Unit 4 Notes: War of 1812-Jacksonian Democracy

Chevalier

Fall 2014

War of 1812

• Causes:– Free seas and trade

• British practice of impressment

– Frontier pressures• Shawnee twin brothers Tecumseh and prophet• Unite tribes west of the Mississippi• British financial and military assistance

• Declaration of War (June 1812)

Presidential Election of 1812Presidential Election of 1812Presidential Election of 1812Presidential Election of 1812

““War HawksWar Hawks”” – – Wanted War with Wanted War with

BritainBritain

““War HawksWar Hawks”” – – Wanted War with Wanted War with

BritainBritain

Henry Clay [KY]Henry Clay [KY]Henry Clay [KY]Henry Clay [KY]

John C. Calhoun [SC]John C. Calhoun [SC]John C. Calhoun [SC]John C. Calhoun [SC]

Opposition to the War

• “Mr. Madison’s War”– New England merchants

• Making money after repeal of Embargo Act

– Federalist politicians• Matter of principle; increasing Republican voting

strength

– Old Republicans• Violated the classical Republican principle of

limited federal power and maintenance of peace

Political Cartoon of the Political Cartoon of the PeriodPeriod

Political Cartoon of the Political Cartoon of the PeriodPeriod

PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT

•Defend our neutrality•Freedom of the seas

•Defend our self interest

President James Madison President James Madison

Madison brought the US into this war to defend the neutrality

of the US.

Would this be a violation of President Washington’s policy

of keeping the US out of war and neutral?

Map war1812

•US unprepared for war.

•Failed invasion into Canada.

•Blockade hurt US economy…

Naval BattlesNaval Battles

• The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval battle of the war – After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry

declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours” • Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on

Lake Champlain which resulted in a British retreat • US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812

– USS Constitution or “Old Ironsides”

The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813

The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813

• US military victory led by General William H. Harrison– Tecumseh was killed during this battle

Chesapeake Campaign

• Spring 1814-Napoleon defeated– We had started the war behind French

protection. Reinforcement sent to Canada.– Washington burned– Baltimore and Fort McHenry

Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814

Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814

Dolly Madison escaped from White House and took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the

British destroyed it.

Dolly Madison escaped from White House and took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the

British destroyed it.

U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire

Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814

U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire

Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814

highlights

Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,

18141814

Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,

18141814

Oh Say Can You SeeOh Say Can You SeeBy the DawnBy the Dawn’’s Early Light…s Early Light… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key

Oh Say Can You SeeOh Say Can You SeeBy the DawnBy the Dawn’’s Early Light…s Early Light… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key

JacksonJackson’’s Florida s Florida CampaignsCampaigns

JacksonJackson’’s Florida s Florida CampaignsCampaigns

•10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.

•4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of

Ghent was negotiated to end the war.Ghent was negotiated to end the war.

•10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.

•4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of

Ghent was negotiated to end the war.Ghent was negotiated to end the war.

•Considered greatest U.S. victory to that

time•Defeated British’s best without help from any country•Countries gained

respect for the U.S. after this battle.•Kept Louisiana

Purchase under the control of the U.S.

•Considered greatest U.S. victory to that

time•Defeated British’s best without help from any country•Countries gained

respect for the U.S. after this battle.•Kept Louisiana

Purchase under the control of the U.S.

The Treaty of Ghent The Treaty of Ghent • War of 1812 is considered a “stalemate”…Dec.

1814• Csar Alexander I of Russia calls for the treaty in

1812.• John Q. Adams sent to negotiate• Peace commissioners in Ghent (Belgium) devised

the following terms of peace– A halt to the fighting– The return of all conquered territory to the

prewar borders– Recognition of the prewar boundary between

Canada and the United States• Treaty was ratified by the Senate• Treaty was ratified two weeks before the battle of

New Orleans• War of 1812 ends in a draw – not much changed• American Slogan in 1812, “On to Canada”• American Slogan in 1814, “Not One Inch of Territory

Ceded or Lost”

Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems:

•U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy

•Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade

around the Atlantic coastline of US•New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the

war•Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England

Resolutions adopted by the convention resemble a modern day political platform:

•Constitutional amendments lessening the powers of Congress

•3/5/pres. Term/two successive pres. From 1 state•2/3’s vote before an embargo, new western states

could be admitted and war could be declared.

