Unit 5: Alive! from algae to zooplankton LESSON 4...

Alive and DEFENDING

Unit 5: Alive! from algae to zooplanktonLE

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All living things defend themselves against predators. Students learn structures used for this function.

Alive and DEFENDING

Unit 5: Alive! from algae to zooplanktonLE

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Table of contents 4 Launch!

Defense. All living things defend themselves.

6 Won’t Eat THAT! A1: Producers Defense. Producers defend against herbivores.

14 En Guard!A2: Consumers Defense. Consumers defend themselves and their territories.

20 Peek-a-Boo! A3: Fish Defense. Fish defensive structures include ballooning and hiding.

28 I’ll Sting You A4: Coral Defense. Corals use nematocysts against predators and other coral.

34 Vanished! A5: Octopus Defense. Octopuses defend themselves in many different ways.

40 Painful Pinchers A6: Crabs Defense. Crabs have powerful claws to scare off predators.

48 Shielding Shell A7: Turtles Defense. A turtle’s main defense is its body armor shell.

54 Beware of Seal! A8: Monk Seals Defense. Monk seals scare predators away through threatening sounds and postures.

60 Painfully Prickly A9: Sea Urchin and Sea Star Defense. Spines protect sea urchins and sea stars.

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Launch!(Defense)

Ready?Familiarize yourself with Defend lyrics (p.5).

Set?Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 1: • Won’t Eat THAT! (Producers)Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 2: • En Guard! (Consumers)Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 3: • Fish-Peek-a-Boo! (Fish)Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 4: • I’ll Sting You (Coral)Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 5: • Vanished! (Octopus)Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 6: • Painful Pinchers (Crabs)Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 7: • Shielding Shell (Turtles)Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 8: • Beware of Seal! (Monk Seals)Unit 5-Lesson 4-Activity 9: • Painfully Prickly (Sea Urchins and Sea Stars)

Go!Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students.

Hawaii StandardsSC.K.1.3

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MaterialsDefend (mp3 and lyrics)

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.Launch! * www.reefpulsehawaii.com4

All living things defend themselves.

what is one characteristic

of all living things?

Defence!

Reef Pulse - U5 L4 Launch!

Launch!Listen and dance to Defend.

When a predator tries to eat a sea slug,The sea slug has a little trick.It begins to mimic another animal;Now you’ve got to admit that’s pretty slick!Mimic, 4x. Mimicry is the sea slug’s slickest trick!

When a predator tries to eat a Manini,Those fish have a special rule.Manini figure they’re much saferIf they travel together in a school!School, 4x. Schooling is the Manini’s coolest rule!

When a predator wants to eat an octopus,There’s just one way for him to dodge.He begins to change his color and shape;That octopus puts on Camouflage!Camouflage, 4x. Camouflage is an octopus’ way to dodge!

If a predator wants to eat a sponge crab,He better have really good eyes.He could look all day long and never find one,‘Cause that crab wears a sponge disguise!Disguise, 4x. Disguise is a sponge crab’s way to fool your eyes!

If a predator wants to eat a sea urchin,He had better watch how he dines.Because no matter how hard he tries,He’ll get a mouth full of sea urchin spines!Spines, 4x. Spines can make it really hard to dine!

If a predator thinks he’s gonna eat a squid,He better be careful of what he thinks.Because, before that predator knows it,He’ll have a mouth full of thick, black ink!Ink, 4x. Ink is a squid’s way to make you blink!

If a predator wants to eat a ghost crab,That predator probably won’t get a bite.Because although other animals prefer to hide,Ghost crabs sometimes prefer to fight!Fight, 4x. Fighting is a ghost crab’s way to show his might!

How it worksManydifferentways!Consumersmimic,school,camouflage,disguise,poke,ink,andfight.Butnomatterhow,alldefendthemselvesinoneormore ways.

Think about it...How do marine creatures defend themselves?

What’s in a Word?

Defend comes from the Latin word defendere, meaning to protect. It is made up of de (from, away) and fendere (to strike, push).

NOAA Link

How do animals hide in the open ocean?

www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04deepscope

Joke Time!

Teacher: Use “defense” in a sentence.

Student: Our dog escaped through a hole in da fence.

Whendinoflagellatessense a predator coming after them, they light up to attract a larger predator. This predator will consume the predator coming after them!

Interesting Fact

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.Launch! * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 5

Defence!

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Ready?Engage Wash and shred leafy greens.

Explore Separatebroccolistemsandflorets.

ElaborateCover work area with newspaper. Cut strips of paper. Make paste in bowl of one part water to two parts glue.

Find and print photos of coralline algae. Search google images orwww.marinelife photography.com.

EvaluateMake lunch bag journals with the class. All the evaluates in the lesson can be recorded in this journal. Instructions on how to make the journal are in U5.L4.A1 p.12.

Set?Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 1:• Growing Goodness (Producers make Food)Unit 5-Lesson 3-Activity 1: I• n-Out-In-Out (Producers Breathe)Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending•Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 1:• Many Mini Me’s (Producers Life Cycle)Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 2: • Grow Like a Weed (Producers Grow)


MaterialsLeafy Greens (iceburg lettuce and either arugula or Chinese mustard cabbage)Broccoli stemsNewspaper Paper strips (white or newspaper)Glue-water mixturePaper Plates (2 per group)StaplerTissue paper (red,white)Paper (white)BowlBrushesLunch sack bags (4 per student)Single hole puncherRibbonDrawing Materials

Hawaii StandardsSC.K.3.1SC.K.6.1

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Won’t Eat THAT!(Producer Defense)

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A1 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com6

Producers defend against herbivores.

What living thing defends itself against

herbivores?

producers

Reef Pulse - U5 L4 A1

EngageCompare leafy greens in small groups.

Take a bite of iceberg lettuce.•

Take a bite of arugula or Chinese mustard cabbage. •

Compare and contrast the taste of each. •

Explain how the two samples represent two types of algae.•Ifyouwereafish,whichalgaewouldyoueat?Which would you avoid?

Think about it...What defensive properties do some algae have?

Interesting Fact

Sea hares eat yucky algae that make them taste yucky too! Eating algae is a form of defense for sea hares. Not all animals avoid nasty tasting algae.

Interesting Fact

Some algae have calcium carbonate that makes a hard shell to keep other algae from growing on them and taking their sunlight.

Go outside and observe different producers. Predict their defenses!

