Unit 6:

Chapter 15 Sections 2-3

TexanTexans Go s Go to to

WarWar

TexanTexans Go s Go to to

WarWar

In its declaration of secession, Texas stated that it intended to go to war to preserve a southern way of life that made racial distinctions, in part, by maintaining blacks in a condition of servitude.

Civil War Begins• The Civil War begins on April 1861 at

Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina

• Confederate forces fire on a Union fort in the harbor and war begins

• Beauregard vs. Anderson – Friends yet enemies. Beauregard led the Confederate troops and Anderson led the Union troops.

Many Texans Become Soldiers

• Thousands of Texans like other Southerners joined the Confederate army immediately.

• In April 1862, the Confederate Congress passed the Conscription Act which required men of a certain age to serve in the Confederate military

• German Americans and many other European immigrants to Texas objected to fighting against the Union.

The two highest-ranking Texans in the Confederate army were Albert Sidney Johnston and John Bell Hood.

Most Texans Support the South

• After the war began, most Texans who previously had been against secession now supported the Confederacy.

• James W. Throckmorton, who had voted against secession, realized that he could not fight against Texas.

• About 60,000 Texans joined the armed forces of the Confederacy.

5TH TEXAS VOLUNTEER INFANTRY, CO. K

Some Texans Aid the Union

• About 2,000 Texas Unionists, including 50 African-Americans, took up arms for the Union. Mexican-Americans served on both sides of the war.

• Many Texas Unionists who did not want to fight on either side left Texas.

Major Battles of the Civil War

Study the charts that follow and decide:

What were the Union Advantages?

What were the Confederate Advantages?

Rating the North & Rating the North & South - PopulationSouth - PopulationRating the North & Rating the North & South - PopulationSouth - Population

Railroad Lines in Railroad Lines in 18601860

Railroad Lines in Railroad Lines in 18601860

Industries & Workers: Industries & Workers: North & SouthNorth & South

Industries & Workers: Industries & Workers: North & SouthNorth & South

Soldiers Present for Duty Soldiers Present for Duty in the Civil Warin the Civil War

Soldiers Present for Duty Soldiers Present for Duty in the Civil Warin the Civil War

Union “Anaconda” Plan

• 1. Capture Richmond, Virginia – Capital of Confederacy

• 2. Blockade Southern ports– Prevent trade with other countries

• 3. Capture the Mississippi River– Cut Confederacy in half– Cut off trade routes from New Orleans and

Texas

Strategies • Union strategy to conquer South was called

the Anaconda Plan.

• Confederate strategy to win the Union:1) defend the Confederate states2) invade Northern states if opportunity arises

Anaconda Plan

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Scott-anaconda.jpg

Texas-Mexico Trade RoutesTexas-Mexico Trade Routes

Texas was economically important to the Confederacy because the Confederacy was able to conduct foreign trade through Mexico by way of Texas.

Ft Sumter

• April 12, 1861

• Charleston Harbor – Charleston, S.C.

• Union surrendered the fort

Significance of Ft. Sumter

• Led to the secession of Virginia (VA), Arkansas (AR), Tennessee (TN), and North Carolina (NC)

• First military action of the war

• This is the start of the Civil War!

First Battle of Bull Run

• July 21, 1861

• Manassas, Virginia (also called “1st Manassas”)– 30 miles from Washington, D.C.

• Confederates won the battle, but failed to force the Union army to retreat.

• 4,700 killed/wounded/captured (K/W/C)

Significance of Bull Run

• First major battle of the war

• Confederate victory and a major morale boost for the South.

• It showed both sides that the War would not go exactly as expected-people thought the war would be over in a few days—it would last 4 years.

Battle of Shiloh

• April 6-7, 1862

• Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee– near Shiloh Church

• Confederate army drove Union back on the first day, but the Union won the battle the second day.

• 24,000 K/W/C

Significance of Shiloh• Texas General Albert Sidney Johnston

killed.– Considered one of South’s best Generals– His death was a severe blow to

Confederate Army– Fought at Battle of San Jacinto

• Showed Americans that this would be a long and bloody war.

• It also showed the determination and skill of Ulysses S. Grant.

Battle of Antietam

• September 17, 1862

• Bloodiest single day of the Civil War

• Bloodiest single day battle in American History!

• Battle is a Standoff and no side wins

• 28,000 killed (more WC)

Battle of Gettysburg

• July 1 - 3, 1863

• Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

• General R.E. Lee led Confederate forces into the North. The Union army defeated the confederates in a costly 3 day battle

• 46,000 K/W/C• Bloodiest battle of the entire Civil War!

Significance of Gettysburg

• Turning point of the war

• Confederate invasion of the North failed. It was a HUGE morale defeat for the South.

• Combined with the defeat at Vicksburg the next day, the South was never able to recover.

Vicksburg

• May 18 - July 4, 1863

• Vicksburg, Mississippi – on Mississippi River

• Confederates surrender after 47 day Union siege of the city.

• 36,000 K/W/C

Significance of Vicksburg

• Ulysses S. Grant, commander of the Union army, took control of the Mississippi River.

• Split the confederacy in half and cut off important trade routes through New Orleans and Texas.

Texans on the Attack

• The Confederacy’s first objective was to overtake Union garrisons and supplies.

• Texas launched a preventive strike on Union Forces in New Mexico.

• The New Mexico Campaign failed and was abandoned in July 1862.

