Unit 4: Infection Control and Prevention of Tuberculosis Botswana National Tuberculosis Programme...

Unit 4: Infection Unit 4: Infection Control and Control and Prevention of TuberculosisPrevention of Tuberculosis

Botswana National Tuberculosis Programme Manual Training for Medical Officers

2Unit 4: Infection Control and Prevention of Tuberculosis

ObjectivesObjectives

At the end of this unit, participants will be able to:• Identify the goals of infection prevention• Identify 3 levels of prevention• Identify infection control strategies to prevent

the transmission of TB in the healthcare setting• Explain the importance of contact tracing


Levels of Prevention and Their GoalsLevels of Prevention and Their Goals

Prevention efforts focus on the following three goals:• Primary prevention – preventing TB infection• Secondary prevention – preventing TB disease• Tertiary prevention – preventing TB morbidity and

mortality


The Transmission The Transmission of TB Knows No Boundariesof TB Knows No Boundaries

Patient to:

Worker

Visitor

Patient

Worker to:

Worker

Visitor

Patient

Visitor to:

Worker

Visitor

Patient


Hierarchy of Hierarchy of Infection Prevention & ControlInfection Prevention & Control

• Administrative controls• Reduce risk of exposure, infection and disease

thru policy and practice

• Environmental (engineering) controls• Reduce concentration of infectious bacilli in air in

areas where air contamination is likely

• Personal respiratory protection • Protect personnel who must work in environments

with contaminated air


ActivityActivity

• Discuss the following in small groups:• What infection control methods are being done

currently in your facilities?• What are some things you could change?• Are there any potential barriers to implementing

those changes?

• Report back to the larger group and other groups should give feedback/discuss solutions to any possible barriers identified


Administrative ControlsAdministrative Controls

• Develop and implement written policies and protocols to ensure:• Rapid identification of TB cases (e.g., improving the turn-

around time for obtaining sputum results)• Isolation of patients with PTB• Rapid diagnostic evaluation• Rapid initiation treatment

• Educate, train, and counsel HCWs about TB• To the extent possible, avoid mixing TB patients and

HIV patients in the hospital or clinic setting


Environmental Controls: Environmental Controls: Ventilation and Air FlowVentilation and Air Flow

• Ventilation is the movement of air

• Should be done in a controlled manner

• Types• Natural• Local• General

• Simple measures can be effective


Evidence from PeruEvidence from Peru

• Open windows and doors produced 6x greater air exchanges than mechanical ventilation and 20x great air changes per hour than with windows closed

• Natural ventilation in “old-style” hospitals and clinics resulted in much better ventilation and much lower calculated TB risk, despite similar patient crowding

• More likely to have larger, higher ceilings; larger windows; windows on opposite walls allowing through-flow of air

Source: Escombe, et al. PLoS Medicine, 2007.


Estimated Risk of Estimated Risk of Airborne TB InfectionAirborne TB Infection

• Naturally ventilated, windows closed - 97%

• Mechanically ventilated with neg pressure (ACH 12) - 39%

• Naturally ventilation, windows and doors fully open:• Modern (1970-1990) - 33%• Old-fashioned (pre-1950) - 11%

Source: Escombe, et al. PLoS Medicine, 2007.


Direction of Natural Ventilation and Direction of Natural Ventilation and Correct Working Locations (1)Correct Working Locations (1)

Source: CDC, 2007



Source: CDC, 2007


Environmental Controls (2) Environmental Controls (2)

Ultraviolet Light HEPA (high efficiency particulate air) filters

Source: iStockphoto, 2008.Source: MedlinePlus, 2008.


Personal Respiratory ProtectionPersonal Respiratory Protection

• Respirators:• Can protect HCWs• Should be encouraged in high-risk settings• May be unavailable in low-resource settings

• Face/surgical masks:• Act as a barrier to prevent infectious patients from

expelling droplets• Do not protect against inhalation of microscopic

TB particles


N95 Respirator Dos and Don’ts N95 Respirator Dos and Don’ts

Source: CDC, 2007


DoDo

Be sure your respirator is properly fitted!

