Unit 4 Vocabulary

Exploration and Expansion

Exploration and Expansion Vocabulary Words

• Circumnavigate • Conquistadores• Creoles • Encomienda • Joint Stock Company• Mercantilism • Mestizo • Missionaries • Plantations • Privateers • Tariff • Triangular Trade

Circumnavigate

• to go completely around the earth, especially by water

Conquistadores

• one that conquers; specifically: a leader in the Spanish conquest of America and especially of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century

Creoles

• A person of European descent born in the West Indies or Spanish America

Encomienda

• In colonial Spanish America, a system by which the Spanish crown defined the status of the Indian population in its colonies.

• An encomienda consisted of a grant by the crown of a specified number of Indians living in a particular area. The receiver (encomenderos) could exact tribute from the Indians and was required to protect them and instruct them in the Christian faith.

• The encomienda did not include a grant of land, but in practice the encomenderos gained control of Indian lands.

• Though the original intent was to reduce the abuses of forced labor, in practice it became a form of enslavement.

Joint Stock Company

• An organization that falls between the definitions of a partnership and corporation.

• This type of company issues stock and allows for secondary market trading; however, stockholders are liable for company debts

Mercantilism

• An economic system developing during the decay of feudalism to unify and increase the power and especially the monetary wealth of a nation by a strict governmental regulation of the entire national economy usually through policies designed to secure an accumulation of bullion, a favorable balance of trade, the development of agriculture and manufactures, and the establishment of foreign trading monopolies

Mestizo

• a person of mixed blood;

• specifically: a person of mixed European and American Indian ancestry

Missionary

• A person who comes to an area on a religious mission to convert the indigenous population to some religion other than the one practiced by that population.

• When European Christians first came to the Americas, this missionary motive was interwoven with commercial intentions.

• The Iberian Catholics who dominated in parts of what became the American South and southwest included missionaries who worked among American Indians.

• While they were often agents of conquistadores, they also sincerely believed that if they did not convert the "heathen" or "savages," these "creatures of God" would be lost and would suffer eternally in puragatory.

Plantation

• A large estate ran by an owner or overseer and worked by laborers who lived there.

Privateer

• a ship privately owned and crewed but authorized by a government during wartime to attack and capture enemy vessels.

Tariff

• A list or system of duties imposed by a government on imported or exported goods

Triangular Trade

• At least two overlapping patterns of trans-Atlantic trade developed in the colonial era whereby profits from rum and other American and British manufactured goods were sold on the west coast of Africa and the profits from these sales financed the purchase of enslaved Africans.

• These slaves were then taken to the Americas, where their sale in turn paid for the shipment of sugar, molasses, and other New World raw materials which was returned to the point of origin for the manufactured products

Unit 4 Vocabulary

Monarchs of Europe

Monarchs of EuropeVocabulary Words

• Absolute Monarch • Armada • Balance of Power• Commonwealth • Divine Right of Kings • Dissenters• Habeas Corpus• Limited Monarchy • Westernization

Absolute Monarch

• Rule by one person, a king or a queen, whose actions are restricted neither by written law nor by custom

Armada

• A fleet of warships

Balance of Power

• In international relations, an equilibrium of power sufficient to discourage or prevent one nation or party from imposing its will on or interfering with the interests of another

Commonwealth

• Free association of sovereign states who have chosen to maintain ties of friendship and cooperation

Divine Right of Kings

• The doctrine that monarchs derive their right to rule directly from God and are accountable only to God.

Dissenters

• One who refuses to accept the doctrines or usages of an established or a national church, especially a Protestant who dissents from the Church of England.

Habeas Corpus

A writ that may be issued to bring a party before a court or judge, having as its function the release of the party from unlawful restraint.

Limited Monarchy

• A monarchy in which the powers of the ruler are restricted.

Westernization

• Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture

Unit 4 Vocabulary

US Constitution

US Constitution

• A plan of government, often written, that details the rules, functions, institutions, and principles of that government

US Constitution

The US Constitution consists of a preamble, seven articles, and twenty-seven amendments.

The US Constitution was primarily written by Governeur Morris.

The US Constitution was written between May 25 – Sep 17, 1787.

Preamble of the Constitution

We the people of the United States in order to create a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of America.

Articles of the Constitution

Article 1: Establish and empower the Legislative branch Article 2: Establish and empower the Executive branch

Article 3: Establish and empower the Judicial Branch Article 4: Relations between the states

Article 5: Changing and amending the constitution Article 6: a. Debts

b. National Supremacy Clausec. Oaths

Article 7: Ratification

Amendments of the Constitution

The first ten amendments of the US Constitution are collectively known as the Bill of Rights

Bill of Rightsof the Constitution

1st Amendment - Freedom of Expression a) Freedom of Speech b) Freedom of Religion c) Freedom of the Press d) Right to Assemble e) Right to seek Redress for Grievances

Bill of Rightsof the Constitution

2nd Amendment - Right to Keep and Bear Arms

Bill of Rights

of the Constitution

3rd Amendment - Ban on Quartering of Troops in Private

Residences

Bill of Rightsof the Constitution

4th Amendment - Right to Privacy

Bill of Rightsof the Constitution

5th Amendment - Rights of the Accused

a) Must be indicted

b) Ban on Double Jeopardy

c) May not be forced to testify against oneself

d) Guaranteed Due-Process

e) Right to eminent domain

Bill of Rightsof the Constitution

6th Amendment - Rights of the Defendant in a Criminal Trial

a) Speedy and public trial by jury in the district where the crime was committed

b) Be told of all crimes

c) Right to cross-examine all witnesses

d) Right to compel witnesses

e) Right to counsel

Bill of Rightsof the Constitution

7th Amendment - Rights of the Defendant in a Civil Trial

a) Right to a trial by jury

b) Right to not be retried

Bill of Rightsof the Constitution

8th Amendment - Ban on Cruel and Unusual Punishment and on Excessive Bail

Bill of Rightsof the Constitution

9th Amendment - Unremunerated or Unwritten rights

Bill of Rightsof the Constitution

10th Amendment - Reserved Powers Clause

Other Constitutional Amendments

Civil War Amendments

13th Amendment - Freed Slaves

14th Amendment - Made former slaves citizens of the US

15th Amendment – Guaranteed former male slaves the right to vote

Other Constitutional Amendments

Progressive Movement Amendments

16th Amendment – Allowed Income Tax

17th Amendment – Allowed for the Direct election of Senators

18th Amendment – Established Prohibition

19th Amendment – Allowed Women Suffrage

Other Constitutional Amendments

21st Amendment - Repealed Prohibition

22nd Amendment - Presidential Term Limitations

23rd Amendment – Banned Poll Taxes

25th Amendment – Presidential Succession

26th Amendment – 18 year old suffrage