VA Dynasty

• George Washington (1789-1797)

• John Adams (1797-1801)

• Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

• James Madison (1809-1817)

• James Monroe (1817-1825)

The War’s Legacy-The Second War for Independence

The War’s Legacy-The Second War for Independence

• U.S. gained the respect of other nations • U.S. came to accept Canada as a neighbor and a

part of the British Empire • The Federalist party came to an end as a national

force (folly of sectionalism shown) • Talk of nullification and secession in New England

set a precedent that would later be used by the South

• Gained our neutrality and became isolated from Europe

The War’s LegacyThe War’s Legacy

• Native Americans in the West were forced to surrender large areas of land and move west.

• More U.S. factories were built/blockade helped!

• War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison would eventually become

Presidents.

• Growth of American nationalism

• Enter a time period in our history called the “Era of Good Feelings”

The Election of 1816The Election of 1816The Election of 1816The Election of 1816

Spirit of Nationalism in USpatriotism or national onenessCountry is united, confident, and growing1791-1819, 9 states joined the original 13.

One political party---Republican partyRespect from EuropeMonroe first president to visit all states.Boston newspaper declared an “Era of Good Feelings” had began.

But, time period was not free of problems.

american system

• Cultural Nationalism – Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American society

from books and paintings of Revolutionary heroes to Noah Webster’s blue-backed speller that promoted patriotism

• Economic Nationalism– Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a political

movement to support the growth of the nation’s economy--------AMERICAN SYSTEMAMERICAN SYSTEM

• Political Nationalism– Movement to bring about the support for national

government over the states. Supreme court decisions support the concept of national government over the states.

Chief Justice John Marshall

• Marbury v. Madison (1803)– Judicial Review is established; federal law determined unconstitutional

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)– Implied power to create the bank

• The power to create implies the power to preserve

– Power to tax is the power to destroy

• Cohens v. Virginia (1821)– Even though Maryland wins the case, it is a loss for all states, allowing the SC to review a

state’s SC ruling involving any of the powers of the federal government

• Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)– Control of interstate commerce would go to the federal government

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)– Sanctity of contracts (NH wanted to change the charter of the school to a public institution

• Fletcher v. Peck (1810)– State laws could be invalidated

– GA passed a law invalidating a contract (supremacy Clause)

Congress’s attempt to unite the US •National transportation system of roads, canals, steamships and rivers.

american systemHenry Clay’s American System

Protective Tariff to promote infant industry•Tariff of 1816 (first of its kind)

2nd Bank of US to promote a stronger economy

•Re-chartered in 1816

• National Transportation system– Cumberland Road and Erie Canal first internal

improvements to unite the US– the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.– 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of

transportation– 1850 to 1860 the railroad is added

• The Land Act of 1820 – gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase

80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; – the West demanded transportation.

• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817-18)–Treaty with Great Britain (1818)

• Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years

• Shared fishing rights off Newfoundland

• the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel

–US agreed to cede land above 49th parallel–GB agreed to cede land below 49th parallel

• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817-18)–Treaty with Great Britain (1818)

• Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years

• Shared fishing rights off Newfoundland

• the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel

–US agreed to cede land above 49th parallel–GB agreed to cede land below 49th parallel

• Florida Becomes Part of US– After War of 1812, Spain had

difficulty governing Florida

– Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and white outlaws conducted raids into U.S. territory and retreated to safety across the Florida border

• Florida Becomes Part of US– After War of 1812, Spain had

difficulty governing Florida

– Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and white outlaws conducted raids into U.S. territory and retreated to safety across the Florida border

•President Monroe commissioned General Andrew Jackson to stop the raiders

–Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs

–Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish governor

•President Monroe commissioned General Andrew Jackson to stop the raiders

–Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs

–Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish governor

• Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

• AKA the Florida Purchase Treaty–Spain turned over

• western Florida along with all to the east

• Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.

–US agreed• to pay $5 million to Spain

• to give up any territorial claims to Texas

• Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

• AKA the Florida Purchase Treaty–Spain turned over

• western Florida along with all to the east

• Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.

