UNIT 3: CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY Ethnic Segregation and Conflict Session 12 LEARNING TARGETS Define ethnocentrism Discuss de facto segregation Define de jure segregation Explain ethnic conflict during Identify causes of ethnic conflict Define ethnic-cleansing Discuss ethnic conflict in the former Yugoslavia Explain the ethnic conflict in Rwanda Identify global ethnic conflict SESSION 12 Ethnic Segregation and Conflict Ethnic groups usually have ties to a particular homeland that can lead to outbreaks of violence if a group feels threatened they may lose their land or have to share it with another group Ethnicity is strongest tie for local diversity against globalization. Even if globalization engulfs religion and language, ethnicity will likely remain Ethnocentrism: ones conviction of ethnic superiority (like racism for an ethnic group) can occur in countries and regions where ethnic diversity is high Ethnocentrism is often the direct cause of segregation and ethnic violence Ethnocentrism Session 12 De Facto Segregation: Segregation that occurs naturally due to the desire for groups to stay in ethnically homogenous communities also defined as ethnic clustering or ethnic enclaves Ethnic enclave: Voluntary residential segregation based on ethnicity (i.e. ethnic neighborhoods) Hispanic barrios China town Little Havana Little Italy De Facto segregation can happen on various scales: Regional Segregation in U.S. African Americans in SE and cities Hispanics in SW Asian Am in west (Hawaii, CA) American Indians in SW and plains Local Segregation in U.S. (within cities) African Americans highly clustered in cities ( of all Americans live in cities, but of all African Americans live in cities) Chicago is 1/3 African-AmericanIllinois 1/12 African-American Detroit is 4/5 African-AmericanMichigan 1/14 African-American Forms of Segregation Session 12 De Jure Segregation: Legalized and enforced separation of ethnic groups (usually minorities) often highly discriminatory and fueled by racism/ethnocentrism. Jim Crow Era in American history established by Plessy v. Ferguson that established separate but equal in the South which supported segregation until the Brown v. BOE decision in 1954 Nazi ghettos set up before and during World War II which required the Jews and other ethnic groups be confined to specific neighborhoods and wear special identification. Apartheid in South Africa where the African population faced various restrictions from the white minority government including residential segregation and prohibition from voting and inter-marriage eventually ending with the election of Nelson Mandela in De Jure segregation still exists but in minor cases globally Forms of Segregation Session 12 Check for Understanding: Student Discussion What is ethnocentrism? How does it form? How is it different than racism? What is de facto segregation? What are ethnic enclaves? What are examples of de facto segregation? What is de jure segregation? What are historic examples of it? Ethnic conflict has been occurring amongst groups for thousands of year beginning in pre-historic civilizations In recorded history, large empires have been able to control a number of different ethnic groups within its boundaries with varying levels of success The World Wars were directly caused by highly militarized nations fighting for superiority with a focus on destroying their ethnic rivals The Nazis accentuated the idea of ethnocentrism and ethnic cleansing Hitler targeted any number of ethnic groups including Jews, Poles, Slavs, etc. Japan similarly committed atrocities against the Chinese as well as the Koreans History of Ethnic Conflict Session 12 The last 25 years has seen a resurgence of ethnic violence especially with the conclusion of the Cold War and the collapse of Communism as well as the Arab Spring What leads to Ethnic Conflict? Nationalism and competition amongst groups Unrepresented ethnic groups within a country being oppressed Formation of new states after the break-up of another Yugoslavia, USSR, Czechoslovakia (example of a peaceful resolution) Border disputes Over 90% of worlds countries contain more than one ethnicity and all countries share borders with other ethnicities. Many otherwise cohesive ethnic groups have been artificially divided by political boundaries Scramble for Africa imposed boundaries across ethnic/tribal groups who were not hostile with one another until they were placed in the same state. Causes of Ethnic Conflict Session 12 Causes of Ethnic Conflict Session 12 In worst cases ethnic conflict can lead to ethnic cleansing process by which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes less powerful ethnic group in order to create ethnic homogeneity. Can be achieved by Forced migration - push out, burn homes, destroy towns Genocide: premeditated effort to kill all from certain ethnic group (Holocaust) Sub Sahara Africa and Balkans especially plagued with ethnic violence have been the sites of the most recent occurrences of ethnic cleansing and acts genocide Bosnia, Rwanda and Darfur Ethnic Cleansing Session 12 Ethnic composition of Yugoslavia in 1981 Serbs36.3% Croats19.7% Bosniak-Muslims 8.9% Slovenes 7.8% Albanian-Kosovars7.7% Macedonians6.0% Yugoslavs5.4% Montenegrins2.6% Hungarians1.9% Roma (Gypsies)0.7% Turks0.5% Slovaks0.4% Romanians0.2% Bulgarians0.2% Italians0.1% Other1.7% Why was Yugoslavia a bad idea? Ethnic Violence: Yugoslavia Session 12 Formation: In 1918 following the end of WWI, Yugoslavia was founded which included seven distinct ethnic groupsSerbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Bosniaks, and Kosovars (Albanians) as well as a number of other ethnic groups)within its boundaries Belgrade (in Serbia) is made the capitalsignificance? Differences also existed in language and alphabet, and religion Early Ethnic Conflict: During the Second World War, the Nazis conquered the country splintering it, with some aiding the Axis (Croatia) and others the Allies (Serbia led by Josip Tito) Croats helped Nazi Germans round up and kill Serbs during WW II Cold War Stability: Under the leadership of its dictator Josip Tito ethnic animosities were subdued, forged Yugoslav identity and virtually held Yugoslavia together for several decades Post-Tito: Tito dies in 1980, but Serb dominated Yugoslavia is still united by Communism until its collapse in 1991 when the country began to become politically unstable and ethnically volatile. Ethnic Violence: Yugoslavia Session 12 First Fragmentation: In 1991, Slovenia departed Yugoslavia first with little violence due to its primarily homogenous population. Macedonia has similar results due to a lack of a Serbian population and UN presence Ethnic Hostilities Begin: Also in 1991, Croatia declared independence this time sparking war with the Yugoslavian government due to the Serbian population living within its borders. A brutal war between the two sides will last 4 years and lead to the deaths of 20,000 soldiers and civilians. Ethnic Warfare in Bosnia: When Muslim Bosniaks declared their independence in 1992 it became the focal point of ethnic strife due to its diverse population. 40% Muslim, 32% Serb, 18% Croat Bosnian-Serbs and Bosnian- Croats want to join with Croatia and Serbia. To strengthen claim, ethnically cleanse Bosnian Muslims. Ethnic Violence: Yugoslavia Session 12 Ethnic Violence: Yugoslavia Session 12 Ethnic Violence in Bosnia: Both Serbs and Croats were guilty of various atrocities during the war in Bosnia, but forms ethnic cleansing and acts of genocide were perpetrated mainly by the Serbs. Most notably the massacre of 8,000 Bosniak men and boys outside the town of Srebrenica Ending the War: UN presence and NATO airstrikes finally brought the conflict to an end with the Dayton Agreement in Ethnic Conflict in Kosovo: In 1998 the southern province of Serbia and Montenegro was 90% Albanian. When ethnic Albanians declared independence, Serbs use ethnic cleansing to push them off land into the nation of Albania. US and NATO bombed Serbia and forced Serbia to withdraw from Kosovo. Ethnic Violence: Yugoslavia Session 12 Casualties of War: An estimated 100,000 were killed in violence the majority in which 68,000 were ethnic Bosniaks and of that nearly 26,000 were civilians Territorial Results: Bosnia-Herzegovina gained its independence but remained fragmented ethnically and politically Bosnian Serbs = 33% pop got 50% country Bosnian Croats = 18% pop got 25%country Bosnian Muslims = 44% pop got 27% country Outcomes of the War: Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic was arrested in 2001 and many Serbian generals are charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court Milosevic dies of a heart attack while awaiting trial at the Hague Balkanization has become the term used to mean the breakdown of a state through ethnic conflict Ethnic Violence: Yugoslavia Session 12 Video: Ghosts of Rwanda We will watch the documentary Ghosts of Rwanda Students will fill in their video guide: 10 points (Those who miss this will be required to watch it at home through Loudoun Vision) Ethnic Conflicts Session 12 Activity: Global Ethnic Conflicts Using the reading, identify and define various ethnic conflicts and fill out the graphic organizer provided Ethnic Conflicts Session 12 NEXT CLASS TEST: UNIT 3