unit 7 3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. (pp. 179–182)
* Nuclei
* Myofibril
* Sarcomere
} }* sarcolemma
Unit 7
Because a muscle fiber is not a single cell, its parts are often given special names such as:
• Sarcolemma for plasma membrane • Sarcoplasmic reticulum for endoplasmic reticulum • Sarcosome for mitochondrion • Sarcoplasm for cytoplasm
3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. (pp. 179–182)
Myonuclei identified along the length of an isolated muscle fiber.
Unit 7 3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. (pp. 179–182)
* Myofibrils
* Transverse or T-Tube
* Sarcoplasmic reticulum
* Motor NeuronSkeletal Muscle
Contractile Unit
* Sarcomere* Z-Line
* Action Potential
Unit 7 3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. (pp. 179–182)
* Myosin
* Actin
* Sarcomere
* Z-Line
Skeletal Muscle Contractile Unit
A single myofibril from a muscle fiber.
Unit 7 3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. (pp. 179–182)
Skeletal Muscle Contractile Unit
* Actin
* Myosin
* Sarcomere
* Z-Line * I Band ~ Thin
* A Band ~ Thick
Unit 7 3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. (pp. 179–182)
Skeletal Muscle Contractile Unit Terms
I-bands (isotropic) contain only thin myofilaments.
A-bands (anisotropic) contain both thin and thick myofilaments.
Z-line (German for Zwischenscheiben, meaning “between disks”)
M-line (German for Mitte, meaning “middle”)
iso- means equal , tropic- means turning
an- means without
Unit 7 3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. (pp. 179–182)
Changes in Skeletal Muscle Contractile UnitBand/Line Contracted
MuscleStretched
Muscle
? ?
? ?
? ?
A-band No ChangeNo Change
I-band Shortens Lengthens
Z-lineMoves closer
togetherMoves further
apart
Unit 7
Muscle Contraction Animation
Muscle Contraction Movie
Muscle Contraction Animation
4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Cross Bridging Cycle
Overview
Contraction of skeletal muscle
Resistance
Unit 7 4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
?
?
?
?
Contraction
Tension
Unit 7 4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Quick Facts…
• Every skeletal muscle fiber is under the direct control by a neuron at a neural muscular junction.• When an action potential arrives at a neural
muscular junction and is transferred across the sarcolemma, the contraction process begins.• When an action potential reaches a muscle
fiber it will cause Ca+2 ions to seep out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the myofibrils starting contraction.
Unit 7 4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
ACHe
ACH Receptor Sites
Sarcolemma of Motor end plate
Synaptic TerminalMembrane
SynapticVesicle
Neural Control of Muscle Contraction
Unit 7 4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Step 1: Release of Acetylcholine (ACh)
ACh
SynapticVesicle
Unit 7 4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Step 2: Ach Binding at Motor End Plate
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Sarcolemmamembrane becomes permeableto Na+
Unit 7 4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Step 3: Action Potential Conduction by Sarcolemma
Action Potential Propagation
AChE removing ACh in synaptic cleft
Unit 7 4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
SynapseNeuromuscular Junction
Unit 7 4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Molecular Events of the Contraction Process
Myosin Fiber & Head
Actin subunits & fiber
TropomyosineTroponinActive Myosin-Actin Cross-bridge
Attachment site (in the absence
of Ca+2)
Inside a sacromere at
rest…
ADP
P
“Cocked” or Primed Myosin Head
Unit 7 4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Step 1: Active-site exposure
Tropomyosine slides off the
active site
Ca+2 binds to Troponin
Active Myosin-Actin Cross-bridge
Attachment site is uncovered
Ca+2
Ca+2
Ca+2 released from the Sacroplasmic Reticulum arrives at the sacromere.
