1

Unit 4: Alcohol, Tobacco,

& Other Drugs

Dvorsky – Health Name_______________________________

Period _____

2

Vocabulary Over-the-counter drug

Prescription drug

Illegal drug

Drug misuse

Drug abuse

Psychoactive drug

Side effect

Drug antagonism

Drug synergism

Depressant

Opiate

Stimulant

Hallucinogen

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Marijuana

Inhalant

Drug

Fermentation

Zero-tolerance policy

Intoxication

Blackout

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

Driving while intoxicated (DWI)

Overdose

Binge drinking

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Cirrhosis

Alcoholism

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Tolerance

Dependence

Addiction

Detoxification

Withdrawal

Rehabilitation

Nicotine

Smokeless tobacco

Chewing tobacco

Tar

Carcinogen

Carbon monoxide

Emphysema

Leukoplakia

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Mainstream smoke

Sidestream smoke

Secondhand smoke

Nicotine substitute

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Drugs Overview

1. Reasons Why People Abuse Drugs

_____________________________________: Convenience of getting the drug(s)

_____________________________________: Escape from boredom

_____________________________________: Peer pressure

_____________________________________: Want to experiment with feeling high or

different

_____________________________________: Enjoyment of risk taking behavior, go

against others wishes (i.e. parents)

_____________________________________: To cope with difficult problems or

situations including stress, trauma, and symptoms of mental disorders (i.e. lesson anxiety,

worries, fears, depression, hopelessness)

_____________________________________: Glamorization of drug use by the media

2. Modes of Administration

The way in which a drug affects the mind and body is determined by the way in which it is

administered.

Drugs must, eventually, enter the bloodstream to have an effect.

How long the drug lasts (determined by the drug itself and how it enters the

bloodstream),

How fast it acts (how direct the route to the bloodstream)

How the drug acts (specific effects tied to the type of drug)

Intensity of the effect (how much of a drug is consumed and whether or not the

drug is “cut” with other substances)

All are factors that contribute to the way in which a drug affects the mind and body.

3. Drugs Enter the Bloodstream through 4 ways

_________________________________: Ingested through the mouth, absorbed by the

stomach lining and the small intestine and then to the brain. This is the ________________

drugs enter the bloodstream. May not reach bloodstream for 30 minutes.

Ex: Pills, capsules, liquids, cold medicine

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_________________________________: Applied to the skin and passes through the pores

into the capillaries

Ex: Topical medicated cream, nicotine patch

_________________________________: Taken through the mouth and nasal passages and

absorbed through the lungs (alveoli [sacs]) into capillaries, then to the brain. Risk

permanent damage to lungs.

Ex: Cigarettes, spray paint, inhalers for asthmatics

_________________________________: Bypasses the digestive tract. Absorbed into a

vein and/or muscle. Provides a direct route to the bloodstream which makes this the

_______________________________________________drugs can enter the bloodstream.

Ex: Heroin, insulin for diabetics

4. Injection – Drugs Enter the Bloodstream (continued)

_________________________________: Drug is injected just under the skin

This type of injection method has the slowest absorption

_________________________________: Drug is injected deep into a large muscle group

This type of injection method has a slower absorption than subcutaneous.

_________________________________: Drug is injected directly into a vein

This is called mainlining

o Rapid form of absorption

5. How Drugs Leave the Body: All substance are excreted through urination or defecation.

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Notes

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Drugs Classification

1. Legal vs. Illegal – Facts about Drug Use

If drugs are not used as directed, serious health problems can result.

Medicines are legal drugs that help the body fight injury, illness, or disease.

Classified into 2 groups of legal drugs:

o _________________________________________________

o _________________________________________________

Over-the-Counter Drugs

o Sold legally

o Purchased in pharmacies and other stores that sell medicines __________________

a physician's prescription

o Any over-the-counter drug can cause harm if the instructions on the label are not

followed.

Prescription Drugs

o Can be purchased at a pharmacy

o Must be obtained through a ___________________________________________

from a physician

o Prescription drugs require more government control than over-the-counter drugs

because of their potential for harm.

___________________________________________: A chemical substance that people

of any age may not lawfully manufacture, possess, buy,

or sell.

o Illegal drugs are also called street drugs.

