Unit 2 Unit 2 FootballFootball

Part I

Listening and Speaking Activi

ties

Part II

Reading Comprehension and

Language Activities

Part III Extended Activities

Part II Reading Comprehension and

Language Activities

Pre-reading Tasks

Notes

Translation

Comprehension work

Language work (A, B, C)

Part II Reading Comprehension and Language Activities

Pre-reading Tasks What was the original form of modern football?

How did the early football evolve into its modern form?

Which of the following words would you use to describe today’s football ?

spectacular impressive boring sensational

dull Fast-moving dangerous thrilling

violent barbarous exciting slow

Text

Football is a very old game. The ancient Romans, Chinese, and Mexicans all played games where men kicked a ball. For the Romans it was a war game, in which two teams of soldiers would use whatever force was necessary to get the ball across either of two defended lines. The Roman Empire has long since vanished, but the violent pastime of the armies has continued---and can still be quite violent.

In the Middle Ages, some kind of “football” was popular in Italy, France, England, and Scotland, but it was such a dangerous game that kings actually banned it, and for 300 years it suffered greatly from official disapproval. Nevertheless, in 1613, the King of England permitted himself to be entertained in an English village with “music and a football match,” and, a few years later, the English dictator Oliver Cromwell played football when he was at university.

Football

Turn to p.19, and listen to the text.Turn to p.19, and listen to the text. Turn to p.19, and listen to the text.Turn to p.19, and listen to the text.

By the end of the 18th century, however, the game was in real danger of dying out in Western Europe. Curiously enough, it was the English “public” school that saved it from extinction. The rich young men at these schools (which were in fact private rather than public) had nowhere to hunt, fish, ride or otherwise use up their energies; all they could do outside school hours was kick a ball in the schools’ open spaces. They played the game that they had often seen played on village greens, the game that kings had banned. Gradually each school began to evolve its own special style and rules.

Football

Football

By the time of Queen Victoria, enthusiastic schoolboys were writing out rules for what had once been no more than violent military or village fun. They also took the game with them to the universities. But more rules were needed so that people who had played very different kinds of football at school could play together successfully at university. This was how the Football Association came into being. One public school, however, refused to co-operate. Its delegates objected to the new universal game. This school---Rugby---left the new association to play its own game with its own oval-shaped ball that could be carried as well as kicked. In this way, football and rugby were born and went their separate ways.

In 1863, the Football Association approve a game that outlawed carrying and kept the ball at men’s feet. The game still had a long way to go, however, before it would be the football watched by millions around the world on television during the World Cup. Whole teams would rush back and forward on the field with the ball kept close at their feet; there were no passes or long kicks, and some of the rules used in those days were still nearer rugby than football. By the early 1870s, however, the fast, exciting, and open game of modern Association football was beginning to appear. The goal became standard, with a hard crossbar instead of a long piece of tape, and the goalkeeper was the only person permitted to use hands to play. In the process, football changed irrevocably from a gentleman’s weekend exercise to the greatest spectator sport in the history of the human race.

Football

long since: a long time before the present timee.g. He has long since forgiven her for what she did. 他早就已经原谅她做过的事了。She had long since moved away. 她很早就搬走了。

ban: vt. to officially forbid sth.ban sb. from sth./doing sth.

e.g. Smoking is banned in office.

在办公室里禁止吸烟。He has been banned from d

riving for a year.他被禁止驾驶一年。

permit sth.permit sb. To do sth.permit sb. Sth.e.g.1.The rule of the club do not permit alcohol.俱乐部规定不许饮酒。2. please permit me to offer you some advice.请允许我给你一些建议。3. I permitted myself a wry smile. 我勉强苦笑了一下。

entertain 1. to interest and amuse sb. in order to please thementertain sb. with sth. e.g. The teacher entertained us for hours with her storied and jokes.老师既讲故事又说笑话，逗得我们乐了几个小时。

2. to invite people to eat or drink with you as guests esp. at homee.g. The smiths entertain a great deal.史密斯家经常款待客人。

be in danger of (doing) sth: be in a situation when it is possible you may be killed or injured by sth dangerouse.g. Some of the children were in danger of starvation in our country .