ADP
P
ADP
P
Unit 7 4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Ca+2ADP
P
ADP
P
Attachment of myosin head to exposed active site on the thin filament of the
actin fiberCa+2
Step 2: Cross-bridge Attachment
Unit 7 4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Step 3: Pivoting of myosin head
Ca+2
ADP P
ADP P
Myosin headsreleases ADP
and P resulting in a “pivoting” of
the head toward the
center of the sacromere
Ca+2
The myosine head pivot
action thrusts the actin fiber
to the left contracting
the sacromere by a small
amount
Unit 7 4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Step 4: Cross-bridge deattachment
Ca+2
Ca+2
ATP
ATP
Myosin headsdeattachs from the
active site on the actin fiber when it binds with another
ATP
ATP can be supplied by aerobic or anaerobic cellular respiration or via CPATP cycle (page 190)
Unit 7 4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Step 5: Myosin reactivation
Ca+2
Ca+2
ADP
P
ADP
P
Myosin headsBecome
“cocked” or reactivated
again as they split ATP into
ADP and P and capture
the bond energy that is
released
The entire attachment –reattachment contraction cycle begins again until Ca+2 or ATP is removed.
Unit 7 4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Review: Sliding Filament Cross-Bridge Theory
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Frequency of Muscle Fiber Stimulation Number of Muscle Fibers Involved Flavors of Contraction: Isotonic & Isometric Anti-Contraction : Muscle Elongation
Unit 7 5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Quick Facts…
• Muscles are composed of 1,000’s of fibers.• Individual muscle fibers either 100% contracted or are 100% at rest known as the “all-or-nothing” principle”• A “twitch” along a single muscle fiber is a
complete contraction cycle… at rest contraction at rest
• The “recruited” more motor units into a contraction cycle, increases“tension”.• Repeated stimulation before relaxation results in more “twitches”;summation.
Unit 7 5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Twitch: Development of Tension
Resting Phase
Latent Period
Contraction Phase
StimulusRelaxation Phase
Maximum tension development
Action Potential Sweeps Across the Sarcolemma.Cross-bridging begins between myosin and actin.Ca+2 levels drop and cross-bridging declines.
Unit 7 5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Frequency of Muscle Fiber Stimulation
Ten
sio
n
Time
Summation of twitches increases a muscle …
POWEROUTPUT!
Stimulation
Unit 7 5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Frequency of Muscle Fiber StimulationT
ensi
on
Time
MaximumTension
A muscle producing maximum tension through repeated summation is said to reach a state called ….
Incomplete tetanus
Unit 7 5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Ten
sio
n
Time
MaximumTension
A muscle producing maximum tension through repeated summation while not allowing relaxation is said to reach a state called ….
Complete tetanus
Frequency of Muscle Fiber StimulationSR can’t reclaim Ca+2 fast enough for relaxation.
Unit 7 5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Low / Blue
Highest / Red
Medium / Green
Strong / Yellow
Skeletal Muscle Fascicle
Muscle Fibers / Cells
Motor Unit
Number of Muscle Fibers Involved
Threshold / Motor Unit
Unit 7 5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Quick Facts…• Muscles at rest maintain a “relaxed” tension created by various contracting motor units; this tension, called muscle tone helps maintain our posture.• If a muscle fiber is not stimulated on a regular basis is will atrophy, or become smaller and weaker.• Severe atrophy results in muscle fiber death. Dead fibers are not replaced.
Unit 7 5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Quick Facts…• Muscle contractions come in two flavors:
• Isotonic contraction … a contraction that results in the shortening of the entire
muscle as it maintains a constant tension before relaxing.
• Isometric contraction … caused by a increase of tension that does not result in the shortening of the muscle or the moving a joint or any other oject.
Iso- equal, tonic- tension
Iso- equal, metric- length
Unit 7 5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Anti-Contraction : Muscle Elongation• Muscle only actively contract ! • Muscles passively relax or elongate or…• Gravity can cause the mass of the contracted, shorten muscle to “drop” or elongate during its relaxation cycle…• The “memory” of elastic connective tissue
surround muscle fibers “uncoil” after a contraction…
• The contraction of an “opposing” muscle stretches out its relaxed antagonist.