2. Drug Misuse vs. Drug Abuse

___________________________________________: The improper use of medicines –

either prescription of over-the-counter drugs.

o Examples:

Taking more than the prescribed amount of a drug

Taking drugs with the wrong foods or at the wrong time of day

Not taking a drug for the correct period of time

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___________________________________________: The intentional improper or unsafe

use of a drug.

o Drug abuse occurs when people intentionally use any kind of drugs for

nonmedical purposes

3. Drug Categories

Depressant Stimulant Narcotic

Hallucinogen Inhalants Cannabis

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Notes

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Drug Abuse & the Brain

1. Drug Abuse and the Brain

____________________________________________________: A chemical that affects

brain activity; also known as a “mood-altering” drug.

Most abused drugs are psychoactive.

2. The “Reward Pathway”

Psychoactive drugs create a

_____________________________________________________ that the user wants to

repeat.

o Many psychoactive drugs trigger activity along a pathway of cells in the brain

called the

“_________________________________________________________________.”

3. How Drugs Affect the Brain

Brain cells along the activated reward pathway release a chemical called _______________

o Dopamine itself is NOT a dangerous chemical.

However, in association with drug abuse, dopamine can have dangerous

effects.

Area of the brain’s

“reward pathway”

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The extra dopamine released during drug use can cause the user to ___________________

_________________________________ effects of the drug and want to continue using it.

Flooding the reward pathway with dopamine may lead to ___________________________

______________________________ for the drug.

After a time, drug abuse can __________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

The user no longer feels pleasure from normal activities.

4. Addiction

Abuse of psychoactive drugs may result in addiction.

_____________________________________________: The compulsive use of a drug,

despite any cost to health, family, or social standing.

Area of the brain’s

“reward pathway”

Area of the brain’s

“reward pathway”

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o It is a disease that changes the ________________________________ of the brain.

5. Dangers of Misuse and Abuse

Drugs can produce powerful changes in the body

o But when drugs are misused or abused, many serious health effects can result.

___________________________: An unwanted physical or mental effect caused by a

drug.

o Side effects can include:

_____________________________________________________________

o Side effects of a particular drug vary from person to person

This is one reason why prescriptions should never be shared.

Tolerance and Dependence

o When a person uses a drug _________________________________, the body

may develop _________________________________ to the drug

o As tolerance grows, the user needs increasingly larger amounts of the drug to

achieve the original effect.

o Tolerance _______________________________________________ dependence

The body develops a chemical need for the drug and cannot function

normally without it

Withdrawal

o If a person who is ______________________________ on a psychoactive drug

stops taking the drug, that person will ___________________________________

___________________________________________.

These symptoms are the body’s reaction to not having the drug.

o Withdrawal symptoms range from _____________________________________,

depending on the drug that was used.

o Withdrawal symptoms include:

Nausea or vomiting, Headaches or dizziness, Fever, Digestive problems,

Paranoia or panic, and Tremors, seizures, or death

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Drug Interactions

o When a person takes more than one drug at a time, the drugs may interact in

different ways than when taken alone.

o Antagonism

A _________________________________________________ occurs

when each drug’s effect is canceled out or reduced by the other.

Neither drug has the predicted effect.

Ex: Because nicotine causes blood pressure to rise, it can cancel

out the beneficial effect of medications taken to lower high blood

pressure

o Synergism

A _________________________________________________ occurs

when drugs interact to produce effects greater than those that each drug

would produce alone.

Ex: The combination of certain sleep medications with small

amounts of alcohol may cause rapid loss of consciousness

Impurities

o The manufacture of illegal drugs is not regulated by law, therefore, there is _____

_____________________________________________ that they are pure.

o Many illegal drugs are contaminated with _____________________________that

may themselves be harmful or cause dangerous drug interactions.

o Ex: A drug dealer may “cut,” or dilute, heroin by adding cleansing

powders or rat poison.

o Illegal drugs may vary widely from batch to batch in the concentration of

psychoactive chemicals they contain.

o Therefore, the user _________________________________________

easily predict what effect the drug will have each time.

Other Health Risks

o ____________________________________________

If drug users share needles to inject drugs, contaminated blood left in the

needle can carry disease-causing viruses from user to user.