–US agreed• to pay $5 million to Spain

• to give up any territorial claims to Texas

Rush-Bagot Treaty of

1818 with Great Britain

Adams-Onis Treaty of

1819 with Spain

49th Parallel

Texas

In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood

– Threatened balance of power in Congress • 11 free states• 11 slave states

– The Tallmadge amendment• prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri• All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed

at the age of 25.• Passed by the House, not in the Senate (south hate)• The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block

it in the Senate.

In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood

– Threatened balance of power in Congress • 11 free states• 11 slave states

– The Tallmadge amendment• prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri• All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed

at the age of 25.• Passed by the House, not in the Senate (south hate)• The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block

it in the Senate.

– Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state

– Maine was to be admitted as a free state

– In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited

– Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state

– Maine was to be admitted as a free state

– In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited

After months of heated debate in Congress,

Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that

represented a compromise

The Election of 1820The Election of 1820The Election of 1820The Election of 1820

The Compromise of 1820:A Firebell in the Night!A Firebell in the Night!

The Compromise of 1820:A Firebell in the Night!A Firebell in the Night!

•In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name,

Monroe Doctrine.•Monroe was responding to the threat that Europe might try to aid Spain in winning

back her former Latin American colonies.

•In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name,

Monroe Doctrine.•Monroe was responding to the threat that Europe might try to aid Spain in winning

back her former Latin American colonies.

monroe doctrine

•Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western

Hemisphere.•Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed

re-conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming "hands off."

•Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western

Hemisphere.•Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed

re-conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming "hands off."

•Adams advised, "It would be more candid ... to avow our principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in

the wake of the British man-of-war."

•Monroe accepted Adams's advice.

•Adams advised, "It would be more candid ... to avow our principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in

the wake of the British man-of-war."

•Monroe accepted Adams's advice.

monroe doctrine

•Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific

coast. ". . . the American continents," •He stated, "by the free and independent condition which

they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any

European Power."

•Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific

coast. ". . . the American continents," •He stated, "by the free and independent condition which

they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any

European Power."

• Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.

• It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and isolationist

policies.

• Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas off-limits to Europe

• Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.

• It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and isolationist

policies.

• Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas off-limits to Europe

US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere

No European Colonization in the Americas

US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere

No European Colonization in the Americas

US will stay out of European affairs

US will stay out of European affairs

Monroe Doctrine

US recognized existing European

Colonies

US recognized existing European

Colonies

You are the President and his advisors: You are the President and his advisors: What would you do in the following What would you do in the following

situation using the Monroe Doctrine as situation using the Monroe Doctrine as your guideline…..your guideline…..

Great Britain is in the process of sending Great Britain is in the process of sending troops to settle a border dispute between troops to settle a border dispute between

Argentina and Chile. Great Britain has had Argentina and Chile. Great Britain has had some and continual influence in both of these some and continual influence in both of these

countries helping them financially. The countries helping them financially. The British GovernmentBritish Government’’s position is to act as the s position is to act as the mediator or peace keeper in this situation.mediator or peace keeper in this situation.

How would you respond to this How would you respond to this situation now that the Monroe situation now that the Monroe

Doctrine is US policy?Doctrine is US policy?

You are the President and his advisors: You are the President and his advisors: What would you do in the following What would you do in the following

situation using the Monroe Doctrine as situation using the Monroe Doctrine as your guideline…..your guideline…..

•Russia has loaned Argentina several billions of Russia has loaned Argentina several billions of dollars to upgrade their nuclear technology…dollars to upgrade their nuclear technology…

Argentina has defaulted (Argentina has defaulted (not paidnot paid) on repayment of ) on repayment of the loans to Russia for 2 years……Russia has the loans to Russia for 2 years……Russia has

warned Argentina to begin repaying the loans or warned Argentina to begin repaying the loans or suffer economic sanctions (suffer economic sanctions (cutting off their trade cutting off their trade

with other countrieswith other countries) and lastly, a military invasion. ) and lastly, a military invasion. Russia has also warned the U.S. to stay out of this Russia has also warned the U.S. to stay out of this

situation since it does not concern them.situation since it does not concern them.