Just for Fun

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A1 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 7

producers

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ExploreCompare texture and hardness of foods in groups of three.

Student one: Hold the end of a piece of iceberg lettuce with writing hand•Your hand serves as “algae’s” holdfast.

Studenttwo:Holdtheendofabroccolistem(withoutfloret)withwritinghand.•Your hand becomes the “algae’s holdfast.

Student three: Rip each sample using your non-writing hand.•

Repeat until all students have tried to rip each type of “algae.”•

Think about it...What structures do some algae have for defense?

Won’t Eat THAT!



ExplainProducers are food for herbivores. To avoid getting eaten and survive, they defend themselves many different ways.

What defensive properties do some algae have?Nasty taste! Consumers prefer to eat something ono (delicious). Chemicals inside the producer give them a bitter taste, making them an unappealing dinner for a predator.

What structures do some algae have for defense?TOUGH to eat! Herbivores and some macroalgae are hard to rip, like you found broccoli stems challenging. Others, like lettuce, tear easily making them easy to eat.

...”epiphytic” when producers grow on other producers and “epizoic” when they grow on animals.

Scientists Say...

Reading Resource

Plant Tricksters by Janet Halfmann (J 581.47 Ha)

Because the highly invasive alga Kappaphycus is tough, not many consumers choose to eat it. That’s not good because when allowed to grow out of control it will block out the sun from the coral reef.

did you know?


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ElaborateCreate paper mache coralline algae in groups.

Crumple up three sheets of newspaper.•Place in between two paper plates. (Plates should have their tops facing inwards.) Staple plate edges together.

Dip paper strips in glue mixture.•Slideoffexcessglueintocontainerwithyourfingers. Lay strips over plates making sure to cover both sides completely. •Use a brush to smooth down. Fold some strips off the edge to give algae a more natural, uneven look. Dry.

Tear strips of red tissue paper and stick to algae with glue mixture. •Glue white strips along the edge for a white border. Dry. OPTIONAL: Use paint instead of tissue paper. Dry.

Compare coralline algae craft to a leafy algae (lettuce leaf). Which algae do you •think most herbivores would prefer?

How it works?Hard “shells”! Coralline algae have hard outer coverings made of calcium carbonate to protect themselves from strong waves or herbivores.

Won’t Eat THAT!

Think about it...What is another structure some algae have for defense?



EvaluateHow do producers defend themselves?

Answerbydrawingapictureonthefirstpageofyourlunchbagjournal.Instructions on how to make the journal is on p.12.

Write the title, “Marine Plant and Animal Defenses” on your cover.•Decorate.

Drawapictureonthefirstpageofhowmarineplantsandalgae•defend themselves.

If you were an herbivore fish, describe your perfect meal? Describe your worst meal.

AssessSC.K.3.1 Identify similarities and differences between plants and animals.SC.K.6.1 Classify objects by their attributes (e.g., physical properties,

materials of which they are made).

SC.1.4.1 Describe how living things have structures that help them to survive.

SC.1.5.1 Identify ways in which the same kinds of plants and the same kinds of animals differ.

SC.1.5.2 Describe the physical characteristics of living things that enable them to live in their environment.

SC.2.1.1 Develop predictions based on observations.SC.2.3.1 Describe how animals depend on plants and animals.

NOAA Link

Rockweed (algae) secretes chemicals that slow digestion. Learn more at

www.olympiccoast.noaa.gov >>Living Sanctuary >> Seaweeds >> List of known Species.

Career Corner

Several medicines come from chemicals producers make to stop herbivores. Chemists who work at pharmaceutical companies research these to discover new medicines.

Some types of brown algae make sulfuric acid, which dissolves the teeth of herbivores!

Interesting Fact

did you know?

Hanauma Bay reefs are not coral. Actually, what you see is live red crustose coralline ALGAE!


Lunch Bag JournalsU5 L4 A1 Won’t Eat THAT! (Evaluste)

1. Foldthebottomflapofbothlunch bags down and crease.

2. Cutoffbottomflapson crease. Throw away bottom sections or save for future project.

5. Sandwich one bag inside the other and align holes. 6. Thread ribbon or pipe cleaner

through both holes to bind the book.

3. Fold bags in half. Punch two holes

down the back (folded side) of one bag.

4. Put second bag under the bag with holes, and

mark holes for second bag.

Record what you learned about different plant and animal defense structure on each page. BONUS: Fill the pockets up with more information.


Intentionally Left Blank


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En Guard!(Consumers Defense)

Ready?ElaborateSet pane of glass or lay small aquarium sideways on desk or table.

EvaluateCheckout books on marine consumers to read as class.

Listen to some sample operas on www.youtube.com as class.Prepare to record your students singing.

Set?Unit 3-Lesson 3-Activity 3: • Get a Grip (Resident Algae)Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 5: • Take No Prisoners (Eating Structure)Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending•Unit 6-Lesson 2-Activity 5: • Web of Life (Food Web)


MaterialsGlasspane or Small aquariumFlags (2)Opihi craft from U3.L3.A3 or suction cups (1 per student)Marker WaterWater pitcherSound recorder


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Consumers defend themselves and their territories.

what living thing defends to

protect them-selves and their

territory?

consumers!


EngagePlay Predator-Prey Tag as a class.

Choose three to four students to be predators (“it”).•Remaining students are prey.

Play a game of tag without prey defenses.•

Prey: Stand still in play area.•Do not move.

Predator: Tag prey.•Tagged prey go to the side, out of play area, until all prey has been “eaten.”

Develop defenses for prey.•Examples:Movement,camoflauge,etcetera.

Repeat game allowing prey to use its defense.•Use of defense operates similar to “base.”

Think about it...Why do consumers use defensive structures?

Just for Fun

Defense is important in many games, including basketball, soccer, football, checkers, and chess!

Scientists Say...

...”predator” for animals that hunt other animals and prey for hunted animals.

Reading Resource

Survival Secrets of Sea Animals by Mary Jo Rhodes (J 591.47091 Rh)

Humans have invented many tools to defend themselves. Can you think of examples?

Invention Center


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ExplorePlay Capture the Algae as a class.

Divide playing area into two parts. •

Divide into two teams of hungry consumers. •Giveeachteamaflag(usetowelsorhandkerchiefs).Like the game Capture the Flag, the object is to take the other team’s algae while defending your own.

