MOTIVATION

“THE WHY OF BEHAVIOR”

Internal or external force that determine our behavior

Motives lead our life to achieve desirable goalsA number of motives are responsible for our

social life.

DEFINITION

• The driving force within individuals by which

they attempt to achieve some goal in order to

fulfill some needs or expectation. (Harmer,

2001)

Cont…..

• Motivation as process or behavior refers to reinforced, selective and goal-directed behavior initiated and energized by a motive which aims to maintain balance and equilibrium of the person in relation to his environment by keeping his basic needs satisfied.

• Motivation is a theoretical construct used to explain behavior. It represents the reasons for people‘s actions, desires, and needs.

For example, when someone eats food to satisfy the need of hunger, or when a student does his/her work in school because they want a good grade. Both show a similar connection between what we do and why we do it.

CONCEPT OF MOTIVATION• Motivation is a behavioral concept. It is

concerned with a goal oriented behaviors, the production depends upon with both human and non human factors.

PERFORMANCE = ABILITY X MOTIVATION

TYPES

There are three kind of motives

1. Primary

2. Stimulus

3. Secondary or learned

PrimaryHungerThirstAvoidance of painSleepAirElimination Regulation of temperaturesex

Stimulus ActivityCuriosity ExplorationManipulationPhysical contact

Secondary AchievementAffiliationAggressionPower

THEORIES

OF

MOTIVATION

1. Homeostasis or optimum level theory

2. Incentive theory

3. McClelland’s Theory of Needs

4. Need theories

5. Drive-reduction theory

6. Unconscious motivation theory

HOMEOSTASIS OR OPTIMUM LEVEL THEORY

• Changes in the environment activate a physiological need (a biological requirement for survival).

• This pushes or pulls the organism out of homeostasis.

• This imbalance then causes a psychological state of arousal which is uncomfortable and is called a drive.

• This drive leads the individual towards specific behavior to satisfy his/her needs.

INCENTIVE THEORY If a reward is present after the occurrence of an

action it cause the action (behavior) to occur again.

This is done by associating positive meaning to the behavior.

Studies show that if the person receives the reward immediately, the effect would be greater.

Incentive theory is promoted by behavioral psychologists, such as B.F. Skinner

NEED THEORIES A need is requirement for survival several need theories exist are:-

1. Need hierarchy theory

2. Herzberg’s two-factor theory

3. Alderfer’s ERG theory

NEED HIERARCHY THEORY

This theory was given by Abraham Maslow

Since needs are many, they are arranged in order of importance, from the basic to the complex.

The person advances to the next level of needs only after the lower level need is at least minimally satisfied.

The further the progress up the hierarchy, the more individuality, humanness and psychological health a person will show

HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY

He distinguished between:1. Motivators; (e.g. challenging work, recognition,

responsibility) which give positive satisfaction, and

2. Hygiene factors; (e.g. status, job security, salary and benefits) that do not motivate if present, but, if absent, result in demotivation.

The name Hygiene factors is used because, like hygiene, the presence will not make you healthier, but absence can cause health deterioration.

ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY Clayton Alderfer, expanding on Maslow's

hierarchy of needs, Created the ERG theory (existence,

relatedness and growth). Physiological and safety, the lower order

needs, are placed in the existence category, while love and self esteem needs are

placed in the relatedness category. The growth category contains our self-

actualization and self-esteem needs.

Drive-reduction theory According to Clark Hall (1952) human beings

have internal biological needs which motives us to act in a particular way.

These drive or needs are internal states of arousal which must be reduced.

e.g.- internal feelings of hunger or thirst which motivate us to act in a way to satisfy our hunger or thirst drive.

UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVATION THEORY

This theory was given by Sigmund FreudFreud divide the consciousness (topography of

mind) in three parts as follows:-1. Conscious level2. Pre conscious level 3. Unconscious level

Freud emphasized the powerful role of unconscious motives in human behavior. He pointed several behaviors through which the unconscious motives are expressed.

In dreams we often express wishes and impulses of which we are unaware.

Slips of tongue, our irrational fear of specific objects or phobias reveals hidden motives

Chronic headaches, insomnia, for which there are no physical or organic reasons, show the unconscious need of the person.

MOTIVATION AND THE NURSE

The knowledge of motivation process will help he nurse in her profession as follows

1. Help her in maintaining her own mental health

2. Help her in adjustment with doctors patients and their relatives

3. Give her an etiology of patients behavior leading to better understanding

4. Help her in the diagnosis of disease

5. Facilitate faster cure of the disease

6. Give her job satisfaction

7. Improve her relations with her colleagues

8. Useful in solving most of the problems in interpersonal relationship