Unit 7
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
Unit 7 6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
• Muscle contractions require large amounts of energy (~6 x1014 ATP/sec/muscle fiber)
• Most of this energy is generated “on-demand”.• ATP is an energy-transfer molecule not an energy storage molecule.• Resting muscles (RM) transfer the energy stored in ATP to Creatine forming Creatine Phosphate (CP) and ADP. CP can then be used to convert ADP back into ATP “on demand”. • CP levels in RM’s are > ATP levels.
Quick Facts…
Unit 7 6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
• Aerobic cellular respiration in mitochondria is used to recycle ADP + P + energy ATP during rest through moderate levels of
activity.• When muscular activity uses up the available
supplies of oxygen and or ATP and CP, available energy stored in the fiber’s glycogen deposits are converted through glycolysis to form ATP anaerobically.
Quick Facts…
Unit 7 6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
ATP ~ Adenosine TriPhosphate
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate Groups
Life’s “Rechargeable Battery”
ATP ~ Adenosine TriPhosphateUnstable
Unit 7 6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
Life’s……………………“Rechargeable Battery”
“Releasing Energy” “Trapping Energy”
Creatine Phosphokinase
ATP ~ Adenosine TriPhosphate
unstable…
Unit 7 6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
Because large amounts of ATP in resting muscle cells are
…excess ATP transfers its third high energy ~P to a polypeptide called creatine forming creatine phosphate or CP.
ATP + Creatine ADP + Creatine Phosphate
ATP ~ Adenosine TriPhosphateUnit 7 6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use
energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
Energyfrom Cellular Respiration
Energyfor Muscle Contraction
ATP
When Cellular ATP is High
PO4
Creatine
PO4Creatine
Phosphate
ADP
When Cellular ATP is Low
ATP Cycle ADP + CP ATP
ATP ~ Adenosine TriPhosphate
Unit 7 6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
C-C bond energy in organic molecules can be released and trapped in molecules of ATP
using the Krebs/ citric acid / tricarboxilic acid cycle; a slower but more efficient aerobic
process. Or…
Energy could be released and trapped in molecules of ATP using glycolysis; a quick
but less efficient anaerobic process
These processes prefer C-C bonds found in… 1st Carbohydrates > 2nd Lipids > 3rd Proteins
Unit 7 6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
Quick Facts…
• Muscle fatigue can be caused by a prolonged oxygen debt, a by-product of glycolysis, called lactic acid, a decrease in the pH of the muscle fiber, or just a lack of ATP.
• A period of muscle recovery follows muscle fatigue, in which pre-fatigue conditions or pre-exertion level are re-established.
• Muscle recovery requires muscular, cardiovascular and hepatic systems to work together in order to reach homeostatic levels after heavy muscular exertion.
Unit 7
7. Relate types of muscle fibers to muscular performance. (pp.193–195)
8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance and explain their implications for muscular performance. (p.192)
Unit 7 8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance and explain their implications for muscular performance. (p. 192)
First some vocabulary…
Aerobic ~
Anaerobic ~
Any process that requires oxygen is said to be an aerobic process.
Any process that does not require oxygen is said to be an anaerobic process.
Like rusting, fire, or cellular respiration…
Like fermentation or glycolysis…
Unit 7 8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance and explain their implications for muscular performance. (p. 192)
Some more vocabulary…
Endurance ~
Power ~
The ability to continue a given task.
The amount of work or energy expended in a given amount of time.
The amount of time an individual can perform a task.
The maximum amount of tension a muscle group can produce.
Unit 7 7. Relate types of muscle fibers to muscular performance. (pp. 193–195)
Two different types of muscle fiber can be found in most skeletal muscles.