Eachteam:Placeyouralgaeflagsomewhereonyourside.•Leave some people to defend it!

Capture the other team’s algae.•Grab the algae and return to your side without being caught.

Stand in a line along the other team’s sideline near their algae if you are •caught.Stay there until another teammate tags you back into the game.

First team to capture other team’s algae and return to their side with it wins!•

En Guard!

Think about it...Why else do consumers use defensive structures?



ExplainConsumers have defensive structures. Some have built-in defensive structures, like spines or poison. Others rely on hiding places. Some even use other animals to defend themselves! Most use more than one defensive structure.

Why do consumers use defensive structures?To avoid becoming lunch! Remember what you learned in the eating lesson.Consumershavespecialstructurestofindandeatfood.Animals without defensive structures quickly get eaten! What happened in the game of tag when prey did not have defenses? The predators quickly ate them all!

Why else do consumers use defensive structures?To guard an area of food or shelter! Some consumers chase other animals away, just like you tried to keep the other team away from your algae.

Interesting Fact

Ornatebutterflyfishdefendtheir territory in pairs! A male and female work togethertostopotherfishfrom eating their food.

What’s in a Word?

Territory comes from the Latin word terra (earth).

Read Wild Boar by Shel Silverstein. What is a boar’s defense? Does it work on the speaker?

Literature Link

did you know?

Therearesomefishthatflytoavoiddanger.Flyingfishhavewing-likepectoralfinsthatallowthem to glide in the air after launching out of the water with a thrust of the powerfultailfins.Nowthat’s a defense!


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ElaborateTest opihi in pairs to see which one sticks!

Wetrimoffirstopihicraft(U3.L3.A3).•You may substitute suction cups if not available.Setfirmlyonpieceofhorizontalglassaquarium.

Mark a second opihi (craft) with a “D” for dry.•Placefirmlynexttofirstopihi.

Pour water gently over glass.•Tilt glass so water runs off one side.

Observe what happens to each opihi. Discuss with class.•

How it worksTo protect themselves from strong waves! Uncle syas opihi live in areas where powerful waves sweep them away. They defend themselves with a strong muscular foot. It acts likeawetsuctioncup,makingitverydifficulttoremovetheopihi!

En Guard!

Think about it...What is another function of consumer defensive structures?



EvaluateWhy do consumers defend themselves?

Answer by drawing a picture on the second page of your lunch bag journal. Instructions on how to make the journal is on p.12.

Draw a picture on the second page of how some marine animals •defend themselves.

Do consumers living on land have similar defensive structures to those living underwater?

AssessSC.K.6.1 Classify objects by their attributes (e.g., physical properties,




Learn about chemicals sponges use to defend themselves and our hopes of using them for human defense.

www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov>>Explorations >> 2007 >> Cayman Islands Twilight Zone 2007 >> May 26 Log and May 28 Log

NOAA Link

Scientists Say...

...”limpet” instead of “opihi.”

All in the Family

Opihi will not settle on rocks where they cannot smell other opihi.


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(Fish Defense)

Ready?ElaborateFamiliarize yourself with instructions to make Origami Balloon, (see appendix).

Set?Unit 3-Lesson 3-Activity 1:• Happenin’ Hale (Habitats)Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 4• : Munchin’ Machines (Fish Eat)Unit 5-Lesson 3-Activity 3• :Gills? What a Gas! (Fish Breathe)Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending•Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 6: • Egg-cellent Start (Egg Life Cycle)Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 7• : Seeds of the Sea (Larvae)Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 8• : Genuine Juveniles (Juveniles)Unit 5-Lesson 6-Activity 2: • Something’s Fishy (Fish)Unit 6-Lesson 2-All Activities: Food Chain•


MaterialsOrigami paperMarkers

Hawaii StandardsSC.K.1.3SC.K.3.1SC.K.6.1

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Fish defensive structures include ballooning and hiding.

what animal defends itself with defensive

structures and hiding?

fish!


EngageMake an origami pufferfish balloon.

Lay origami paper colored-side facing down on desk.•Fold into triangle, colored-side outwards. Open. Fold into triangle along other diagonal, colored-side outwards. Open. Fold in half horizontally, colored-side inwards. Open. Fold in half vertically, colored-side inwards. Open.

Pull up into “X” shape following fold lines so middle of each side •meet at the tops and colored side faces out.Paper should point upright. Pinchsidestogetherandsetonitssideasflattrianglewithbasetowards you and point away from you.

Fold up each corner towards top of triangle with edge along •vertical center line.Flip over to fold backside’s two corners. Diamond shape emerges.

Fold four horizontal corners towards center.•Flip over to fold backside’s two horizontal corners.Adjust folds, if necessary. Pokefingertocreatepocketswithinfoursmalltrianglesjustmade.Tuck four top points into pockets.

Pickupandinflatethroughholeattop.•May need to slightly open into “X” shape.Origami should balloon outwards.

Decoratefish.•Draw eyes. Cut out a tail and tape on.

Discusswhypuffingupwouldhelpapufferfishdefenditself.•

Think about it...Whatstructuredoesthepufferfishhavetoprotectitself?

NOAA Link

Watch this video that describes mysterious deep sea eels spotted on a dive opereation:

www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov >>Explorations >> 2002 >> Davidson Seamount >> May 21 logo >>

Did you know?

Pufferfishinflatetheirstomachs with water (or air when outside water).

reading resource

Creatures of the Sea by Joan Christopher Fine (J591-92F).


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ExploreEnact Humuhumunukunukuapuaa defense in groups of three.

Chooseonestudenttobeafish,onetobeapuka(holeinrock)andonetobe•a predator.Fish: Clap once and freeze hands in closed position. Puka:Touchfingertipstofingertipsandpalmtopalm.

Fish: Hide inside puka.•

Predator:Pullfishgentlythroughpuka.•Usebothhandstograbfish.

Repeat.•Fish: Pop up thumbs to catch crevices inside puka. Predatpr:grabfishandpullthroughpuka.

Discuss which was easier.•Whatstructuredidthefishusefordefense?

**Activity Extension**Hunt for sleeping eel individually.

Draw an eel on an index card. •

Roll up index card.•Eel should be on inside. Look for eel.

Peek-a-Boo!

Think about it...What defensive structure do sleeping humuhumunukunukuapuaa have?



ExplainFish have many ways to defend themselves. Many hide in pukas on the reef. Remember the habitat lesson? Scientists sort habitats based on types of shelter.