How would you respond to this situation now How would you respond to this situation now that the Monroe Doctrine is US policy?that the Monroe Doctrine is US policy?

Monroe doctrine1

EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader

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Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen

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EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader

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Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen

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NORTHEASTNORTHEAST•Business and Business and ManufacturingManufacturingDaniel WebsterDaniel Webster________________________

•Wanted TariffsWanted Tariffs•Backed internal Backed internal improvementsimprovements•Wanted end to Wanted end to

cheap public landcheap public land•Increasingly Increasingly nationalisticnationalistic

•Against Slavery Against Slavery and believed the and believed the U.S. Govt. must U.S. Govt. must

abolish it.abolish it.

EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader

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Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen

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SOUTHSOUTH•Cotton growingCotton growing

•John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun__________________________

•Opposed tariffs Opposed tariffs and government and government

spending on spending on American SystemAmerican System

•Increasingly Increasingly supportive of statesupportive of state

ss’’ rights rights•Pro-slavery and Pro-slavery and

opposed any steps opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.try and abolish it.

WESTWEST•Frontier Frontier

agricultureagriculture•Henry ClayHenry Clay

__________________________•Supported Supported

internal internal improvements improvements •Wanted cheap Wanted cheap

landland•Loyal to the U.S. Loyal to the U.S.

Govt.Govt.•Against slavery Against slavery

but some but some supported letting supported letting the people decide the people decide the slavery issuethe slavery issue

EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader

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Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen

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The Election of 1824:The Election of 1824:The The ““Corrupt BargainCorrupt Bargain””

The Election of 1824:The Election of 1824:The The ““Corrupt BargainCorrupt Bargain””

The Corrupt Bargain

•Henry ClayHenry Clay gives his support to John Q. AdamsJohn Q. Adams and the House of Representatives chooses AdamsAdams as the PresidentPresident.

•Two weeks later, AdamsAdams appoints Henry ClayHenry Clay as his Secretary of StateSecretary of State….

•Jackson cries out corruption and calls this the “Corrupt Corrupt Bargain.Bargain.”

•Jackson promises he would run again for the Presidency in 1828 and would smash Adams.

corrupt

The Corrupt Bargain

Suspicions of a “corrupt bargain” have been strengthened by entries in the diary of John

Q. Adams. On January 1, 1825, after a public dinner, he wrote,

“He (Clay) told me (in a whisper) that he should be glad to have with me soon some confidential conversation upon

public affairs. I said I should be happy to have it whenever it might suit his convenience.”

In the diary entry for January 9, reads in part,“Mr. Clay came at six and spent the evening with me in a

long conversation explanatory of the past and prospective of the future.”

Exactly a month later, with Clay’s backing, Adams was elected. This happened because Clay was Speaker of the

House…..They also hated Andrew Jackson…...

corrupt1

The Election of 1824:The Election of 1824:The The ““Corrupt BargainCorrupt Bargain””

The Election of 1824:The Election of 1824:The The ““Corrupt BargainCorrupt Bargain””

CandidatePopular

Vote

Electoral Vote

Andrew Jackson

43% 99

J.Q. Adams 31% 84

William Crawford

13% 41

Henry Clay 13% 37

AFTER ELECTION OF 1824

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACYPolitical world changed during the New Democracy. Two new

political parties emerge

New parties

NATIONAL NATIONAL REPUBLICANSREPUBLICANS

1. Adams, Clay and Webster

2. strong national govt.

3. Favored the BUS, tariffs, internal improvements, industry, public schools and moral reforms such as prohibition of liquor and abolition of slavery.

4. Best/privileged run the govt.

DEMOCRATSDEMOCRATS1. Jackson and Calhoun2. Believed in state’s rights and

federal restraint in economic and social affairs.

3. Favored the liberty of the individual and were fiercely on guard against the inroads of privilege into the government.

4. Protected the common man.

Jackson and J. Q. Adams ran against each other for the

presidency

Jackson and J. Q. Adams ran against each other for the

presidency

One anti-Jackson newspaper declared,“General Jackson’s mother was a common prostitute, brought to this country by the British soldiers! She, afterwards married a mulatto man with whom she had several children, of which one was Andrew Jackson.”

