Unit 2: Latin American Revolutions & The Rise of Nationalism

Chapter 24

I. Latin American Colonial Society

A. Influenced by French Revolution, Enlightenment, and American Revolution

B. Similarly unjust social structure

cture

Only ones who could hold political office

II. Revolutions in Latin America

A. Haiti 1. French colony: enslaved nearly 500,000 Africans on plantations

2. August 1791: led by Toussaint L’Ouverture

a. Purposefully timed at the same time as the revolution in France b. L’Ouverture removed from power in 1802, but colony freed in 1804

i. First black colony to free itself from European control

B. The Spanish colonies

1. Revolutions led by Creoles a. Best educated of all classes—

read about and adopted Enlightenment ideals after travel to Europe

b. Inspired to revolt after Napoleon took over Spain in the PeninsularWar and put his brother on thethrone—felt no loyalty to a FrenchKing

2. Venezuela a. Led by Simon Bolivar: defeated the

Spanish in 1821 after a march over the Andes Mountains

2. Venezuela

3. Argentina

a. Technically independent since 1816, but still threatened by Spanish forces in

Chile and Perub. Revolutionary leader José de San Martín met

up with Simon Bolivar

i. San Martin handed over control of Argentinian armies to Bolivar: defeated the Spanish at the Battle ofAyacucho

4. Mexico

a. Unique because revolution was led bymestizos/mulattos, not creoles

i. Due to the fact that ethnic and racial groups mixed more freely

b. Padre Miguel Hidalgo (priest): rang the bells of the village church and called for rebellion against the Spanish peninsulares

i. “Grito de Dolores” (Cry of Dolores)

ii. Easily gained followers because he was poor, but well-educated

iii. Developed army of over 80,000 mestizos and mulattos:

c. Defeats for the rebels i. Spanish army defeated Hidalgo in 1811--Rebel

army taken over by Padre José Maria Morelos (another priest)

ii. Morelos defeated in 1815 by a creole officer, Agustín de Iturbide: Spanish appeared to be winning the war

d. 1820: The tide turns i. Revolution in Spain: new ruling party was very

liberal, and Spanish colonists feared losing their rights—creoles joined the independence movement, led by de Iturbide

aa. Mexican independence declared in 1821

C. Brazil

1. Portuguese colony until 1822

2. Unique revolution: very little bloodshed

a. Supported in its independence by amember of the Portuguesecrown

III. Revolutions in Europe

A. Congress of Vienna tried to minimize the spreadof French revolutionary ideals: restore previous monarchies and territorial divisions that existed

prior to Napoleon’s wars

1. Successful: no more international wars

2. Unsuccessful: Enlightenment ideas about self-rule had already spread

B. Philosophical Conflicts

1. Conservatives: Wealthy property owners andnobility, pro-monarchy

2. Liberals: middle-class business leaders andmerchants: favored elected parliaments, but only wanted to give the vote to landowners

3. Radicals: Favored drastic changes to extend democracy to all people of all social classes

C. Nationalism: Developed out of debates between 3 philosophies

1. Usually favored by liberals or radicalsmajor challenge to conservative ideals of monarchy

2. Belief that the people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a ruler, but to the idea of a state—a nation of people who share a common history

a. Only England and Spain functioned as nation-states: other regions were not yet fully united

D. Challenges to conservative power

1. 1830s uprisings

a. “Old Order” that Congress of Vienna triedto preserve was actively breaking down

b. Liberals and radicals actively challengingconservatives across Europe: riots in Belgium, Italy, Poland

i. Eventually crushed, but not for long

2. Revolutions of 1848

a. Ethnic uprisings (map pg. 679) led to political instability

b. Constant see-saw between liberal gains andconservative re-takeovers

c. Overall: Failed to do much to unite countries into nation-states…

d. …Except in France…

e. …and in Russia

i. Was deeply behind the rest ofEurope in terms of modernization

ii. Czar Alexander II began movingRussia towards industrializationafter a humiliating defeat in theCrimean War: freed the serfs

IV. Artistic Revolutions

A. Romanticism1. Deep interest in nature

a. Especially “untamed” nature and a“simpler” time

2. Focus on thoughts/feelings and emotionrather than reason

a. Idealized the past, the supernatural,folk tales

3. Writinga. Wordsworth, Lord Byron, John Keats,Victor Hugo

i. Fairy tales, passionate love, rebellious heroes, tragedy

b. Gothic novels: Frankenstein4. Composers

a. Movement away from tightly controlled, formal “rules”

b. Beethoven, Schumann, Chopin, Wagneri. Dramatic, theatrical, use of minor chords

B. Realism

1. Showed life as it was, not how it should be

2. Opposite of romanticism

3. Photography: new art of the industrial era

4. Writers

a. Described struggle for wealth and powerdocumented political struggles

i. Dickens: London’s working poor

C. Impressionism

1. Rebellion against realism

2. Tried to show their impression of a subject or a moment in time

a. Pure, shimmering colors and use of light

3. More positive view of new society than Realists a. Monet, Degas, Renoir: artists

4. Composers: music evoked particular sensations—flashing lights, sea waves

a. Debussy

D. ALL of these changes were a result of industialization