Whatstructuredoesthepufferfishhavetoprotectitself?Inflatablestomachs!By“ballooning”toamuchlargersize,theycanscarepredatorsaway!Nofishwantstobeefwithabigfish.Somepufferfisharealsopoisonous.Predatorslearnnottoeatthepoisonousones.

What defensive structure do sleeping humuhumunukunukuapuaa have?

Dorsal(top)fin!Humuhumuhideinreefpuka.Theywedgetheirdorsalfinsintothehole.Thismakesitharderforapredatortopullthemoutof the hole. Think of the last activity. Was it easier or harder to pull the humuhumu when it was wedged? Harder!

Thepufferfishhasaunique adaptation that allows it to lodge its body into a puka and then puff up so it is impossible for a predator to dislodge it.

on a related note

Hawaii Nei

The humuhumu’s name means“triggerfish”(humuhumu) with a snout “(nukunuku)” like “(a)” a pig (puaa).

Interesting fact!

Surgeonfishcombinedefenses. They swim in schools and use sharp spines to ward off predators, who don’t want a mouthful of spines!


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ElaboratePlay Schooling Fish!

Cutfishtemplate(p.27).•Trace the lateral line with pencil.

Createaschooloffish.•Sit in 4-5 rows.

Extendleftarmwithfishcutoutinfrontandholdshoulderofpersoninfront.•Extend right arm and hold shoulder of person on your side.Personinthecenterofthefrontrowistheleadfish.

Asaschool,followtheleadfish’smovementsbyswimmingforwardandsideas•one group. Leanforwardiftheleadfishleansforward.Lean side or back if he leans. Keep in formation by feeling the movements through your arms.

How it worksLaterallines!Likeotheranimals,fishusetheirsenseofsight,smell,andhearingtoavoid being eaten, But they also have a special pores running along a line on the sides of their body called lateral lines.They use these sensors to move in a group, called a schoolasadefense.Eachfishmovesatsamespeedandinsamedirectionastheothersbysensingwheretheotherfishesare.Unclesaystheyarekindoflikeafishymarchingband.Schoolsmakeithardforapredatortopickoutasinglefishtoattack.Theymaygiveupandgofindaneasiertarget!

Peek-a-Boo!

Think about it...Howdofishrelyoneachotherfordefense?



EvaluateHow do fish defend themselves?

Answer by drawing a picture on the third page of your lunch bag journal. Instructions on how to make the journal is on p.12.

Drawapictureonthethirdpageofhowsomefishdefend•themselves.

Why else might it be beneficial for fish to swim in schools?

AssessSC.K.1.3 Collect data about living and non-living things.SC.K.3.1 Identify similarities and differences between plants and animals.SC.K.6.1 Classify objects by their attributes (e.g., physical properties,


SC.1.1.1 Collect, record, and organize data using simple tools, equipment, and techniques safely.


SC.1.5.1 Identify ways in which the same kinds of plants and the same kinds of animals differ.


SC.2.3.1 Describe how animals depend on plants and animals.SC.2.5.1 Identify distinct environments and the different kinds of organisms

each environment supports.

Question: Why are some fishsmarterthanothers?Answer: Because they hang out in schools.

joke of the day

Almost 80% of known speciesoffisharepartofa school at some point in their lives.

interesting fact

did you know?

The pores along the lateral line are the opening of tiny tubes that travel to a nerve and then the the brain. When the tubes vibrate, thefishcantellfromwherethe movement came.


ORIGAMI BALLOON DIRECTIONS:

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12.

Origami Balloon DirectionsU5 L4 A3: Peek-a-Boo! (ENGAGE)


Fish TemplateU5 L4 A3: Peek-a-Boo! (Elaborate)


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Ready?ElaborateMake snot.

Mix one cup cornstarch and half cup water in a resealable bag. Cover work area with newspaper.

Set?Unit 3-Lesson 3-Activity 4: • Coral Castles (Coral)Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 5: • Take No Prisoners (Coral Eat)Unit 5-Lesson 3-Activity 6• : Oxygen Snatchers (Coral Breathe)Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending•Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 3: • Coral, of Course (Coral Life Cycle)Unit 5-Lesson 7-Activity 2: • Cnidarian Capers (Corals)


Hawaii StandardsSC.1.4.1SC.1.5.2

I’ll Sting You!(Coral Defense)

MaterialsDixie Cup (1 per student)Playdough PaperScissorsGlueChopsticksYarnParty noise maker favors Corn starchWaterResealable Plastic bagNewspaper (1 per gourp)Pens or crayons


Corals use nematocysts against predators and other coral.

what animal defends itself with nematocysts

and mucus?

coral!


EngageMake a coral polyp with nematocysts individually.

Decorate a dixie cup to look like polyp.•Roll 12-15 tentacles using play dough. Line them up on table and join together by pushing down on them gently. Attach tentacles to inside of cup by pushing against inside of cup.

Add nematocysts to tentacles.•Cut tiny paper triangles and glue to tips of each tentacle.

Think about it...What defensive structures do coral have?

Look at this diagram to findoutexactlyhowcoraldefends itself:

www.oceanservice.noaa.gov >>Education >> Corals >> What are corals? >> Scroll down and click scond image

NOAA Link

Reading Resource

Coral Reef: A City that Never Sleeps by Mary M Cerullo (J 574.91 Ce)

Did You Know?

Coral stings are not strong enough to seriously harm humans, though they may hurt a bit. Ask a surfer with reef rash!


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ExplorePlay Defending Nematocysts in groups.

Divide into small groups.•

Makeasimplefishcutoutandhangonachopstick.•Onepersoninthegroupstandandholdfishcutoutabovethegroupsheads.

Pretend to be a coral polyp.•Sit in a circle facing out. Each person is a tentacle of one polyp.

Pretend to be a coral polyp defending itself.•Wardoffbutterflyfishbyshootingyourpartyfavor(nematocyst)andstingingthefish.

I’ll Sting You!

Think about it...How do nematocysts help defend the coral?



ExplainCorals defend themselves from predators looking for a tasty meal with their own built-in weapons, nematocysts. They can also use those weapons to defend their territory from other invading corals.

What defensive structures do coral have? Nematocysts! This harpoon-like stinger are found on the polyp’s tentacles and can eject out to sting predators to kill it’s next meal.