•Anti-Adams people accused him of hiring a servant girl a visiting Russian ambassador…

•Adams was accused of gambling in the White House.

•Anti-Adams people accused him of hiring a servant girl a visiting Russian ambassador…

•Adams was accused of gambling in the White House.

•One of the worst elections in US History for its “mudslinging.”

•As a result of this, Jackson’s wife Rachel, died of a heart attack just before he became President…He blamed Adams and Clay and never

forgave them…..

•One of the worst elections in US History for its “mudslinging.”

•As a result of this, Jackson’s wife Rachel, died of a heart attack just before he became President…He blamed Adams and Clay and never

forgave them…..

Election of 1828

The Election of 1828

•Why such a difference between the

election of 1824 and 1828?

•Population shifts to Western States and

South which gives the Common Man more

political power

•More men voting in 1828----why?

•Property restrictions and education

dropped.

•Jackson appealed to common man because

he was one.

•Why such a difference between the

election of 1824 and 1828?

•Population shifts to Western States and

South which gives the Common Man more

political power

•More men voting in 1828----why?

•Property restrictions and education

dropped.

•Jackson appealed to common man because

he was one.

261 total electoral votes

and 131 electoral votes

to win……

Inaugural

•Jackson’s Inaugural was a victory for the Common Man•Thousands of commoners came to Washington, D.C. to

see Jackson inaugurated……

Essential Essential Question:Question:Essential Essential Question:Question:

Champion of Champion of the the

““Common ManCommon Man””??

““KingKing””Andrew?Andrew?OROR

JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACYPeople should be governed as little possiblePeople should be governed as little possible

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACYWhatever governing needed to be done, it should be Whatever governing needed to be done, it should be

done by the done by the common man.common man. ““Government by the Government by the majority of people; instead of a government majority of people; instead of a government

governed by the upper class was introduced during governed by the upper class was introduced during JacksonJackson’’s Presidency.s Presidency.

New Democracy

• Property ownership/education not needed to vote• Growth of political power of the working class

• Increased number of elected officials• Land easy to get out West

• Ideas of the DOI become important and people saw inequalities in society..

Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860

1. New intellectual and religious movements.

2. Social reforms.

3. Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America.

4. Re-emergence of a second party system and morepolitical democratization.

5. Increase in federal power Marshall Ct. decisions.

6. Increase in American nationalism.

7. Further westward expansion.

1. New intellectual and religious movements.

2. Social reforms.

3. Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America.

4. Re-emergence of a second party system and morepolitical democratization.

5. Increase in federal power Marshall Ct. decisions.

6. Increase in American nationalism.

7. Further westward expansion.

“Manifest Destiny”“Manifest Destiny”

First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."

".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."

A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

The Pony ExpressThe Pony Express

Between April, 1860 and Nov., 1861.

Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA.

Took 10 days.

Replaced by the completion of the trans-continental telegraph line.

Between April, 1860 and Nov., 1861.

Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA.

Took 10 days.

Replaced by the completion of the trans-continental telegraph line.

Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal Jackson’s Goal?

Expansion into the southwest for southern planters

1830: Indian Removal Act 5 Civilized Tribes: (forced removal)

Cherokee Creek Choctaw Chickasaw Seminole

Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) “domestic dependent nation”

Worcester v. GA (1832) Cherokee law is sovereignsovereign and Georgia

law does not apply in Cherokee nation. Jackson: John Marshall has made

his decision, now let him enforce it!

Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal

Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)

•we have preaching or prayer meeting every night while on the march, and you may well imagine that under the peculiar

circumstances of the case, among those sublime mountains and in the deep forest with the thunder often roaring in the distance, that

nothing could be more solemn and impressive. •And I always looked on with awe, lest their prayers which I felt...

ascending to Heaven and calling for justice to Him who alone can & will grant it... [might] fall upon my guilty head as one of the

instruments of oppression. Lt. L.B. Webster

trail 1

•We were eight days in making the journey (80 miles), and it was

pitiful to behold the women & children who suffered exceedingly as they were all obliged to walk, with the exception of the sick.... •I had three regular ministers of

the gospel in my party, and

Long time we travel on way to new land. People feel bad when they leave old nation. Women cry and make sad wails. Children cry and many men cry, and all look sad like when friends die, but they say nothing and just put heads down and keep on go towards West. Many days pass and people

die very much. We bury close by Trail.

