Unit 5

The Restoration and 18th

Century

ObjectivesAuthors we will

study

John Dryden Jonathan Swift Daniel Defoe Joseph Addison Richard Steele Alexander Pope Samuel Johnson Robert Burns William Blake

Lit. elements & techniques

Literary Criticism

Allusion Satire Tone Wit Novel Narrator Irony Style Essay Formal

Essay Informal

Essay Aphorism Mock Epic Canto Heroic

Couplet Diction Epigram Dialect Symbolism

Three DivisonsRestoration

Neoclassical Colored by wit

John Dryden

Satirical

Social and moral analysis

Alexander Pope

Johnathan Swift

More public

Novel

Samual Johnson

Robert Burns

William Blake

Age of PopeAge

ofJohnson

The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century

1600s–1700sThe Neoclassical PeriodThe Age of Reason

1660The Restoration of Charles II

Choose a link on the time line to go to a milestone.

1650 17501700 1800

1688–1689The Bloodless Revolution

1700sThe Growth of a New Reading Public

1653–1658 Cromwell and the Commonwealth

Cromwell and the Commonwealth

1642–1649

• Strict Puritan laws—eventually military rule by Cromwell as dictator

• England is embroiled in civil war—parliamentary party (Puritans) against the king’s party (Royalists)

1653–1658

• Oliver Cromwell rules England as lord protector

• King Charles I beheaded

• Theaters were closed, arts suppressed

The Restoration of Charles II

• Charles II crowned; monarchy restored

1658–1660

• Parliament invites Charles I’s son back from exile

• Puritan dictator Oliver Cromwell dies

Charles II

The Restoration of Charles II

• Theaters reopened

Charles II (ruled 1660–1685)

• Other sects (including Puritan sects) outlawed and persecuted

• Anglican Church (Church of England) reestablished

• Charles set the tone for courtly life: extravagance and refinement

The Restoration of Charles II

Society During the Restoration and the 1700s

• overcrowded tenements; rats, lice, bedbugs

• no access to doctors, police, or education

• young children forced to work

• filthy streets• disease prevalent• death rate higher than

birth rate

The Have-Nots• greatly influenced by

the French in furniture, dress, manners

• met in coffeehouses and formal gardens

• liked colorful and extravagant fashions

• enjoyed theatergoing, dining, drinking, card playing, gambling

The Haves

• thought unusual events such as earthquakes and comets were punishments or warnings from God

• asked why these things happened

Before Enlightenment, people . . .

The Enlightenment and the Age of Reason

Enlightenment or Age of Reason—labels that reveal changes in people’s view of the world

Period between 1660 and 1800 sometimes called

• heard more scientific explanations for natural phenomena

• started asking how questions instead of why questions

During Enlightenment, people . . .

The Enlightenment and the Age of Reason

• Scientists begin to explain workings of human body, universe

• Natural phenomena less mysterious and frightening

• Rise of deism—belief that Creator set the world in motion and then let it run by itself

Sir Isaac Newton

The Bloodless Revolution

Beginning in 1685 • Charles II dies; his brother James II (a Roman

Catholic) takes throne• Power is transferred to James’s daughter Mary

(wife of Dutch William of Orange, a Protestant)

1688 William attacks England; James flees

1689 Parliament declares William and Mary king and queen; Protestant rule restored

William and Mary

The Age of Satire

The Growth of a New Reading Public

Alexander Pope—attacks upper classes for immorality and bad taste

Throughout the Period . . .

Writers focusingmore on middle-class concerns

More people inmiddle classesable to read

Readers with different tastes and interests

Jonathan Swift—exposes the mean and sordid in human behavior

The Growth of a New Reading Public

Journalism: A New Profession

Daniel Defoe—stood for thrift, prudence, industry, respectability

Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele—essayists and journalists

Eighteenth-century journalists

• saw themselves as reformers

• published journals; described social and political matters

The Growth of a New Reading Public

• wrote poetry of the mind, not the soul

Age of Pope (Augustan) Poets

• saw poetry as having a public function• set out to write a particular kind of poem:

Elegy

praises a personwho has died

Satire

ridicules a person or typeof behavior

Ode

is generally written forpublic occasions

Poems were carefully constructed and used exact meter and rhyme.

The First English Novels

The Growth of a New Reading Public

• Corresponded to development of the middle class

• Often broad and comical

• Adventures frequently recounted in a series of episodes or letters