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Pronunciation: /w/ - /j/Grammar:◦1.Gerund and present participle◦2. Perfect gerund and perfect participle

/ w / We West Wine Wheel

Wet Whale Wagon

Wallet

1/ The wind was wailing.

2/ The wagon went in the wagon-way and it was controlled by Wagoner.

EX:

3/ Mr. Want went in the walkway near the railway.

Mr. Watch went in the walkway, too; and Watch had a new wrist-watch.

Watch wanted Want watched Watch’s watch.

But Want went away, which made Watch sad.

Had Want seen Watch before Want went away, Want would have watched Watch’s watch…

/ j / Yes Yellow Young Years Use York Yah Youth

1/ Hey DJ, Jay wanted to use this.

2/ I bought yellow plastic raincoat yesterday.

EX:

3/ Yoyo yells at Toto because he had eaten her yogurt

3/ Yoyo studied at University in New York city Yoyo is very young Year after year, Yoyo yacked about his

Scholastic achievements “Yoyo always yelp yelp, huh?” – Yang

asked me “Oh yes”…

I. Gerund and present participle:

1. DEFINITION:

Gerund is a verbal form that ends in “- ing”, for example, being, going, giving, …

Like infinitives, gerunds are often followed by objects, for example, being a good manager, giving money for donation, …

A. Gerund:

2. HOW TO USE:

Use as

NounsMaintaining computer is necessary for you to use (in using computer) for a long time.

subject or objects of verbs, preposition

Playing cards is enjoyable.He enjoys playing guitar.

after preposition or some special verbs/ structures

We admitted being members of class 11A.

USING GERUND AFTER VERBS:

admit to, approve of, argue about, believe in, care about, complain about, concentrate on, confess to, depend on, disapprove of, discourage from, dream about, feel like, forget about, insist on, object to

Despite being explained many times ,Q.Huy didn't understand the lessons.

Because of loving you ,I can do everything for you.

Though having eaten ,he still felt hungry.

these structures are used when 2 subjects in 2 phrases mention one thing ,one person. You can reduce the subject follows though and use gerund for the verb that follows the first subject

1/. for a career in dance generally begins at an early age.

A. People train B. That people train C. To train D. Training

2/.Power tools require careful handling injuries.A. by avoiding B. that avoid C. to avoid D. avoiding

4./We have got accustom to the noise in this place since the factory was built.A. working with B. work with C. worked with D. by working with

6/.The teacher offers him in studying.A. that helps B. helping C. to be helped D. that help

8/.Because of exercise everyday, Tom is very strong.A. do B. to do C. doing D. he does

1. DEFENITION:

A participle expressing present action, in English formed by the infinitive plus -ing and used to express present action in relation to the time indicated by the finite verb in its clause, to form progressive tenses with the auxiliary be, and to function as a verbal adjective.

Use as

in Multipart Verbs

Adjectives

Nouns

A verb can have as many as four parts. When you form multipart verbs, you use a combination of auxiliary verbs and participles. Look at the examples below:

Our pet alligator ate Mrs. Olsen's poodle.Ate = simple past tense [no participle].

With a broom, Mrs. Olsen was beating our alligator over the head in an attempt to retrieve her poodle.

Was = auxiliary verb; beating = present participle.

present participles often function as adjectives that describe nouns. Here are some examples:

The crying baby drew a long breath and sucked in a spider crouching in the corner of the crib.

Which baby? The crying baby. Which spider? The one that was crouching in the corner.

The mangled pair of sunglasses, bruised face, broken arm, and bleeding knees meant Genette had taken another spill on her mountain bike.

Which pair of sunglasses? The mangled pair. Which face? The bruised one. Which arm? The broken one. Which knees? The bleeding ones.

Present participles can function as nouns—the subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, objects of prepositions, and subject complements in sentences. Take a look at these examples:

Sneezing exhausts Steve, who requires eight tissues and twenty-seven Gesundheits before he is done.

Sneezing = the subject of the verb exhausts.

Valerie hates cooking because scraping burnt gook out of pans always undermines her enjoyment of the food.

Cooking = the direct object of the verb hates.

Form : “Having + past participle (V-ed/V3)” A perfect gerund/participle is used to

emphasize the completion of the action.

can be used to shorten or combine clauses that have the same subject if …◦ … one action (the one where the perfect participle

is used) is completed before the next action starts.

◦ … one action has been going on for a period of time when another action starts.

The perfect participle can be used for active and passive voice.◦ active voice: having + past participle (Having

cooked, he set the table.)◦ passive voice: having been + past participle

(Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.)

Example: She bought a bike and cycled home. – Having bought a bike, she cycled home.

Example: He had been living there for such a long time that he didn't want to move to another town. – Having lived there for such a long time, he didn't want to move to another town.

1. Franklin was warned about drinking and driving .  It forced him to be much more careful on the highway.  -> Having warned about drinking and driving forced Franklin to be more careful on the highway.

2. We have studied Spanish.  This helped us on our trip to Barcelona.

3. The boy asked his mother's permission and then went out to play.

->Having studied Spanish helped us on our trip to Barcelona.

→ Having asked his mother's permission, the boy went out to play.

Perfect GerundIn its most frequent usage, the perfect gerund

will appear as the object of a preposition.

Examples:By having gone through one ordeal, I felt better about coping with future problemsWithout having had any previous experience, he secured the position over the other applicants

Categories

GERUND PRESENT PARTICIPLE

PERFECT GERUND

PERFECT PARTICIPLE

Form Base V + -ing Base V + -ing

Having + V-ed/V3

Having + V-ed/V3

Function -subjects-direct objects, indirect objects-objects of a preposition/verb-appositives

-Object-Present participle phrase

-Subject-Object

-Subject

How to identify ?

-verb that is followed by gerund-used as a noun- Go + V-ing

-used more like a verb/adj-reduced form of a clause

-“For, since”-actions that happen before another one

-preposition-verb that is followed by gerund

1. This athlete denied having ….. (take) the banned drugs before ….. (be) called to the team. (PeG-G)

2. I’m very happy about your ……. (pass) the exam. (G)

takenbeing

3. I object to his ……. (smoke) in the class. (G)

passing

smoking

4. The man …… (live) next door to me is a journalist. (PrP)

living

She smelt something …… (burn) and saw smoke …… (rise) (PrP)

burning

raising

……. (Look) at him, she smiled cheerfully. (PrP)

Looking

….............. (Practice) intensively, John feels more confident and be quite sure of his success. (PeP)

Having practiced

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