How do nematocysts help defend the coral?Poison and paralyze! The nematocyst is coiled up in a capsule on coral polyp tentacles. If triggered, the harpoon-like stinger releases and injects a poison into the predator.

Interesting FactScientists group together corals, anemones, and sea jellies by the fact that they have nematocysts.

Did You Know?

Corals also use their nematocysts to battle other coral for territory.

What’s in a Word?

Nematocyst comes from the Greek words nema (thread) and kystis (bladder, pouch).

Nematocysts shoot out in response to something touching the tentacle.

Interesting Fact


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ElaborateSnot away dirt in small groups.

Set a bowl upside down on a protected surface. •

Pour half a bag of “coral snot” over the cup.•

Sprinkle some dirt over snot. •

Slowly pour the rest of the snot over the cup. •

Discuss what happened.•

How it worksCoral uses mucus (“coral snot”) to clean itself! Dirt naturally makes it out to the ocean, eventually landing on coral. Tutu says coral then takes a mucus bocha (bath). Mucus also helps to defend against disease by washing away dirt and bacteria.

I’ll Sting You!

Think about it...What structure allows coral to defend themselves from dirt or disease?



EvaluateHow do corals defend themselves?

Answer by drawing a picture on the forth page of your lunch bag journal. Instructions on how to make the journal is on p.12.

Draw a picture on the forth page of how some coral defend •themselves.

What other marine animals sting if you touch them?

AssessSC.1.4.1 Describe how living things have structures that help them to

survive.SC.1.5.2 Describe the physical characteristics of living things that enable

them to live in their environment.

What’s in a Word?

Mucus is the Latin word for slime or snot.

In pidgin, bocha means “take a bath.” It comes from bocha-bocha, Japanese for splashing noises.

Hawaii nei

Web Resource

Learn about coral predators of the North Western Hawaiian Islands

www.hawaiianatolls.org >>Expeditions >> NWHI Benthic Habitat Mapping >> Day 25atin word for slime or snot.


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(Octopus Defense)

Ready?EngageCut paper into quarter sheets.

ExploreFill jars with water. ElaborateCut out large gumdrop shape from manila folder.

Use hole puncher to make two holes at 2:00 and 7:00 positions. Tie string from one hole to the other, large enough to hang on back of student, with one arm through the loop.

Set?Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 6: • I’ve God You Covered! (Octopuses Eat)Unit 5-Lesson 3-Activity 4: • Fanciful Filters (Octopuses Breathe)Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending•Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 6: • Egg-cellent Start (Egg Life Cycle)Unit 5-Lesson 7-Activity 5: • Mighty Mollusks (Mollusks)


Hawaii StandardsSC.1.1.1SC.1.4.1SC.1.5.2

SC.2.1.1SC.2.1.2

MaterialsBlank PaperScissorsCapped penBagCrayonsGlass jar (1 per group)WaterVarious small objects (several per group)Food coloringSpoonConstruction paperBlindfoldCrepe paperMasking tape


Octopuses defend themselves in many different ways.

what animal defends itself

with camouflage, ink, and growth?

Octopus!


EngageLook for the hidden octopus.

Draw outline of an octopus.•Use back end of a capped pen. Push hard against paper.

Place pen cap drawing in bag. •

Shake bag.•

Pick one randomly. •

Place on a hard, smooth surface. •

Rub paper with side of unwrapped crayon.•Watch the hidden octopus emerge.

Think about it...What structure allows octopuses to defend themselves?

Watch amazing footage of acamouflagedoctopus:

www.youtube.comSearch “amazing octopus camouflage.”

Web Resource

Did You Know?

Octopuses can also squeeze into very tight holes because they do not have skeletons.

Reading Resource

Hiding in a Coral Reef, by Patricia Whitehouse (J 591.472 Wh)

What’s in a Word?

Camouflage comes from the French slang camoufler, which means “to disguise”.


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ExploreDo the Octopus Ink Experiment in small groups.

Place objects inside jar of water.•Ask whether objects can be clearly seen.

Squirt food coloring into jar.•Add one drop of food coloring at a time. Stir. Continue until water is completely colored.

Record observations.•Make sure to note when you can no longer see objects.

Vanished!

Think about it...How else do octopuses defend themselves?



ExplainOctopuses have several ways of defending themselves from predators.

What structures allow octopuses to defend themselves?Camouflagingskin!Octopusesusecamouflagetoblendintobackgrounds so predators do not see them. They change color and texture of their skin. Predators pass right by the octopus!

How else do octopuses defend themselves?Squirting ink! Octopuses have an ink sack. Squirting ink from the sack confuses predators and lowers their ability to see. When you added enough food coloring to water, you could not see the objects inside anymore.

NOAA Link

Want another lesson explaining how the octopus usesinkandcamoflauge?

www.sanctuaries.noaa.gov>>Education >> For Teachers >> Curriculum (p2) >> Adaptations from the Depths

Hawaii Nei

In old Hawaii, folks called a liar “octopus mouth” (waha o ka hee).

Interesting Fact

Octopuses can use their suction cup arms to hold up a wall of rocks to keep predators away.

Octopuses can control the amount and shape of ink that they squirt.

Did You Know?


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ElaboratePlay Octopus Tag in a small group.

Draw octopus face on gumdrop shaped paper.•

Stick eight crepe paper arms to body with small piece of tape.•

Octopus: Place octopus cut out on back and reach one arm through the string •so it rests only on one shoulder.Run away from the predators. If a predator get to close, pull off an arm and throw it on the ground.

Predator: Try to catch and eat the octopus.•If the octopus drops an arm, you must try to grab the arm, and not the octopus.

Octopus: Replace missing arm and switch roles.•

How it worksAutotomy! This is a fancy word for removing a small part of the body. An octopus will detach an arm in order to distract the predator and get away. They will regrow a new arm later. Geckos do the same thing with their tail and brittle stars with their arms.

Vanished!

Think about it...What is the third structure octopuses have to defend themselves?



EvaluateHow do octopuses defend themselves?

Answerbydrawingapictureonthefifthpageofyourlunchbagjournal.Instructions on how to make the journal is on p.12.

Drawapictureonthefifthpageofhowsomeoctopusesdefend•themselves.

What other ocean animal can grow back a body part?