Battle of Galveston

• Union ships blockade Texas ports.

• Cotton was transported through Mexico and sent to Europe in exchange for war supplies.

• In October 1862 Union forces attacked and captured Galveston.

• Texas Confederate forces retook Galveston in January 1863.

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• By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln makes slavery the focus of the war.

• Terms of the Proclamation:1) Frees slaves in the Confederate states

2) Does NOT apply to areas occupied by the Union or states

where slavery is permitted in the Union – (border states of Missouri and Kentucky)

• Discourages Britain from supporting/joining the Confederacy

The Proclamation brings mixed reactions….

Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation in 1863Emancipation in 1863Emancipation in 1863Emancipation in 1863

• gives war a higher moral purpose• Free blacks can now join Union army and fight

against slavery• Northern Democrats claim it will antagonize the

South and prolong the war• Confederacy now MORE DETERMINED to fight

to keep slavery• No chance of compromise now-one side must WIN

and the other side must LOSE!

Some Reactions:

Texans Defend Sabine Pass

• Confederate soldiers defeated Union forces at Sabine Pass.

• Dick Dowling and the Davis Guards played a major role by capturing 350 soldiers and two boats.

• The Battle of Sabine Pass was an important Confederate victory, foiling the Union’s major campaign against Texas.

In the fall of 1863, Confederate forces under the command of Lt. Richard Dowling turned back a much larger Union invasion force at the battle of Sabine Pass.

"There is no parallel in ancient or modern warfare to the victory of Dowling and his men at Sabine Pass considering the great odds against which they had to contend" Jefferson Davis

The Battle The Battle of Sabine of Sabine PassPassSeptember 8, 1863September 8, 1863

Forces Battle over Brownsville

• Hoping to cut off the overland supply line, the Union focused on Brownsville.

• In November 1863 Confederate troops drove back a Union attack on Brownsville.

Red River and Beyond

• Union forces captured New Orleans. With 25,000 troops, the Union forces moved toward East Texas.

• A smaller Confederate army led by Thomas “Tom” Green, met Union forces 25 miles from the Texas border in one of the bloodiest campaigns.

Red River and Beyond

• Hood’s Texas Brigade and Terry’s Texas Rangers served bravely

• Terry’s Texas Rangers served in more battles than any other cavalry regiment in the Civil War.

• General Robert E. Lee called Hood’s men his “finest soldiers.”

1864: Life During Wartime

• The Civil War brings about dramatic social and economic changes in American society including:

1) African Americans join the Union army to fight

2) Other slaves seek freedom behind Union army lines

3) On plantations: some destroy property, others refuse to leave

Black Troops Freeing SlavesBlack Troops Freeing SlavesBlack Troops Freeing SlavesBlack Troops Freeing Slaves

• FOOD SHORTAGES in the South– Food shortages from lost manpower, Union occupation, loss of

slaves– Blockade creates other shortages; some Confederates trade

with enemy

• ECONOMY BOOM in the North– Industries that supply army boom– Wages do not keep up with prices; workers’ standard of living

drops– Women replace men on farms, city jobs, government jobs– Congress establishes first income tax on earnings to pay for war

War Affects Regional Economies

Inflation in the SouthInflation in the SouthInflation in the SouthInflation in the South

Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides

• More soldiers died from Dysentery (diarrhea) than were killed in battle

• Lived in unsanitary camps, conditions (epidemics easily spread) wash hands 1/day, bathe 1/week

• 75% of surgeries were amputations (saw often used on 1 person after another w/o sanitizing)

- fingers the most amputated body part

Casualties on Both SidesCasualties on Both SidesCasualties on Both SidesCasualties on Both Sides

Civil War CasualtiesCivil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other Warsin Comparison to Other Wars

Civil War CasualtiesCivil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other Warsin Comparison to Other Wars

The Civil War ENDSThe Civil War ENDSThe Civil War ENDSThe Civil War ENDS• The Election of 1864

1) Lincoln re-elected for 2nd term

• IT’S OVER! The Surrender at Appomattox1) Confederate President Jefferson Davis’s government flee Richmond and burn it to the ground2) Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse

- Confederate soldiers pardoned on generous terms by Grant

Surrender at Surrender at AppomattoxAppomattox April 9, 1865April 9, 1865

Surrender at Surrender at AppomattoxAppomattox April 9, 1865April 9, 1865

After the War ended, Lee dedicated his home [above] in Arlington, Virginia for a military burial grounds – today known as the Arlington National Cemetery

Battle of Palmito Ranch

• The final battle of the Civil War took place on May 12, 1865, at Palmito Ranch, near Brownsville.

• Confederate soldiers did not know that the war was over.

• Texans learned from their prisoners that Lee had surrendered a month earlier.

• New Birth of Freedom

1) 1865: 13th Amendment abolishes slavery in all states

• Some Follow New Paths

1) Some soldiers stay in army, others are civilians, many go west

The War Changes Lives

• Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln

1) April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theatre

2) Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, is later trapped by Union cavalry and shot

3) 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s funeral train

The War Changes our Future

FordFord’’s Theater s Theater (April 14, 1865)(April 14, 1865)FordFord’’s Theater s Theater (April 14, 1865)(April 14, 1865)

The AssassinThe AssassinThe AssassinThe Assassin

Now He Belongs to the Now He Belongs to the Ages!Ages!

Now He Belongs to the Now He Belongs to the Ages!Ages!