Ex:

Viruses that cause ______________________________________

can lead to serious, sometimes fatal, liver disease

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS, a disease that

has __________________________________________________

o ____________________________________________

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Drug abuse by a pregnant woman places her baby at risk for a broad range

of developmental problems. This is because the ____________________

____________________________, the membrane separating the baby’s

blood from the mother’s blood.

Ex:

Baby born with a _______________________________________

such as “crack babies” that are born dependent on the crack

cocaine their mother took during pregnancy.

o Drugs can also pass through a mother’s breast milk to a

nursing newborn and cause harm

6. Legal Risks and Other Costs

Drug abusers risk:

o Facing serious legal penalties

o Damaging their relationships with family and friends

o Causing significant costs to society

Legal Risks

o Penalties for individuals who __________________________________________

illegal drugs include long prison terms and heavy fines.

o A _____________________________________________ makes it difficult to

get a job or to be admitted into schools and the military.

o Many drug abusers commit other crimes, such as shoplifting and robbery, to

support their drug addiction.

These drug-related crimes include _______________________________.

Effects on Family and Friends

o Relationships with family and friends become strained as the behavior and

personality of drug abuser change.

o A drug abuser may:

Have unpredictable ___________________________________________

Become violent

_____________________________________ from relationships and

responsibilities

o The interests and activities that helped bind the person with family and friends

may no longer exists

o Drugs can cause friends to drift away and families to break up

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Costs to Society

o U.S. government has spent ____________________________________________

in efforts to stop illegal drug manufacture and sales.

o Significant financial resources go toward drug abuse:

Prevention

____________________________________________

Treatment

____________________________________________

o These programs provide hope for many drug abusers; however, the demand for

these programs often exceeds available funding.

o Drug abuse affects many more people than just the abusers themselves.

Consider a few of the other costs of drug abuse

the _______________________________________ thousands of

people for drug-related crimes

medical costs for drug-related illnesses and injuries, including

many of the nation’s cases of HIV/AIDS

__________________________________________ from drug-

related homicides and motor vehicle crashes

lost work productivity because of drug dependency

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Notes

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Alcohol: Short-term Effects

1. Facts About Alcohol

A _______________________________________________ is a chemical substance that is

taken to cause changes in a person’s body or behavior.

Alcohol Production – How is Alcohol Made?

o ___________________________________________________ (ethanol): An

addictive drug produced by fermentation and found in many beverages.

Beverage alcohol is classified as a food because it contains calories.

Alcohol has ___________________ nutritional value.

o ________________________________________________________: The process

that creates alcohol, in which microorganisms, called yeast, break down or feed on

plant sugars to produce ethanol.

o In the process, ___________________________ and __________________________

are produced.

2. What is Alcohol?

Alcohol is a _________________________________________________ drug that slows

the activity of the __________________________________________________________

Considered a drug because it causes a change in a person’s _________________________

or _______________________________ state

In slowing the body’s normal reactions, alcohol may cause:

– _________________________________________

– Decreased alertness

– _________________________________________

– Blurred vision

– _________________________________________

If a person drinks large amounts of alcohol ______________________________________

such as heartbeat and breathing are affected. _________________________________ can

result.

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3. Alcohol Content – The Chemistry and Potency of Alcohol

The alcohol content of alcoholic beverages range between 4% and 50%.

Beverages with a greater percentage of alcohol list their proof on the label.

________________________________________: A measure of the percentage of alcohol

in a beverage.

– Twice the actual percentage. So, 80-proof liquor is really ___________% alcohol

Standard drink: The amount of any beverage that contains about 14 grams of pure alcohol

(about 0.6 fluid ounce or 1.2 tablespoons).

– In the U.S., one “standard” drink is found in:

o 12 oz. of regular ____________________________________ = ~ 5% alcohol

o 5 oz. of __________________________________________ = ~ 12% alcohol

o 1.5 oz. of distilled __________________________________ = ~ 40% alcohol

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4. Pathway of Alcohol in the Body

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5. Physical and Behavioral Effects

Unlike food, alcohol does not have to be digested in the stomach before it is absorbed

into the blood.

Alcohol gets into a person’s bloodstream within minutes of being consumed

Once in the blood, alcohol circulates throughout the body, where it has widespread

effects

Effects on Body Systems:

_________________________________________________________ is the state in

which a person’s mental and physical abilities are impaired by alcohol or another

substance.

