UNIT 2

LITERATURE

In this unit, we will work on…

• Vocabulary: Literary genres

Compound nouns

• Grammar: Past Simple and Continuous

Past Perfect

Time expressions with the Past Perfect

• Reading: ‘Dog Star’: a short story

A success story

• Listening: Book or film?

• Speaking: Talking about books

Asking for and giving opinions

• Writing: A book review

Describing books

• Our project: Our oral presentations

Vocabulary 1: Literary Genres

• Play: obra de teatre• Adventure (book/ novel): llibre/ novel.la d’aventures• Romantic novel: novela romàntica• Biography: biografia• Autobiography: autobiografia• Science fiction / sci-fi (book): (llibre) de ciència ficció• Fantasy: de fantasia• Thriller: de thriller (misteri i suspens)• Non-fiction: no-ficció• Poetry: poesia• Comic: comic• Crime (story / novel): història/ novel.la de crim• Short story: història curta• Historical fiction: ficció històrica

Vocabulary 2: Compound Nouns

NOUN + NOUN• Book deal: ‘pacte literari’ (quan

un autor negocia les condicionsde publicació del seu llibre)

• School holiday: vacances escolars

• Postcard: postal

• Computer program: programa d’ordinador

• Bookshop: llibreria

• Love letter: carta d’amor

• Text message: missatge de text

• Audiobook: audiollibre

ADJECTIVE + NOUN

• Social life: vida social

• Best-seller: èxit de vendes

• Popular press: premsapopular/populista

• Secondary school: escolasecundària

• Public library: biblioteca pública

• Graphic novel: novel.la gràfica

PAST SIMPLE FORM

AFFIRMATIVE+

NEGATIVE-

QUESTIONS?

SHORT ANSWERS

USE We use the Past Simple to talk about events in the past.

TO BE I /he / she / itWAS (era / estava)

You / we / theyWERE

I /he / she / itWASN’T

You / we / theyWEREN’T

(QW) + WAS / WERE + Subject

(S) ?

Were you at school?

Yes, subject + WAS /WERE

NO, subject + WASN’T / WEREN’T

OTHER VERBSv -ed

S + (Reg. V.)

Irregular V.

I PLAYED chess.I WENT home.

S + DIDN’T + V

I DIDN’T PLAY…I DIDN’T GO…

(QW) + DID + SUBJECT +

Verb?

What DID youdo?

DID he PLAY?

Yes, S + DIDNO, S + DIDN’T

-Yes, he DID.No, he DIDN’T.

IMPORTANT!

• USE: We use the Past Simple to talk about short actions in the PAST.

• -ed formation rules:

1. Vb. + -ed play + -ed = played / discover = discovered

2. V- consonant + -e + -d explore = explored

3. One syllable V- ending in cons. + vowel + cons. We

double the last consonant.

stop + -ed = stopped travel + -ed = travelled

4. Vb. Consonant + -y -ied

Cry + -ed = cried try + -ed = tried

PAST CONTINUOUS FORM

AFFIRMATIVE + NEGATIVE -

Subject + WAS / WERE + V-ing

She was reading a fantastic book.

Subject + WASN’T / WEREN’T + V-ing

She wasn’t chatting on the Internet.

I WAS READINGJo estava llegint

I WAS NOT / WASN’T READINGJo no estava llegint

You WERE READINGTu estaves llegint

You WERE NOT / WEREN’T READINGTu no estaves llegint

HeShe WAS READINGItEll/a estava llegint

HeShe WASN’T READINGItEll/a no estava llegint

WeYou WERE READINGThey

Nosaltres estàvem / vosaltres estàveuElls/-es estaven llegint

WeYou WEREN’T READINGThey

Nosaltres no estàvem / vosaltres no estàveu / Ells/-es no estaven llegint

PAST CONTINUOUS FORM QUESTIONS ? SHORT ANSWERS (sh.a.)

