1. Chapters from reader: pp.55-59 Intro to Part III, Ch. 7 McAdam, Ch.9 Kurzman, pp.93-95 Intro to Part IV, Ch. 11 Whittier - Video clips about Freedom Summer

2. What makes the activists join movements while others (free riders) do not? Free riders can always benefit from the work of the activists without having to do the work themselves. So why should anyone join? Multiple explanations: individualistic/ personality Structural cultural 3. Crowd theory: alienated, frustrated people swept up in irrational behavior Movements provide incentives to entice people to join, so rational calculation Mass society: people join because they lack connections to organizations and networks 4. Are there certain social conditions that help explain why people become activists, independent of their personalities? Biographical availability (McAdam) Social networks include activists (McAdam) 5. Frame theory: activist communities collectively define meanings of problem and solution Collective identity or feeling part of the group helps explain participation as well Moral shocks: people protest because of a feeling of moral obligation 6. Recently, scholars of social movements argue for combining individual, structural, and cultural explanations Read paragraph at bottom of p.58 7. Weve already explored explanations for joining movements But why do people stay involved? Reasons for joining may differ from reasons for staying involved Many common processes within movements help motivate activists to continue their participation. See next slide for examples: 8. Movements commonly engage in these practices which creates a sense of solidarity among activists: Collective decision making Consciousness raising Group boundary maintenance (polarization frames) Collective empowerment (drama of experiencing mass protest)