AssessSC.1.1.1 Collect, record, and organize data using simple tools, equipment,

and techniques safely.SC.1.4.1 Describe how living things have structures that help them to



SC.2.1.1 Develop predictions based on observations.SC.2.1.2 Conduct a simple investigation using a systematic process safely

to test a prediction.

Scientists Say...

...”regeneration” when animals grow back a lost limb.

In his novel Toilers of the Sea, Victor Hugo describesafightbetweenhis hero and a monstrous octopus. He mistakenly callsit“devilfish,”thenickname of manta rays. Thenameandfiercedescription stuck.

Literature Link

oN A RELATED NOTE

...”regeneration” when animals grow back a lost limb.

What’s in a Word?

Autotomy comes from the Greek word auto (self) and tomy (severing or cutting off).


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Painful Pinchers(Crabs Defense)

Ready?ExplorePartiallyinflateballoons.Onepergroup.

Elaborate Cover work area with newspaper.

Cut strips of cardboard the size of Claw Template (see appendix). Four per student.

Set?Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 7: • Crabby’s Chopsticks (Crabs Eat)Unit 5-Lesson 3-Activity 4: • Fanciful Filters (Crabs Breathe)Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending•Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 6: • Egg-cellent Start (Egg Life Cycle)Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 7: • Seeds of the Sea (Larva)Unit 5-Lesson 7-Activity 5: • Mighty Mollusks (Crabs)



SC.2.3.1

MaterialsStraws(2 per student)TapeRound Balloon(1 per group)NewspaperPlastic bowl (I per group)ScissorsCrab Claw template(see appendix)MarkersGlue Cardboard (1 piece per student)Hole PunchPaper FastenersCamera (Polaroid)Popsicle Sticks (8 per student)String


Crabs have powerful claws to scare off predators.

crab!


with a shell and claws?


EngageExperience claws!

Tapestrawtothesideofpointerfinger.•Itshouldextendjustbeyondyourfinger.

Tape second straw along side of adjacent thumb.•It should extend just beyond your thumb.

Open and close your new claw.•

Think about it...What structures allow crabs to defend themselves from predators?

The ghost crab can run up to 10 mph! Find out more:

www.sanctuaries.noaa.gov >>Photos & Videos >> Original Sanctuary Photo Gallery >> Hawaiian Islands ... The Living Sanctuary >> Ghost crabs

NOAA Link

Did You Know?

One of the hermit crab’s claws is bigger than the other. It uses its big claw to defend itself and its smaller one for eating.

Interesting Fact

Male crabs will also use theirclawstofindfemalecrabs. Some wave their claws in the air. Others drum their claws on the ground to attract interested females.


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ExploreTest strength of crab shell in small groups.

Placeroundballoon(notfullyinflated)ontabletorepresentthecrab’sbody.•Squish it to change its shape.

Place plastic bowl upside down over balloon.•Try to squish the balloon now.

Painful Pinchers

Think about it...What other defensive structure do crabs have?



ExplainCrabs defend themselves with their claws and shell.

What structures allow crabs to defend themselves from predators?Claws! Crabs snap at predators with their claws. If you have ever been pinched by a crab, you know it hurts. Predators know this too.

What other defensive structure do crabs have?Shell! Crabs have shells to protect their soft insides. Try popping a balloon without the bowl. Is it harder or easier with the shell bowl? Harder! A crab’s shell works the same way!

What’s in a Word?

Exoskeleton comes from the Greek words exo (outside) and skeletos (dried up).

Scientists Say...

...exoskeleton for a crab’s shell.

Interesting Fact

Sponge crabs hide by placing sponges on top of themselves! If sponges are not available, they take whatever else they can find,includingslippers,rope, and wood.


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ElaborateMake crab claws as a small group.

Decorate and cut out crab claws from Template, (see appendix).•

Glue strps to cardboard. •Glue claws to ends of two strips.

Punch holes in one end and middle of each strip. •Make 2 ‘x’ by pairing cardboard strips and lining up middle holes.

Poke paper fastener through center holes.• Connect two x’s together by poking paper fastener through end holes.

Open and shut pinchers. •Move bottom ends together and a part.

***Activity Extension***Sing Who’s Afraid of the Crown of Thorns? while opening and closing pinchers. Tune: Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?

Who’s afraid of the crown-of-thorns,The crown-of-thorns,The crown-of-thorns?Who’s afraid of the crown-of-thorns?Not the trapezia crab!

How it worksTrapezia crabs take shelter in a coral and eat coral mucus. In return for food and shelter, they protect coral from the crown-of-thorns. Many marine critters are afraid of the poisonous spines of this sea star, but trapezia crabs use their strong pinchers to fightthem.

Painful Pinchers

Think about it...Do crabs defend other animals?



EvaluateHow do crabs defend themselves?

Answer by drawing a picture on the sixth page of your lunch bag journal. Instructions on how to make the journal is on p.12.

Draw a picture on the sixth page of how some crabs defend •themselves.

What does a hermit crab use to defend itself?




SC.2.3.1 Describe how animals depend on plants and animals.

Interesting Fact

Fireworms in Australia actually eat crown-of-thornsstarfish.They enter through the hole made by trapezia crab. It takes the worm over a week to eat it the entire crown-of-thorns!

The Hawaiian word for crab is papai.

Hawaii Nei

Did You Know?

Trapezia crabs will even pickupsmallstarfishandthrow them off the edge of the reef!


Trapezia CrabPinchers

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Ready?EngageMake enough dark brown salt dough for each student to have two large marble-size balls and one small marble-size ball.

Make enough white salt dough so each student has one small marble-size ball. See U3.L3.A3 for salt dough recipe.

ExploreMarkstartandfinishlineinclassroomwithpainter’stape.

Set?Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 8: • Chompin’ Limu (Sea Turtles - Beak)Unit 5-Lesson 3-Activity 5: • Fancifull Filters (Seals and Turtles)Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending•Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 5: • Turtle Tales (Turtles)Unit 5-Lesson 6-Activity 3: • Reptilian Cotilion (Reptiles)Unit 6-Lesson 2-All Activities: Food Chain•


MaterialsPlay/Salt dough (brown, white)GlueGoogly eyesPainter’s tapeLaundry basket (4 each)Construction paper (brown)Acrylic paint (brown and yellow)PaintbrushShoeboxMarkers



A turtle’s main defense is its body armor shell.

turtle!


with a body armor shell?


EngageMake a turtle out of salt dough.

Create turtle body. •Pressbottomofdarkbrown,largeballgentlyagainsthard,flatsurfacetoflatten.