在我国一些孩子有饿死的危险。He is in danger of losing his job.他有可能失业。

save sb./sth. (from sth./doing sth.): make or keep sb/sth safe ( from death, harm, loss, etc) e.g. The policeman saved the little girl from falling into the river.这位警察救下一个眼看要落水的小女孩。

use up ： to use all of sth. So that there is none left.e.g. who has used up all the paper?谁把纸用完了？

e.g.

1. This first worker’s league came into being.

第一个工人联盟就这样产生了。

2. The Red Army came into being after the defeat of the first great revolution.

红军是第一次大革命失败后诞生的。

come into being/existence: enter into a state, activity

object: vi. to feel or say that you oppose or disapprove of something e.g. His supporters will certainly object if he is fired.

如果他被解雇了，他的支持者当然会反对。

I object to such treatment/to being treated like this.

遭到如此待遇，我表示抗议。

outlaw: to completely stop something by making it illegal e.g. Drugs like opium have been outlawed except for medical purposes.

像鸦片一类的药物除用于医疗外均为非法。

Slavery was not officially outlawed in Australia until 1895.

直到 1895 年奴隶制度才在澳大利亚被正式宣布为非法

足球是一项很古老的运动。古罗马人、中国人和墨西哥人都玩踢球的游戏。对罗马人而言足球是一场战争游戏，在这场游戏中，两支士兵队用任何可能的暴力使球突破对方的防线。罗马帝国早已灰飞烟灭，但这种军营的暴力游戏仍在继续——并且还相当凶暴。

中世纪，有一种“足球”盛行于意大利、法兰西、英格兰和苏格兰，但由于这种游戏很危险，所以国王们下令将它禁止了，长达 300 年足球一直遭受官方的强烈反对。然而， 1613 年英格兰国王自己却破例在乡下欣赏“音乐和足球比赛”。数年后，英国独裁者奥立佛•克伦威尔在大学期间就踢自己玩起了足球。

足球

然而，到了 18世纪末，足球在西欧真正濒临消失的危险。奇怪的是，英国“公学”将它从灭绝中救了回来。这些公学（其实是私立学校）里富有的年轻人无处狩猎、钓鱼、骑马或用别的什么来消耗体力；课外他们能做的就是在学校空地上踢球。他们玩的就是他们经常在乡下草地上看到的游戏，也就是被国王禁止的那种游戏。渐渐地每个学校都开始形成自己独特的风格和规定。

到了维多利亚时代，热情的中学生们开始为过去一直属于军队或乡村的粗野游戏起草规则。他们还把这种游戏带到了大学。为了让在中学踢法各异的足球运动得以在大学顺利进行，需要确立更多的规则。这样，足协便应运而生。然而有一所公学拒绝合作。该校代表反对这种新的大众化的游戏。这所学校—— Rugby（“英式橄榄球” rugby即源自该校名——译注）——抛开新协会而按自己的方式用一种椭圆形球来玩，这种球可以用脚踢，也可以用手拿。于是，足球和橄榄球就此诞生并分道扬镳了。

足球

1863年足协批准了一项规定：禁止用手持球，只能用脚控球。这种足球和今天千百万人通过电视收看的世界杯赛的足球还有很大的差别。那时整个球队可以脚下带球在场上前后乱跑，没有过人，也没有长传，而且那时的有些规则更像橄榄球的而不像足球的。到 19世纪 70年代初，快速、刺激和野外的英式足球开始出现。球门标准化了，坚硬的球门横木取代了一根长带子，而守门员是唯一能用手持球的人。在这个过程中，足球不可避免地在人类历史上从一项绅士的周末运动发展成为最伟大的群众运动。

足球

Comprehension work (Questions for discussion )

1.What was the earliest form of football like and how was it played?

2.What was the official attitude towards the game in some western European countries before 1613?

3.What did King James do to football in 1613?

4.How did the schoolboys rescue the old village game of football from extinction?

Comprehension work (Questions for discussion )

5.What was the result when the schoolboys took the game to universities?