Type I vs. Type II Fibers
Dark vs. White vs. Pink “flesh”“Chicken vs.“Chicken vs. “Human Thigh” Breast” muscle”The Type I and Type II fibers differ in
their…• Structure, • Biochemistry and• Performance
Unit 7 7. Relate types of muscle fibers to muscular performance. (pp. 193–195)
Type I vs. Type II Fibers
Type I(slow)
Type II a
(fast)Type II b
Unit 7 7. Relate types of muscle fibers to muscular performance. (pp. 193–195)
Type I, Red, or Aerobic Muscle Fibers … • Also known as "slow-twitch" fibers, take 3x longer to contract after stimulation,• Activated by small-diameter, thus slow-conducting, motor neurons, • Muscles containing many slow-twitch fibers have Egreater vascular support.• ERich in myoglobin and hence red in color, • Depend on cellular respiration for ATP production, contain Emany mitochondria,• EResistant to fatigue, and are dominant in muscles that are responsible for posture.
Unit 7 7. Relate types of muscle fibers to muscular performance. (pp. 193–195)
Type II, White, or Anaerobic Muscle Fibers…• PAlso known as "fast-twitch" fibers, • PTwice the diameter (more sacromeres) and
are more common then Type I fibers, • Activated by large-diameter, thus fast-conducting, motor neurons, • Low in myoglobin and rich in glycogen hence are whitish in color,• Depend on glycolysis for ATP production,
therefore they contain few mitochondria, • Fatigue easily, dominant in muscles used
for rapid and fine motor movements.
Most skeletal muscles contain some mixture of Type I and Type II fibers, but a single motor unit always contains one
fiber type or the other, never both.
Unit 7 8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance and explain their implications for muscular performance. (p. 192)
Now we can consider how…Muscular Performance…
• The “muscle fiber” makeup of the muscle and…
A measure of how a muscle or muscle group responds to
perform a task of any intensity.
depends upon…
• The physical conditioning of the person!
Unit 7 8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance and explain their implications for muscular performance. (p. 192)
Fast Fiber Conditioning
Improves a muscle or muscle groups ability to sustain a short -term high tension effort by…“Bulking-Up” or Increasing the number of myofibrils in fast-twitch fibers (increasing its diameter)
Increasing the standing supplies of glycogen/glucose (remembering that these fibers use glycolysis, an anaerobic reaction)
Unit 7 8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance and explain their implications for muscular performance. (p. 192)
Slow Fiber Conditioning
Improves a muscle or muscle groups ability to sustain a long-term low tension effort by…“CardioVascular Training”… increasing the bodies ability to supply oxygen to the muscles by increasing lung capacity, RBC count & RBC hemoglobin content. (blood doping)
“Carbo-Loading”… preparing for and improving the bodies ability to elevate the blood glucose levels on demand (remember, these fibers use aerobic respiration).
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Unit 7 9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Skeletal
•Moves bones
•Voluntary, capable of great work, but tires easily
Smooth
•Found around organs, such as the intestines and stomach
•Involuntary, capable of sustained work for very long periods of time
Cardiac: heart beat, capable of sustained work, mainly involuntary!
Unit 7 9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle : Types
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Unit 7 9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle Type: Location
Attached to bone
Heart Walls of hollow organs blood vessles and glands
Unit 7 9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle Type: Cell Shape
Long, cylindrical
Branched Spindle- shaped
Unit 7 9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle Type: Nucleus
Multiple, peripheral
Usually single, central
Single, central
Unit 7 9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle Type: Special Features
Intercalated disks
Cell-to-cell attachments
Unit 7 9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle Type: Striations
Yes NoYes
Unit 7 9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle Type: Autorythmic
Yes, smooth sustained, & rythmic
NoNo
Unit 7 9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle Type: Control
Involuntary InvoluntaryVoluntary
Unit 7 9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle Type: Function
Heart contraction to propel blood through the body
Compression of organs, ducts, glands, etc.