Makeflippers.•Roll second large, dark brown ball into thick log. Divide evenly into four pieces. Roll each piece into a ball. Flatten slightly. Pinch top and bottom halves to form diamond. Presseachflipperintobody.

Add head. •Secure dark brown small ball with glue to body. Usefingernailtoetchmouth.Glue wiggle eyes to head.

Create bottom shell•Takeasmallballofwhite/yellowsaltdouighandflattenedit.Place on the underside of turtle.

Think about it...What structure allows turtles to defend themselves?

NOAA Link

Learn about sea turtles with this fun coloring page!

hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov >>Education and Outreach>>Kid’s Corner >> SEA TURTLES: No Na Honu Kai

Sea turtles cannot pull their bodies fully into their shells like land turtles can.

In the Ocean

Interesting Fact

Besides their shell, turtles have very strong jaws. They can bite animals that come too close.


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ExploreRun Turtle Relay.

Divide into four groups. •Line up behind start line.

Run relay.•Runtofinishlineandback.Tag next teammate. Continue until all team members have run. Firstteamtofinishwins.

Run relay again with shell.•Put a laundry basket on back while racing.

Shielding Shell

Think about it...What kind of body armor do turtles have?



ExplainSome ocean animals, like turtles, rely on body armor to defend themselves.

What structure allows turtles to defend themselves? Body armor! Body armor is any protective casing on an animal. It protects all the important insides of the animal. Predators have a hard time getting through armor!

What kind of body armor do turtles have?A very hard shell! Shells are usually strong material called calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is what makes up many rocks and is the same defense substance found in coralline algae. The shell protects turtles from predators. What do you think a drawback of the shell is? Think of the relay. It can make it harder for the turtle to move quickly.

More Armor...

Turtlesflippersarecovered with hard scales, makingthemdifficulttobreak.

Even More Armor!

Turtles eyes are protected by thick eyelids.

How Honu the Turtle Got His Shell by Casey A. McGuire-Turcotte (E H M)

Keiki Storytime


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ElaborateSearch high and low for a countershaded honu individually.

Place turtle (from Engage) on brown limu meadow (brown paper). •

Pretend to be a hungry shark looking downwards for a grazing turtle to eat.•

Make believe you are a hungry shark looking upwards for a swimming turtle to •eat. Hold turtle above your head while you hunt.

How it worksCountershading! Honu shells are dark brown on top and light yellow to white underneath. Auntie says this is a great defense for turtles. The dark top shell blends in with the shadows amongst the limu meadows where turtle graze. The lighter bottom blends in with the bright sunlight shining down when predators look upwards.

Shielding Shell

Think about it...Why are honu (turtles) dark on top and light on the bottom?



EvaluateHow do turtles defend themselves?

Answer by drawing a picture on the seventh page of your lunch bag journal. Instructions on how to make the journal is on p.12.

Draw a picture on the seventh page of how some turtles defend •themselves.

What have humans used as body armor? What are similarities and difference between shells and human armor?




Ancient Roman soldiers marched in formation with their large shields held above them. This formation was called “Turtle Shell.”

Did You Know?

Invention Center

Military planes use countershading to avoid being seen.

Scientists Say...

...”plastron” for the underside of a turtle’s shell and “carapace” for the top.


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(Monk Seals Defense)

Ready?Nothing to prepare.

Set?Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 9: • Nosing Around for Grinds (Monk Seals - Snout)Unit 5-Lesson 3-Activity 5: • Fanciful Filters (Seals and Turtles)Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending•Unit 5-Lesson 6-Activity 5: • Marine Mammals (Mammals)Unit 6-Lesson 2-All Activities: Food Chain•



SC.1.4.1SC.1.5.2

MaterialsPencilMarkersConstruction paperTape


Monk seals scare predators away through threatening sounds and postures.

Monk Seal!

what animal defends itself with a growl?


EngageMimic a monk seal.

Listen to the sounds Hawaiian monk seals make:•www.dosits.org >> Audio Gallery >> Hawaiian Monk Seal.

Mimic the sounds.•Blow raspberries on your arm, grunt, etcetera.

Think about it...What structure allows monk seals to defend themselves?

NOAA’s Marine Mammal Research Program is committed to protecting the monk seal:

www.pifsc.noaa.gov/psd/mmrp/brochure.pdf

NOAA Link

Scientists Say...

...”vocalize” to describe when an animal makes noises.

Only in Hawaii

The Hawaiian monk seal is endemic to Hawaii. This means they live only in Hawaii!


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ExplorePlay the Hauling Out Race.

Imitate a seal hauling out of the ocean on to the beach to avoid being eaten by •a shark.

Hold your breath while you swim from your desk to one side of the room.•Line up in 4 lines.

Race from the water to safety on the beach.•Lieonyourstomachandinchforwardonyourbellytothefinishline(nousingyourarms). You can breathe while moving on the beach.

Beware of Seal!

Think about it....How else do monk seals defense themselves?



ExplainMonksealsdefendthemselvesseveraldifferentways.Theirfirstlineofdefense is to scare a possible predator away before they can even attack. Monk seals are pretty big, so most animals will not want to beef with them.

What structure allows monk seals to defend themselves?Mouth! Monk seals make a growling noise when they get frightened. It sounds similar to blowing raspberries! They use it to warn the other animals to stay away. They also grunt.

What other structure allows monk seals to defend themselves?Lungs! Since monk seals have lungs, they can breathe air out of the water. The biggest threat to seals in the water are sharks. What can seals do that sharks can’t? “Haul out”! Hauling out onto the beach is th easiest way to avoid being a meal for sharks! However, they don’t usually haul out on crowded beaches.

Endangered Monk Seals, by Bobbie Kalman (J 599.795 Ka)

Reading Resource

Interesting Fact

Male monk seals weigh between 300 and 400 pounds. Females weigh between 400 and 600 pounds!

Did You Know?

One of the monk seal’s main predators is the shark. Many monk seals have scars showing where they have tangled with sharks!


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ElaborateCompare your weight to a monk seal as a class.

Ask a single student stand. •Ulua weigh approximately the same amount as a student: 40 - 70 pounds.

Direct eight students to stand in a tight group. •Monk seals weigh about 400 pounds.

Direct twenty students to stand close together.•Tiger sharks weigh approximately 1000 pounds.