Many negative effects on a drinker’s body and behavior accompany intoxication by

alcohol.

Effects on Behavior:

As intoxication takes effect, drinkers begin to lose

_____________________________________

and _________________________________.

• Ex: Alcohol influences one’s ability to make good decisions about sex, because it

___________________________________________

At the same time, alcohol decreases drinkers’ natural fears.

A _________________________________________ is a period of time that the drinker

cannot recall.

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6. Effects of Intoxication

Cardiovascular System:

Heart rate and blood pressure increase.

o Extreme cases cause coma and death.

More blood flows to the skin’s surface.

Core body temperature decreases.

Nervous System:

Brain activity slows down.

Coordination becomes impaired.

Sensations and perception become less clear.

Reflexes become sluggish.

Excretory System:

Kidneys increase urine production.

Drinker loses more water from body than usual.

Digestive System:

Alcohol irritates the digestive system.

o The pyloric valve controls the release of

stomach contents into the intestine.

o High intakes of alcohol cause pyloric spasms

that prevent the stomach contents from

emptying.

o If the irritation continues, it can cause:

Indigestions and heartburn on an empty

stomach

Vomiting (Too much alcohol in the

stomach may cause vomiting.)

7. Alcohol and Your Health: Effects of Alcohol

Other effects: bloodshot eyes, nausea, fatigue, trembling, dry mouth

Drinking leads to ___________________________ and __________________________.

Excessive drinking can lead to a hangover.

o Hangover is the body’s reaction to drinking ______________________________.

o May last up to ______________________________________ hours.

8. Absorption and Metabolism

_______________________________________ is the only thing that helps sober a

person up!

Remember: It takes __________________________ to process (oxidize) the alcohol in

one drink.

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Notes

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Alcohol: Long-term Effects

1. What is BAC?

_______________________________________________: The amount of alcohol that is

present in a in a person’s blood.

o Usually measured as a ________________________________.

The ___________________________ a person’s blood alcohol concentration, the

___________________________ the physical and behavioral effects.

Blood alcohol concentration is a more reliable measure of intoxication than the number of

drinks consumed.

2. Factors Affecting BAC

A variety of factors can affect a person’s BAC:

o _________________________________________________: People who have a few

drinks in one hour have a higher BAC than people who drink the same amount over

several hours.

o _________________________________________________: Males generally will

have a lower BAC than females.

Women and Alcohol: More ___________________ and

___________________, more alcohol enters their bloodstream directly at a

faster rate causing greater intoxication. Women have a much

___________________ of alcohol poisoning than males.

o _________________________________________________: In general, smaller

people (by weight and height) feel the effects of alcohol more than larger people.

o _________________________________________________: Drinking on an empty

stomach increases the rate of alcohol absorption into the bloodstream.

3. After Drinking Ends

Once a person stops drinking, BAC begins to decrease.

The intoxicating effects of alcohol slowly diminish, and the person’s reflexes and

coordination return to normal.

Fact or Myth? (Circle Fact or Myth below)

o Cold showers: Fact or Myth – __________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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o Exercise: Fact or Myth – ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

o Fresh air: Fact or Myth – ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

o Coffee: Fact or Myth – ________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________ can speed the liver’s ability to break down

alcohol. It takes _________________ to process (oxidize) alcohol in _________________.

Remember: _________________ is the only thing that helps sober a person up!

4. Long-term Effects of Alcohol

Heavy drinking can cause serious damage to the body over time.

Long-term alcohol abuse may harm the:

o Brain, Liver, Heart, Digestive System

o Other long-term effects?

Brain Damage:

Brain ____________________________________________ due to long-term and heavy

drinking

Dulls senses

Long-term alcohol abuse ________________________________________________ in the

brain.

o Destroyed nerve cells usually cannot grow again

The loss of many nerve cells causes _________________________________ changes that

impair:

o Memory

o The ability to concentrate

o The ability to make good decisions

Connect to Your Life: Why are teens especially vulnerable to brain damage caused by

alcohol?

o The teenage years are a ________________________________________________

Liver Damage:

Long-term alcohol use has been linked to an increased risk of _____________________.

o Regular, heavy alcohol use can damage the liver, leading to inflammation. This,

in turn, might raise the risk of liver cancer.

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Alcohol in even small amounts alters _________________________________________.