Move the whole body
Unit 7 9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
• Smaller (than skeletal)•Have a single nucleus
• Less extensive T-tubule system• Myofilaments/fibrils organized as sarcomeres
Cardiac muscle fibers are…
Unit 7 9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Cardiac muscle fibers…
• Have extensive cell-to-cell connections at gap junctions that:
• Add strength (the intercalated disks)• Permits direct transmission of electrical signals from cell-to-cell (the gap junctions)• Provides its own intrinsic conduction system so that it does not rely upon a neural action potential to initiate contraction. • Rate and force of contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system however.
Autonomic nervous system: the part of the nervous system that supplies stimulation to the involuntary muscles, like the smooth and cardiac muscles, and to the glands, considered “visceral organs”.
Unit 7 9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Smooth muscle fibers …• Are smaller than skeletal and cardiac,• Occur in bundles/sheets of short fibers,
• Contraction are stimulated and controlled by the autonomic nervous system.• Do not end in tendons since they don’t attach or pull on bones!• Do not have troponin attached two the actin fibers• Have an extensive network of gap junctions between adjacent cells.
Unit 7 9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
• Rather than organized arrays of thick and thin filaments, actin-based thin filaments and myosin-based thick filaments are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm in a seemingly random manner. • The thin filaments are attached to the plasma membrane and to cytoskeletal elements. • The thick filaments are distributed through the cytoplasm (like the plastic webbing in a bag used to package fruit and vegetables)
Smooth muscle fibers …
Unit 7
10. Identify the principal axial muscles of the body together with their origins and insertions. (pp. 199–204)
Unit 7 10. Identify the principal axial muscles of the body together with their origins and insertions. (pp. 199–204)
Origins & Insertions
• Pretend you were a puppet • Imagine strings attached to your body at the origins and insertions of skeletal muscles.• Pick a muscle and touch these locations and in you imagination “string” that part of your puppet” (you)• What would happen if you pulled the string from the “origin’s” end?
Unit 7 10. Identify the principal axial muscles of the body together with their origins and insertions. (pp. 199–204)
Origins & Insertions
HINT: The largest part of the muscles mass is closer to the origin of the muscle
Unit 7 10. Identify the principal axial muscles of the body together with their origins and insertions. (pp. 199–204)
*Sternocleidomastoid
*Infraspinatus
*Teres major
*Teres minor
*Latissimus dorsi
*Deltoid
*TrapeziusPosterior, Dorsal View
Unit 7 10. Identify the principal axial muscles of the body together with their origins and insertions. (pp. 199–204)
*Orbicularis oris*Masseter
*External oblique
*Rectus abdominis
*Serratus anterior
*Pectoralis major*Trapezius
*Sternocleidomastoid
*Deltoid
Anterior, Ventral View
Unit 7
11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, together with their origins and insertions. (pp. 204–216)
Unit 7 11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, together with their origins and insertions. (pp. 204–216)
*Fibularis* Soleus
*Gracilis
*Sartorius
*Rectus femoralis
*Gastronemius
*Vastus medialis
*Vastus lateralis Anterior, Ventral View
Unit 7 11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, together with their origins and insertions. (pp. 204–216)
*Abductor magnus
*Biceps femoris
*Gluteus maximus
*Gastronemius * Soleus
*Gracilis
*Gluteus medius
*SartoriusPosterior, Dorsal View
Unit 7 11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, together with their origins and insertions. (pp. 204–216)
* Soleus
*Gastronemius
* Fibularis muscle(s)
* Tibialis anterior
* Extensor digitorum
Laterial View
Unit 7 11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, together with their origins and insertions. (pp. 204–216)
*Brachioradius
*Flexor carpi ulnaris *Biceps brachii
Anterior View
Unit 7 11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, together with their origins and insertions. (pp. 204–216)
*Extensor carpi radialus *Flexor
carpi ulnaris
*Brachioradius
*Triceps brachii
*Extensor digitorum
*Extensor carpi ulnaris
Posterior View
Unit 7
12. Describe the effects of exercise and aging on muscle tissue. (p. 216)
Unit 7 12. Describe the effects of exercise and aging on muscle tissue. (p. 216)
Unit 7