How it worksHawaiian monk seals are big heavy animals! Uncle says that since ulua are smaller and more nimble, they often steal prey away from a monk seal! He also says tiger sharks do attack and eat monk seals, but they are not always successful.

Beware of Seal!

Think about it...How is a seal’s size part of its defense?

=

=

8 kids

20 kids 1 Tiger Shark

1 Monk Seal



AssessSC.K.2.1 Identify different types of technology at home, in the classroom,

and/or in the world.



EvaluateHow do monk seals defend themselves?

Answer by drawing a picture on the eighth page of your lunch bag journal. Instructions on how to make the journal is on p.12.

Draw a picture on the eighth page of how monk seals defend •themselves.

What other animals growl to warn predators to stay away? Do you think their growls sounds like a seal growl?

Monk seals look pretty clumsy moving on land, but once in water they are strong swimmers and can swim quickly away from threats.

Interesting Fact

Interesting Fact

Adult male monk seals play no part in the care, nursing, or weaning of their pups.

Did You Know?

Mother monk seals give birth on beaches surrounded by shallow water to keep their pups safe from sharks.


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Painfully Prickly

(Sea Urchin and Sea Star Defense)

Ready?EngageCover work area with newspaper.

Set?Unit 3-Lesson 3-Activity 7: • Hello Halimeda (Halimeda Producers)Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 10: • Delightful Dissolvers (Sea Urchins/Stars - Stomach Juices)Unit 5-Lesson 3-Activity 7: • Your Feet Smell! (Sea Urchins and Sea Stars)Unit 5-Lesson 4-All Activities: Alive and Defending•Unit 5-Lesson 5-Activity 9: • Ebb and Flow (Stars/Urchins Life Cycle)Unit 5-Lesson 2-All Activities: Food Chain•Unit 5-Lesson 7-Activity 4: • Spiny Echinoderms (Stars/Urchins Life Cycle)



SC.1.4.1SC.1.5.2

MaterialsNewspaperPlay doughPretzel sticksPaperSandpaper (rough) (1 sheet per student)Crayons (Unwrapped)Sea Star Template (1 per student)Scissors


Sea Urchin and Sea Star. Spines protect sea urchins and sea stars.

SEa urchins and Sea stars!What animal

defends itself with spines?


EngageCreate urchin spines individually.

Roll a ball of play dough. •Flatten bottom.

Stick pretzel sticks (or pipe cleaner pieces) into dough to make •spines.

Think about it...What structures allow sea urchins to defend themselves?

The Slate Pencil Sea Urchin has 3 different spines.

www.sanctuaries.noaa.gov >>Photos & Videos >> Original Sanctuary Photo Gallery >> Hawaiian Islands ...The Living Sanctuary >> Slate Pencil Sea Urchin

NOAA Link

Did You Know?

Small crabs and shrimp often live on sea urchins. They use the sea urchin spines for their own defense!

Interesting Fact

Some sea urchins use their spines to lock themselves in tight crevices so predators cannot pull them out.


61Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U5.L4.A9 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 61

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Lay paper over a textured item.•Examples: sandpaper, sidewalk.

Transfer texture onto paper by coloring with side of unwrappen crayon.•Cover most of paper with various textures.

Set Sea Star Template (see appendix) over reverse side of paper.•Trace template with pencil. Cut along line.

Painfully Prickly

Think about it...What structures allow sea stars to defend themselves?



ExplainSeaurchinsandseastarsdonotmoveveryquicklyacrosstheoceanfloor.They need other defenses to keep from being eaten.

What structures allow sea urchins to defend themselves?Sea urchins have long, needle-sharp spines. They prick any predator that tries to eat them. Imagine trying to pick up a pin cushion with your teeth. Ouch! Some sea urchin spines are even toxic. They inject poison if any predator touches them.

What structures allow sea stars to defend themselves?Sea stars use spines to defend themselves too! The tops of sea stars are covered with hard spines. They feel kind of rough like the different textures you experienced while doing your rubbings. Most predators wouldratherfindaneasiertarget.

Sea stars also have small pinchers among their spines to help get rid of dirt and other sediments.

Interesting Fact

What’s in a Word?

“Spine” comes from the Latin word spina, meaning backbone or thorn.

Did You Know?

Collector urchins collect pieces of algae, rocks, and other materials and put them on their spines. Thishelpscamouflagetheurchin!


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ElaboratePlay the Eject Race! in small groups.

Breakintogroupsoffiveandsitbehindthestartline.•

Brittle star: Sit in a circle facing outward.•Your backs should be touching.

Stretch legs out in front of you as brittle star arms. •Make a star shape. Keep your legs together!

Moveasagroupacrossthefinishline.•Stay in your star shape with legs out.

Choose a predator (crab) or to crawl around room.•

Crab: Crawl on all fours toward brittle star group. •Face stomach up and hands behind you. Try to tap all the brittle star arms (person’s leg) before they escape.

Brittle star: Eject an arm.•Before the crab can grab all the legs, one person can eject themself from the body (roll away) and distract the crab.

Crab: Pretend to eat the ejected arm and let the rest of the brittle star crawl •away.

How it worksAutotomy! Brittle stars can eject and leave behind one arm to distract a predator. While thecrabortriggerfishiseatingthearm,therestofthebodycrawlsaway.Itwillevengrow a new arm.

Think about it...What is a brittle star’s defense structure?

Painfully Prickly



EvaluateHow do sea urchins and sea stars defend themselves?

Answer by drawing a picture on the ninth page of your lunch bag journal. Instructions on how to make the journal is on p.12.

Draw a picture on the ninth page of how some sea stars or •urchins defend themselves.

How are sea stars and octopuses similar to each other in defense?

AssessSC.K.3.1 Identify similarities and differences between plants and animals.



Sea stars do not always havefivearmsor“rays”.Some types have six and others can have ten to fifteen.Thereisevenonetype of sea star that has as many as FIFTY arms!

On a related note

Look at pictures of sea stars in their environment. Notice all the different colors!

www.marinelifephotography.comInvertebrates >> Sea Stars

Web Resource

Did You Know?

A new sea star can sometimes grow from just one disconnected arm!

Interesting Fact

It can take several years for sea stars to regrow limbs.


Unit 5: Alive! from algae to zooplankton LESSON 4...

Documents

Transcript of Unit 5: Alive! from algae to zooplankton LESSON 4...