Alcohol interferes with the liver’s ability to _________________________, or break

down, fats.

Continued use leads to and eventual destruction of liver cells.

o Fat-filled liver cells die, leaving behind useless scar tissue.

o This disease, called __________________________, may lead to liver failure and

death.

o Cirrhosis: Among the top ________________ leading causes of death in the U.S.

o _________________________________________________ is an inflammation

of the liver caused by the toxic effects of alcohol

Can be fatal or lead to cirrhosis

Heart Disease:

Excessive drinking contributes to heart disease.

o Heart disease is the _________________________________ of death in the U.S.

Over time, alcohol causes

o Enlarged ________________________________________________ heart tissue

o Increases blood pressure

o _________________________________________heart beat

o Buildup of fatty deposits in the heart muscle

Digestive Problems:

Ongoing drinking irritates the tissues that line the digestive system.

Repeated irritation increases the risk of:

o Cancers of the _____________________________________________________

Alcohol is considered a ___________________________________; that

is, it can lead to cancer

Recurring diarrhea

Chronic _________________________________________________________________

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Other Long-term Effects

Reproductive System

o _________________________________________ sexual ability

o Males: __________________________________, increased risk of breast cancer

o Females: irregular menstrual periods, increased risk of _____________________

Alcohol abuse also leads to:

o Inflammation of the ___________________, cause decreased enzyme production

o Interference with _________________________________________________

5. Alcohol During Pregnancy

__________________________________________________________________: A

group of birth defects caused by the effects of alcohol on an unborn child.

__________________________________during pregnancy can ____________________

o The birth defects that can occur when alcohol in the mother’s blood ___________

to the _________________ baby’s blood

Babies born with FAS suffer from…

o Heart and brain defects

o __________________________ faces (small head size, abnormalities of the face)

o Delayed growth (Abnormalities of the limbs)

o Poor _________________________________________ development

o Intellectual disability (formerly known as “Mental Retardation”)

Poor memory, impaired learning

o Brain and behavioral problems

Reduced attention span, poor problem-solving abilities

Even ___________________________________ of alcohol consumed during pregnancy

can cause brain damage.

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Notes

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Video and Guided Notes: Confronting Drunk Driving

1. Driving while intoxicated is the number _______ cause of death for ____________________

2. There are over _______________________________ deaths in the U.S. each year because of

driving under the influence of alcohol. Teens are more vulnerable to accidents than older

drivers because it takes less alcohol to impair them.

3. ______________________________ is a huge factor in the decision to drink at a young age.

4. Alcohol makes you feel more ___________________________ about your abilities at a time

when you are actually less capable of driving or other physical skills. Sean, Nikki, and Mike

agree that their total lack of thought went into their decisions to drive under the influence.

5. Dr. Samir Fakhry, a Trauma Center Chief, states that about half the people who die in car

crashes, die from injuries to the ______________________ and the ___________________.

Seat belts can greatly reduce the risk of injury or death. Even those who walk away with

______________________ brain injuries can suffer serious problems because the brain is so

important in everything we do.

6. After the car crash Nikki was in a ______________ for 3 months. She has ______________

of her life 5 years before the crash. Her math skills are now skills of an eighth grader.

7. “Who Pays the Price?” – Drunk driving accidents cost is over $________________________

billion dollars each year to society. The REAL PRICE is in the lives lost to _____________,

injury, and emotional aftermath.

8. “The Legal Price” – Mike describes being arrested. He was charged with _______________

counts of second-degree manslaughter, speeding, driving while intoxicated and reckless

driving.

9. _____________________________________: A policy that enforces strict consequences

for underage drinking.

10. “Confronting the Drunk Driver” – There should be a plan instituted when drinking is

involved.

The Plan:

1. __________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________

4. __________________________________________________________________

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Additional Health Notes

1. Teen and Alcohol – Zero Tolerance Law

__________________________________________________________: A policy that

enforces strict consequences for underage drinking.

Became effective on ____________________________________________________.

Applies to a person under age 21 who operates a motor vehicle with a _________% BAC

to _________% BAC.