Survivor of the Trail of Tears

trail 2

JacksonJackson’’s Use of s Use of Federal PowerFederal Power

JacksonJackson’’s Use of s Use of Federal PowerFederal Power

VETOVETO

1830 1830 Maysville RoadMaysville Road projectproject in KY [state of his in KY [state of his political rival, Henry political rival, Henry Clay] Clay]

Biddle v JacksonBiddle v Jackson•Jackson believed BUS

was too powerful because it was

privately owned.

•Considered it unconstitutional

regardless of Marshall’s McCulloch

vs. Maryland

•Should be controlled more by government and the people because it was corrupt.

•Nicholas Biddle, President of the BUS, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster supported the BUS

The Cartoon from the 1832 presidential cartoon depicts Jackson as a cat with “Veto” written on his tail clearing

Uncle Sam’s barn of bank and clay rats

The Cartoon from the 1832 presidential cartoon depicts Jackson as a cat with “Veto” written on his tail clearing

Uncle Sam’s barn of bank and clay rats

• In 1832, an election year, Henry Clay

decided to challenge Jackson on the bank issue by persuading a

majority in Congress to pass a bank recharter

bill

• Jackson vetoed this bill

• In 1832, an election year, Henry Clay

decided to challenge Jackson on the bank issue by persuading a

majority in Congress to pass a bank recharter

bill

• Jackson vetoed this bill

Jackson believed that the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional

Jackson believed that the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional

•The Bank War inspired numerous cartoons.

•Opponents referred to him as King Andrew because used the veto more than

any president to that time…..12 times

•Destroyed the BUS in 1832 with the veto.

Picture shows President Jackson holding a veto in

his left hand and scepter in his right. US Constitution is torn up and Jackson is

standing on it…King Andrew

Tariff of 1828Tariff of 1828The constitutional The constitutional

doctrine of doctrine of implied powers implied powers

was used to was used to justify higher justify higher

protective tariffsprotective tariffs

Tariff of 1828Tariff of 1828The constitutional The constitutional

doctrine of doctrine of implied powers implied powers

was used to was used to justify higher justify higher

protective tariffsprotective tariffs

•Protective tariff would be raised to 45% on a Protective tariff would be raised to 45% on a dollar….dollar….

•South upset with this b/c they saw the US Govt. South upset with this b/c they saw the US Govt. favoring the North and industry…favoring the North and industry…

•Feared the US Govt. would take away slaveryFeared the US Govt. would take away slavery

•Protective tariff would be raised to 45% on a Protective tariff would be raised to 45% on a dollar….dollar….

•South upset with this b/c they saw the US Govt. South upset with this b/c they saw the US Govt. favoring the North and industry…favoring the North and industry…

•Feared the US Govt. would take away slaveryFeared the US Govt. would take away slavery

•John C. Calhoun, resigns as VP because of the John C. Calhoun, resigns as VP because of the Eaton Affair and Eaton Affair and Tariff of 1828Tariff of 1828

•Tariff of AbominationTariff of Abomination

•Calhoun becomes a US Senator from South Calhoun becomes a US Senator from South Carolina and defends Carolina and defends slaveryslavery and and statestate’’s rightss rights..•Calhoun threatened Calhoun threatened secessionsecession (leaving the US) if (leaving the US) if tariff was not lowered. (The South Carolina tariff was not lowered. (The South Carolina Exposition)Exposition)•Calhoun believed in the Calhoun believed in the doctrine of nullificationdoctrine of nullification or each state had the right to decide whether to or each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and voidobey a federal law or to declare it null and void

•South Carolina ExpositionSouth Carolina Exposition---Compact theory---Compact theory

• Jackson persuaded Congress to pass a Force Bill giving the president

authority to take military action in SC

• Jackson issued a Proclamation to the People of SC stating that nullification

and disunion were treason

• Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff

• Jackson persuaded Congress to pass a Force Bill giving the president

authority to take military action in SC

• Jackson issued a Proclamation to the People of SC stating that nullification

and disunion were treason

• Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff

The Nullification CrisisThe Nullification Crisis• Compromise of 1833

– Henry Clay proposes a compromise– Tariffs were gradually lowered---25% over 10 years– South Carolina dropped nullification – South lost its dominance to North and West– Jackson preserved the Union

• Southerners believed they were becoming a permanent minority

– As that feeling of isolation grew, it was not nullification but the threat of secession that ultimately became the South’s primary weapon.

