Unit 3Chapter 14

Kinesiology

Kinesiology

• The multidisciplinary study of physical activity or movement; encompasses anatomy, biomechanics, physiology, psychomotor behavior, and social and cultural factors.

• Kinesiology is “The study of Movement” – how the body moves, by way of its joints and related structures with a focus on exercise stress, movement efficiency, and fitness.

Articulation System

• The articular system is a series of joints that allow movement of the human body.

• This series of joints, combined with the neuromuscular system, enables locomotion.

• Joint articulation – when two bones come into contact; connecting point of two bones.

Arthrology

The study of joints

Two Functions of Joints

1. Allow motion

2. Provide stability

Three Classifications of Joints

1. Synarthroses, or immovable

2. Amphiarthroses, or slightly moveable

3. Diarthroses, or freely moveable also known as Synovial Joints

6 Types of Synovial Joints

1. Pivot Jointa) Bones move

around a central axis

b) Rotational movement

c) Examples: radius/ulna

2. Gliding Joint

a) Sliding motion – back and forth/side to side

b) Carpals of wrist, tarsals of ankle, also between the vertebrae

3. Hinge Joint

a) Only allows extension and flexionb) Example: Knee, elbow, and phalanges of the

fingers and toesc) Distinguishing feature – Convex surface of

one bones fits into the concave surface of another.

4. Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joint

• Distinguishing features: bones can move about in many directions, but cannot rotate.

• Examples: Metacarpals, phalanges(fingers and toes), metatarsals

5. Ball and Socket Joint

• Widest range of movement

• Examples: Hips and Shoulders

6. Saddle Joint

• When two bones have both concave and convex regions with the two bones complementing each other.

• The only saddle joint in the body is the thumb which allows opposition.

Movements of Diarthroses (Synovial Joints)

• Flexion• Extension• Hyperextension• Abduction• Adduction• Rotation• Circumduction

Movements of Synovial Joints cont..

• Supination• Pronation• Plantar flexion• Dorsiflexion• Inversion• eversion• Protraction

Synovial Joint movement cont..

• Retraction• Elevation• Depression• Opposition

Disorders of Joints

• Disorders of the joint are common.• Generally due to overuse or stress on the joint

– Athletes especially• Other disorders of the joints are genetic or

due to aging

Bursitis

• Bursitis – common in shoulders, hip, and elbow

• If chronic – can lead to degeneration and atrophy – joint becomes stiff

Arthritis

• Inflammation of the whole joint – tissue, cartilage, bone, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, blood supply, etc.

• 100 varieties 10% will experience w/out a cure• Treatment – Analgesics for pain

Rheumatic Fever

• Bacterial infection

• If undetected in children – can get into blood an be carried to joints – Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Tissue disorder – severe inflammation of small joints – hands, feet,

• Can be genetic, autoimmune reaction• Connective tissue and membranes of the joint

grow abnormally causing the two bones to fuse together

Primary Fibrositis

• Inflammation of the fibrous connective tissue in the joint.

• Commonly called Rheumatism.• If in the lower back – called Lumbago

Osteoarthritis

• Also known as Degenerative joint disease• Occurs with age – especially with people in

70s• More common in overweight people – affect

the weight bearing joints• Treatment – mild exercise

Gout

• Accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joint at the base of large toe and other joints of the feet and legs.

• More common in men than women• Waste products can also accumulate in the

kidneys, causing kidney damage

Anatomical Planes

• Coronal (Frontal Plane) - Divides the body into anterior and posterior

• Sagittal Plane – divides the body into right and left sides

• Axial Plane(Transverse Plane) divides the body into upper and lower

Closed Kinematic Chain

• Squat, pull up, push-up, walking

Open kinematic Chain

• Seated leg ext., waving hand, kicking a ball,