(Question + WAS / + subject + verb –ing?Word - QW) WERE

What were you doing ?Was he listening to music?

Yes, subject + WAS /WERENO, subject + WASN’T / WEREN’T

-Yes, he was. // No, he wasn’t.

WAS I PLAYING?Estava jo jugant?

Yes, I WAS.No, I WASN’T.

WERE you PLAYING?Estaves tu jugant?

Yes, I WAS.No, I WASN’T.

HeWAS She PLAYING?

ItEll/a estava jugant?

Yes, he / she / it WAS.No, he / she /it WASN’T.

WeWERE You PLAYING?

TheyNosaltres estàvem / vosaltres estàveu /

ells/-es estaven jugant?

Yes, we WERE.No, we WEREN’T.

Yes, they WERE.No, they WEREN’T.

IMPORTANT!

• USE: We use the Past Continuous to talk about actions in progress in the PAST.

• Gerund formation rules:

1. V- + -ing play + -ing = playing / study + -ing = studying

2. V- consonant + -e + -ing come + -ing = coming

3. One syllable V- ending in cons. + vowel + cons. We

double the last consonant.

stop + -ing = stopping swim + -ing = swimming

4. Irregular forms:

Die + -ing = dying Lie + -ing = lying

PAST SIMPLE vs. CONTINUOUSPAST SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS

WE USE IT FOR …• Short finished actions

Mike BROKE his leg.• Longer actions

I WAS HAVING a shower.

• An event that interrupts a longer action

WHEN she ARRIVEDQuan ella va arrivar

everybody WAS DANCING.tothom estava ballant.

WHEN + Past Simple(quan)

My father was cooking (Past Cont.)

when I got home.(Past S.)

El meu pare estava cuinant quan vaig arribar a casa.

WHILE + PAST CONT.(mentre)

While my father was cooking, my mother (Past Cont.)

was fixing the lights.

Mentre que el meu pare estava cuinant, la meva mare estava arreglant les llums.

PAST PERFECT FORM

AFFIRMATIVE + NEGATIVE -

Subject + HAD + past participle (V-ed/3rd column)

She had read a fantastic book.

Subject + HADN’T + past participle (V-ed/3rd column)

She hadn’t read on the Internet.

I HAD READJo havia llegit

I HADN’T READJo havia llegit

You HAD READTu havies llegit

You HADN’T READTu no havies llegit

HeShe HAD READItEll/a havia llegit

HeShe HADN’T READItEll/a no havia llegit

WeYou HAD READThey

Nosaltres havíem / vosaltres havíeuElls/-es havien llegit

WeYou HADN’T READThey

Nosaltres no havíem / vosaltres no havíeu / ells/-es no havien llegit

• We use the past perfect to talk about an action that happened before another action in the past

PAST PERFECT FORM QUESTIONS ? SHORT ANSWERS (sh.a.)

(Question + HAD + subject + p. part. ?Word –QW)

What had you done ?Had he listened to music?

Yes, subject + HADNO, subject + HADN’T

-Yes, he had. // No, he hadn’t.

HAD I PLAYED?Havia jugat?

Yes, I HAD.No, I HADN’T.

HAD you PLAYED?Havies jugat?

Yes, I HAD.No, I HADN’T.

HeHAD She PLAYED?

ItEll/a havia jugat?

Yes, he / she / it HAD.No, he / she /it HADN’T.

WeHAD You PLAYED?

TheyNosaltres havíem / vosaltres havíeu / ells/-

es havien jugat?

Yes, we HAD.No, we HADN’T.

Yes, they HAD.No, they HADN’T.

Time expressions with thePast Perfect

• By the time: en el moment

By the time we arrived, the film had started

• After: després

We arrived after the film had started

• Before: abans

The film had started before we arrived

• Already: ja

The film had already started when we arrived

• By then: en el temps/moment

We arrived at 7 pm. By then the film had started