In NYS, the penalties for an alcohol or drug-related violation include the

_____________________________ privileges, _____________________, and a possible

______________________________ term.

2. Risks of Underage Drinking

Class Discussion: What are the risks of underage drinking?

o Being _________________________________________ in a motor vehicle crash

o Committing or being a victim of _________________________ or other violence

o Long-term _______________________________________

o Problems with alcohol later in life

o ________________________ from school, sports teams, or other school activities

3. Legal Risks

Laws prohibiting minors from buying or possessing alcohol are enforced with heavy fines

and lawful seizure of property.

Selling alcohol to someone under the age of 21 is a ________________________ for the

seller.

People found to be driving under the influence of alcohol might have their ____________

_______________________ taken away or face other stiff ________________________.

o In some states, those found guilty repeatedly could be sent to prison.

4. Alcoholism

A disease that causes a person to _____________________ of his/her drinking behavior.

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The person is ____________________________________________________to alcohol.

Alcoholic do not just crave alcohol, they _______________________________________

when they do not have alcohol.

Alcoholism develops over time.

5. Stages of Alcoholism

Problem drinking – Begins with ________________________________________.

o Progresses to a regular pattern of abuse. A drinker cannot drink alcohol in

moderation or at appropriate times.

Tolerance – Alcohol _________________________________________________.

o A drinker needs more alcohol to produce the same effect.

Dependence – Body begins to _____________________ known as physical dependence.

o A drinker’s body needs alcohol to function.

Alcoholism – ___________________________to alcohol and _____________________.

o A drinker has lost control of his/her drinking behavior.

How do alcoholics affect other people than the alcoholic?

Family Society

Guilty feelings Alcohol leads to…

Car crashes

Drowning

Other accidents that kill or injure both

drinker and nondrinkers

Unpredictable behavior

Violence

Neglect or isolation

Protecting the alcoholic

Ignoring one’s own needs

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Notes

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Tobacco

1. What is the addictive drug found in all forms of tobacco?

2. Name the colorless, odorless gas found in cigarette smoke that blocks the oxygen from

getting into the bloodstream.

3. What is the cancer causing agent in tobacco?

4. List three short-term effects that can be seen very soon after a person begins to smoke:

a.

b.

c.

d. Increases blood sugar levels

e. Stimulates the vomit reflex

f. Smell like smoke

g. Loss of taste sensation

5. ________________________________________ – Physically and mentally needing tobacco

6. Define Bronchitis –

7. Define Emphysema –

8. ____________________________________________– Cancerous cells replicate and spread

9. Define Leukoplakia –

10. Other long-term effects include:

a. Reproductive System – Increased risk of impotence, infertility.

b. Gum Disease and Ulcers – Consequences are reinforced by the fact that most young

people who smoke regularly continue to smoke throughout adulthood

11. What is the difference between the following types of smoke?

a. Sidestream smoke –

b. Mainstream smoke – Smoke that is inhaled through a tobacco product and exhaled by a

tobacco smoker.

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c. Secondhand smoke –

12. How can tobacco use affect a pregnancy?

13. How does tobacco use affect families and society?

Costs the Family Money Costs Society Money

•

• Medical care

• Loss of wages •

•

•

• Funeral costs

14. What are some ways to quit smoking?

15. Benefits of Quitting:

a. Cardiovascular –

i. Blood pressure lowers and heart rate returns to normal immediately after

quitting tobacco use.

ii. Circulation improves and the risk of heart disease and stroke becomes similar

to that of nonsmokers

b. Respiratory –

i. Gradually, the cilia lining the air passages regain normal function.

ii. Breathing becomes easier as the lunge become free of tar, excess mucus, and

other debris

c. Psychological – People who quit usually feel…

i. Increased confidence

ii. They have regained control over their lives rather than allowing the tobacco to

control them

d. Benefits to Society – Tobacco use costs billions to society

i. These expenses pay for…

1. Healthcare for tobacco-related illnesses

2. Damages and injuries from smoking-related fires

3. Low of earnings from disease and early death

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16. Define E-Cigarettes –

17. What are some positive aspects and negative aspects of e-cigarettes?

Good Bad

• • E-Cigs are currently unregulated, meaning there is

no law forcing manufacturers to disclose what

other chemicals you are actually inhaling.

• Provides enhanced smoking sensation, allowing

users to smoke less but feel the same effects. •

• • Young people are attempting to bypass the vapor

and drink the liquid nicotine with deadly

consequences.

18. What are some of the benefits of being tobacco free?

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Notes