• Compromise of 1833 – Henry Clay proposes a compromise– Tariffs were gradually lowered---25% over 10 years– South Carolina dropped nullification – South lost its dominance to North and West– Jackson preserved the Union

• Southerners believed they were becoming a permanent minority

– As that feeling of isolation grew, it was not nullification but the threat of secession that ultimately became the South’s primary weapon.

• An overwhelming

majority of voters

approved of Jackson’s

veto

• Jackson won reelection with more

than ¾ ¾ of the electoral vote

• An overwhelming

majority of voters

approved of Jackson’s

veto

• Jackson won reelection with more

than ¾ ¾ of the electoral vote

The 1832 Election

1832 Election 1832 Election ResultsResults

1832 Election 1832 Election ResultsResults

1832 Election

• Two “firsts”-

– National Nominating Conventions– Formal, published party platform statements

The “Monster” Is Destroyed!

The “Monster” Is Destroyed!

““pet bankspet banks”” or wildcat or wildcat banksbanks

1832: Jackson vetoed the1832: Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2 extension of the 2ndnd National Bank of National Bank of thethe United States. United States.

1836: the charter 1836: the charter expired.expired.

1841: the bank went1841: the bank went bankrupt! bankrupt!

Results of the Specie Results of the Specie CircularCircular

Results of the Specie Results of the Specie CircularCircular

$ Banknotes lose their Banknotes lose their value.value.

$ Land sales plummeted.Land sales plummeted.

$ Credit not available.Credit not available.

$ Businesses began to fail.Businesses began to fail.

$ Unemployment rose.Unemployment rose.

The Panic of 1837!The Panic of 1837!

The 1836 Election The 1836 Election ResultsResultsThe 1836 Election The 1836 Election ResultsResults

Martin Van Martin Van BurenBuren

““Old KinderhooOld Kinderhookk ””

[O. K.][O. K.]

Accomplishments

– Enlarged the power of the presidency

• “The President is the direct representative of the American people”

• Only responsible to the people, not Congress

– Converted the veto into an effective presidential power

• The veto would help presidents shape legislation in Congress

– Political parties seen as a positive good

Accomplishments

– Enlarged the power of the presidency

• “The President is the direct representative of the American people”

• Only responsible to the people, not Congress

– Converted the veto into an effective presidential power

• The veto would help presidents shape legislation in Congress

– Political parties seen as a positive good

Failures– Growing social stratification

• Gap between rich and poor visibly widened

– Jackson’s financial policies and lack of a national bank helped lead to the Panic of 1837, which was a serious depression that lasted until 1843

Failures– Growing social stratification

• Gap between rich and poor visibly widened

– Jackson’s financial policies and lack of a national bank helped lead to the Panic of 1837, which was a serious depression that lasted until 1843

Jackson’s Top Ten10. Andrew Jackson was the first

President from a state west of the Appalachian Mountains.

9. Andrew Jackson was the first Tennessean to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives.

8. Andrew Jackson was the first territorial Governor of Florida.

7. Andrew Jackson was the first person to serve as a U.S. Representative, Senator, and President.

6. Andrew Jackson exercised his veto power 12 times as President, more than all of his predecessors combined.

Jackson’s Top Ten5. Andrew Jackson was the first

President to articulate that as President he represented all the people and the will of the majority must govern.

4. Andrew Jackson helped found and was the first U.S. President to represent the Democratic Party.

3. Andrew Jackson is the only U.S. President to be censured by the U.S. Senate. The censure (official criticism) was cancelled in the last year of his presidency.

