UNIT 4 EXTENSION

Solutions and Solubility

What is a solution?

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances. Homogeneous: a

mixture that is uniform throughout; the particles are evenly distributed

Parts of a solution

A solution contains at least 2 components: Solute: the substance being dissolved;

example: salt Solvent: substance doing the dissolving; it

is the major component in the solution; example: water

Universal Solvent

Water is known as the universal solvent because so many different substances can dissolve in water.

Are there substances that do not dissolve in water? Yes! Examples:

Sand Plastic Cotton Rubber

Solutions

A solution can be any 2 phases (solid, liquid, or gas) mixed together

Examples: Brass: solution of zinc metal (s) dissolved in copper

metal (s) Alloy: solid or liquid mixture of two or more metals

Pop: carbon dioxide (gas) dissolved in water (l) Vinegar: acetic acid (l) dissolved in water (l)

Identifying the solute and solvent

Identify the solute(s) and solvent in each solution. Underline the solute and circle the solvent. Remember: SOLUTE dissolves in a SOLVENT.

Ocean Water: salt and waterAntifreeze: Water and ethylene glycolSoda pop: syrup, water, and CO2 gasGold Jewelry: gold and copperAir: Nitrogen, oxygen, other gasesKool-Aid: powder, sugar, and waterSterling Silver: silver and copper

Identifying the solute and solvent

Identify the solute(s) and solvent in each solution. Underline the solute and circle the solvent. Remember: SOLUTE dissolves in a SOLVENT.

Ocean Water: salt and waterAntifreeze: Water and ethylene glycolSoda pop: syrup, water, and CO2 gasGold Jewelry: gold and copperAir: Nitrogen, oxygen, other gasesKool-Aid: powder, sugar, and waterSterling Silver: silver and copper

Identifying the solute and solvent

Identify the solute(s) and solvent in each solution. Underline the solute and circle the solvent. Remember: SOLUTE dissolves in a SOLVENT.

Ocean Water: salt and waterAntifreeze: Water and ethylene glycolSoda pop: syrup, water, and CO2 gasGold Jewelry: gold and copperAir: Nitrogen, oxygen, other gasesKool-Aid: powder, sugar, and waterSterling Silver: silver and copper

Identifying the solute and solvent

Identify the solute(s) and solvent in each solution. Underline the solute and circle the solvent. Remember: SOLUTE dissolves in a SOLVENT.

Ocean Water: salt and waterAntifreeze: Water and ethylene glycolSoda pop: syrup, water, and CO2 gasGold Jewelry: gold and copperAir: Nitrogen, oxygen, other gasesKool-Aid: powder, sugar, and waterSterling Silver: silver and copper

Identifying the solute and solvent

Identify the solute(s) and solvent in each solution. Underline the solute and circle the solvent. Remember: SOLUTE dissolves in a SOLVENT.

Ocean Water: salt and waterAntifreeze: Water and ethylene glycolSoda pop: syrup, water, and CO2 gasGold Jewelry: gold and copperAir: Nitrogen, oxygen, other gasesKool-Aid: powder, sugar, and waterSterling Silver: silver and copper

Identifying the solute and solvent

Identify the solute(s) and solvent in each solution. Underline the solute and circle the solvent. Remember: SOLUTE dissolves in a SOLVENT.

Ocean Water: salt and waterAntifreeze: Water and ethylene glycolSoda pop: syrup, water, and CO2 gasGold Jewelry: gold and copperAir: Nitrogen, oxygen, other gasesKool-Aid: powder, sugar, and waterSterling Silver: silver and copper

Identifying the solute and solvent

Identify the solute(s) and solvent in each solution. Underline the solute and circle the solvent. Remember: SOLUTE dissolves in a SOLVENT.

Ocean Water: salt and waterAntifreeze: Water and ethylene glycolSoda pop: syrup, water, and CO2 gasGold Jewelry: gold and copperAir: Nitrogen, oxygen, other gasesKool-Aid: powder, sugar, and waterSterling Silver: silver and copper

Identifying the solute and solvent

Identify the solute(s) and solvent in each solution. Underline the solute and circle the solvent. Remember: SOLUTE dissolves in a SOLVENT.

Ocean Water: salt and waterAntifreeze: Water and ethylene glycolSoda pop: syrup, water, and CO2 gasGold Jewelry: gold and copperAir: Nitrogen, oxygen, other gasesKool-Aid: powder, sugar, and waterSterling Silver: silver and copper

Solubility

Solubility: the maximum quantity of a solute (in grams) that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent (in grams) at a specified temperature.

Concentration

Concentration: how much solute is in a solution Concentrated solution: large amount of

solute Dilute solution: a small amount of solute

Which solution is more concentrated?

Concentration

Unsaturated solution: a solution that can dissolve more solute

Saturated solution: a solution in which no more solute can dissolve at the given temperature

Supersaturated solution: solution that holds more solute than it normally would at a cooler temperature.

3 Factors that Affect Dissolving

Increase surface area makes the solute dissolve more quickly.

3 Factors that Affect Dissolving

Stirring: moves dissolved solute away so the rest can interact with the solvent

3 Factors that Affect Dissolving

Increase the temperature (Kinetic Energy): particles move faster and collide more often dissolving solute faster Most gases become less soluble in water

as the temperature increases.

Methods to Separate Mixtures

Evaporation or Distillation: Uses boiling points

Methods to Separate Mixtures

Magnetism: ideal for separating solids in which one of them has magnetic properties

Methods to Separate Mixtures

Centrifuge: uses density where layers are formed based on density of materials

Methods to Separate Mixtures

Filtering: separates large particles from smaller ones

Methods to Separate Mixtures

Chromatography: The various components of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate. Example: Paper Chromatography