Unit 3 Evolution

Chapters 13-16

History of Evolutionary Theory• Anaximander• Aristotle• Buffon• Lamarck• Lyell• Darwin• Wallace

Fossils

• Evidence of previously existing life• Usually found in sedimentary rock

Evidences•Fossils-strata-superposition•Homologous structures•Analogous structures•Vestigial structures•Biogeography•Embryological development•Molecular biology

Mosasaur

• Artificial Selection• Natural Selection

–variation–overproduction–limited resources–survival and reproduction of fittest

Population Genetics

Modern synthesisSpeciesMicroevolution

Mechanisms of Evolution

•Population genetics–gene pool–allelic frequency–genetic equilibrium

•Mutations

Bottleneck effect

Founder Effect

Conditions for Hardy Weinberg• No mutations• No migration• No natural selection• Random mating• Large population

Hardy-Weinberg Theorem

•p+ q = 1 •(p = frequency of dominant

allele, q = frequency of recessive allele)

•p2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1

Patterns of Evolution

•Stabilizing selection•Directional selection•Disruptive

(Diversifying)selection

Macroevolution

Fossil recordRadiometric datingPangeaSupercontinents 1.1 billion, 600 million, 250 million years ago

Precambrian Era

Conditions on primitive earth •Earth formed-4.5 billion yrs ago• life appeared-3.5 billion yrs ago•How?-Oparin (1924)•Atmosphere-methane, ammonia,

water vapor, hydrogen•energy-heat, radiation, lightning•Miller tested it in 1953

FOX

Meteorite have 1-% carbon compounds my mass4.5 billion year old chondrite contained more than 80 amino acidsDripping amino acids onto hot sand makes amino acid polymers

First Cells

•Heterotrophic prokaryotes•Autotrophic prokaryotes

–archaebacteria-chemosynthetic

–photosynthesizing prokaryotes-produced oxygen

Eukaryotes???

•Endosymbiont hypothesis–Symbiosis

mutualism-both benefitparasitism-1 helped, 1 hurt

commensalism-1 helped, 1 unaffected

Paleozoic Era

Permian Extinction•

- Permian Period (286-248 million years ago)

- Terrestrial faunal diversification occurred in the Permian

- 90-95% of marine species became extinct in the Permian

Mesozoic Era

Cretaceous extinction

• - Numerous evolutionary radiations occurred during the Cretaceous (144-65 million years ago)

- A major extinction occurred at the end of the period.

- 85% of all species died in the End-Cretaceous extinction

Chixulub crater112-mile (180-kilometer) wide, 3,000-foot (900-meter) deep impact crater, the result of a collision with a giant comet or asteroid on one of Earth's all-time worst days; seen from space shuttle w/ 3D imaging

IRIDIUM

• Day the Mesozoic Died

Cenozoic Era

Related concepts

•Adaptations•camouflage•mimicry•bacterial resistance to

antibiotics

Other Concepts

• Coevolution• Convergent Evolution• Gradualism• Punctuated Equilibrium

SPECIATION

•Geographic barrier

EVOLUTION OF PRIMATES

•OPPOSABLE THUMB•EYES IN FRONT•LARGEST BRAIN RELATIVE TO BODY SIZE

•ELBOW•SHOULDER

…………………………………………………………………………..•1ST- PURGATORIUS•PROSIMIANS

–SMALL BODIES–LEMURS, AYE-AYES, TARSIERS

•ANTHROPOIDS–MONKEYS, APES, HUMANS

ANTHROPOIDS•NEW WORLD MONKEYS

–PREHENSILE TAIL–CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA

•OLD WORLD MONKEYS–CAN LIVE IN COLD WEATHER

•APES–NO TAIL, LARGE BRAINS

APES

•CHIMPANZEES•GIBBONS•GORILLAS•ORANGUTANS•SIAMANGS

HUMANS• BIPEDAL• HOMINID• AUSTRALOPITHECINE• HOMO HABILIS• HOMO ERECTUS• Homo sapien

– NEANDERTHAL– CRO MAGNON---MODERN MAN

AUSTRALOPITHECINE

HOMOHABILIS

NEANDERTHAL

CRO MAGNON