Jackson’s Top Ten2. The first assassination

attempt on a sitting U.S. President occurred on January 30, 1835, when Robert Lawrence failed to slay Andrew Jackson.

1. Andrew Jackson was the only President in American History to pay off the national debt and leave office with the country in the black.

Van Buren

• Divorce Bill (independent treasury)

• “Gone to Texas”-GTT– Crockett– Bowie

• Genuine Arkansas toothpick

– Houston (Big Drunk)– Austin– Santa Anna

Log Cabins and Hard Cider

• Old Tippecanoe, and Tyler too

• No party platform• FFV• First election with two

differing economic visions

• Two Party system implemented,populist democracy introduced

Unit #4 Quiz #2 – Period 3• What was the “Second Great Awakening”?• Who was Joseph Smith?• Who wrote “Last of the Mohicans” (considered one of

the first great American Novels)?• What was the name of the movement that said, “Every

person possesses an inner light that can illuminate the highest truth and put him or her in direct touch with God, or the “Oversoul”?

• Who won the Presidential Election of 1836?

Unit #4 Quiz #2 – Period 5• What was the “Second Great Awakening”?• Who was Brigham Young?• Who wrote “The Legend of Sleepy Hallow”

(considered one of the first great American Novels)?• Unflinching feminists met at ______, ______ in a

memorable Woman’s Rights Convention (1848). The defiant Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a “Declaration of Sentiments,” which in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence declared that “all men and women are created equal.”

• Who won the Presidential Election of 1836?

Chapter 13

• I. Intro.– Slavery and Economic turmoil shattered the

‘era of good feelings’ (MO. Comp and Panic of 1819)

• II. Corrupt Bargain-1824 (12th amend)– Clay, Jackson, Crawford, JQA

• III. Q.A. as President• IV. Election of 1828-Personalities• V. Jackson Background

Chapter 13

• VI. Jackson as President– A. Spoils System– B. Bank War

• 1. Unconst’l, $, Tyrannical, Pres., Private, foreclosed

• 2.1832 Election (Clay) Anti-Masonic Party• 3. Veto. Why? What does it represent?

– C. Tariff of 1828, 1832, 18331.Discriminated against?

2.Nullification Crisis-SC Exposition, Force Bill

Chapter 13

• D. Treatment of Natives• 1830 Indian Removal Act• Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia 1832

• VII. Whigs vs. Democrats 1836– Van Buren vs. 3 Whigs-hated Jackson– Van Buren as President

• Panic of 1837– Wheat failures, bank problem, speculation, int’l financial

problems

• Texas

Chapter 13

• Dems• Glorified the

Individual• Against privilege• Amend 10• Fed. Restraints in

econ and social affairs

• Whigs• Valued community• Against self interest• Pro bank, tariff,

internal improvement• Moral reform

• Catch all parties

Chapter 14

• I. Intro. – Cities, immigration, westward expansion

• II. Westward Movement– Frontier life, rugged individualism

• III. Shaping the Western landscape– Ecological imperialism-Beaver, Bison,

Farming– George Caitlin- Sioux indians- Yellowstone

1872

Chapter 14

• IV. Immigration– #’s, characteristics, reasons, results (SPRITE)– Irish, German examples-”NINA”

• V. “Nativism”- Anti-foreignism– Why? Why not more violence? Irony?– Know nothing party formed (secretiveness)– American party-”Order of the Star Spangled

Banner”

Chapter 14

• VI. Mechanization– Sam Slater, Eli Whitney, effects, England– Irony of Whitney (x2)– New England was Industrial (why) why not south?

• VII. Marvels in Manufacturing– Interchangeable parts, LLC, Sam Morse, Elias

Howe, Robert Fulton, Cyrus McCormack, J. Deere– Effects of Factory system- pos and neg.

Chapter 14

• VIII. Women and the Economy– Textile workers, single, children– Cult of Domesticity, changes in the home

(love!) Fertility rate down, domestic feminism– Harriet Beecher Stow treatment of daughter-

NO HW! – discipline– Small affectionate, child-centered,

independent

Chapter 14

• IX. America’s Highways– Steamboats bound N to S– Canals, railroads and turnpikes bound E to W