It should fit snugly at nose and chin

Source: CDC, 2007


Note poor fit at the bridge of nose

Note poor fit at the chin

Respirator should cover chin and create a seal

Source: CDC, 2007


Don’t Forget to WEAR It! Don’t Forget to WEAR It!

Source: CDC, 2007


TB Prevention & Control TB Prevention & Control in the Community: MO Rolein the Community: MO Role

• Begin TB treatment as soon as possible

• Screen other people in the household

• Ensure that TB patients complete treatment

• Minimise crowding in congregate settings


TB Prevention & Control in the TB Prevention & Control in the Community: Community RoleCommunity: Community Role

Teach members of the community to:

• Recognize the early symptoms of TB

• Minimise crowded living conditions

• Allow natural light into buildings and rooms as ultra-violet rays quickly kill TB bacilli

• Open windows to air out rooms to dilute the load of infectious TB bacilli


TB Prevention & Control in the TB Prevention & Control in the Community: Patient RoleCommunity: Patient Role

• Patient should maintain a well-balanced diet to keep the immune system strong

• Patient should TB patient to stop smoking and minimize intake of alcohol

• Patient should hold a cloth or handkerchief over mouth when coughing

• Patient should not spit on the floor but in a container (preferably disposable) and dispose of properly


TB Prevention & Control Among TB Prevention & Control Among HIV+ Patients and HCWsHIV+ Patients and HCWs

• Immunosuppressed persons are much more susceptible to TB and therefore should not be housed with inpatients who have undiagnosed cough or untreated TB

• Encourage patients and HCWs to know their HIV status so they can reduce their exposure to TB infection


Infection Prevention & Infection Prevention & Control in the WorkplaceControl in the Workplace• Provide a well-ventilated, sun-lit environment

• Educate all staff on TB transmission & prevention

• Implement HIV/AIDS workplace policy

• Link with health facilities for treatment & support


TB Prevention in Special SettingsTB Prevention in Special Settings

Prisons and Police Holding Cells

• Screen all prisoners

• Treat & isolate

• Implement strict DOT during entire treatment

• Refer all released prisoners under treatment to nearest healthcare facility


TB Prevention in Special Settings TB Prevention in Special Settings

Barracks

• Educate all personnel

• Screen all recruits

• Start treatment & organise workplace DOT

• Identify & screen all close contacts

• Advise TB patients to have an HIV test

Contact TracingContact Tracing

What is it? How does it work? Why is it important? What are some strategies?


Contact Tracing (1)Contact Tracing (1)

The identification and diagnosis of persons who may have come into contact with an infected person

An important element to infection prevention and control



• Identify and evaluate contacts of persons with smear positive pulmonary TB within 3 days of new case discovery

• All close contacts should be evaluated• Particular attention give to children under 5• If index case is a child, source of disease will be a person

with PTB• If source unknown, ask household contacts for symptoms

and investigate any contact with symptoms of PTB



• Generally done by FWE or nurse

• Not necessary for smear-negative PTB or EPTB, unless index case is a child

• Contact examination form completed for each confirmed case’s contacts

• Suspects should be entered into the “Suspect and Sputum Dispatch Register” and evaluate appropriately


Contact Tracing: ChildrenContact Tracing: Children

• Nurses can give INH to child contacts <5 who have been screened and are asymptomatic

• Treatment lasts 6 months, but a monthly supply is handed out

• Pyridoxine is not routinely indicated for children


TB Screening Among ContactsTB Screening Among Contacts

• Basic screening for TB done in home by FWE or nurse

• Refer the following individuals to clinic for further evaluation and follow-up (evaluation for active TB and evaluation for INH prophylaxis or IPT):• Children in household < 5 years old• Persons in household who are HIV+• Persons in household who are ill


Large Group Discussion Large Group Discussion

• Who here works in a facility that does contact tracing?

• Why is it important?

• What are some strategies you use at your facility to make contact tracing successful?

• What are some challenges/barriers you have encountered in the process?


Key PointsKey Points

• Prevention efforts should focus on primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention

• Attention to the potential spread of infection and disease among special populations, including among those who are HIV+ is crucial

• Contact tracing is an important component of TB control in the community

Unit 4: Infection Control and Prevention of Tuberculosis Botswana National Tuberculosis Programme...

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