6.How did the game “Rugby” come into being?

7.What did the FA do in 1863 that made the game more similar to the modern style?

8.What were the changes introduced into football after the 1870s?

Language work (A, p. 21)1.extinction

2.vanished, violent

3.permit

4.had nowhere, open spaces/greens, use up, no more than

5.came into being, universal, objected to, went their separate ways, evolves

Language work (B, p.22)

1.They objected strongly on religious grounds to this new law.

2.The doctor went into his office to write out a birth certificate.

3.When did the universe come into being?

4.The traditional grocer’s shops are dying out now that there are so many supermarkets.

Language work (B, p.22)

5.The brush with a long handle will save you from having to bend down to clean the floor.

6.Mother told me not to use up all the flour in the bag.

7.Housing and sanitary conditions have improved greatly in recent years, but there is still a long way to go.

8.They used to love each other so much, but now, after the divorce, they are like strangers going their separate ways.

Language work (C, p.23)1.a. The truth has long since become apparent,

but they just won’t believe it.

b. The deadline for applying for the job has long since passed, but application letters till pour in.

c. I’ve long since forgotten what she said in the quarrel, but she frequently refers to my words.

Language work (C, p.23)

2.a.The panda is in danger of dying out in the wild.

b. Many people are in danger of losing their jobs in the economic crisis.

c. The bridge was in danger of being washed away by the flood.

Language work (C, p.9)

3.a. They live in a room of no more than 15 square meters.

b. She wrote a long report for what had been no more than a trivial matter.

c. In the kindergarten every child would be praised in class for what was no more than a small progress.

Language work (C, p.23)

4.a.The United Nations passed a resolution that outlawed the use of poison gas in wars.

b. Nobody objects to the proposal that outlaws the selling of cigarettes to adolescents.

c. The congress unanimously voted for a resolution that outlawed the politically radical organization.

Language work (C, p.23)5.a. In the process human

civilization irrevocably developed from matriarchal society to patriarchal society.

b. The planned economy in our country changed irrevocably in the process into a market economy.

c. Darwin tells us that it is an irrevocable fact that the fit will replace the unfit in the development of the world.

Part III Extended Activities

Dictation

Read more

Grammar work

Word formation

Vocabulary work

Translation

Dictation Script of the Dictation In the 1970s, Pele retired from the national

team of Brazil and became a professional player for a team in New York. Soccer wasn’t very popular in the United States at that time. Few North Americans knew about this fast-moving sport. There was no money to pay professional players, and there was little interest in soccer in the high schools and colleges. When Pele and other international stars began playing in various U.S. cities, people saw how interesting the game was and began to go to the matches. Today there is a professional league called the North American Soccer League. It is common for important games to have fifty to sixty thousand fans.

Read more True/False/Not Mentioned

Answers: F, F, NM, NM, T, F, T, F

Topics for discussion

1. What is the most important factor that makes football a popular sport in the world in the present day?

2. Comment on the future of football in China.

3. What is your opinion about football as a professional sport?

Grammar work1. Original: The apple trees in our new garden look

like not more than a branch. They are too young to bear fruit.

Correct: The apple trees in our new garden look like no more than (or nothing more than/ not … much more than) a branch. They are too young to bear fruit.

2. Original: We met Jane but no Elizabeth. Correct: We met Jane but not Elizabeth.3. Original: The FA developed football and standar

dised. Correct: The FA developed and standardized foot

ball.

Grammar work4.Original: You may speak both English and

Chinese at the meeting. Correct: You may speak either English or

Chinese at the meeting.5.Original: These boys not only play football

very well, but rugby . Correct: These boys not only play football,

but play rugby as well/too.6.Original: James is not a good player as his

father. Correct: James is not as good a player as

his father is.7.Original: Either Tom and Jim has your pen.

Correct: Either Tom or Jim has your pen.

Word formation Answers: 1.a thing (the stove on which you cook);

the person who cooks is a cook/chef. 2.a thing; the person who types is a typist.3.a person or a thing; a person who has a

ticket, e.g. for a football match; a kind of wallet for holding tickets, such as a 30-day pass for the bus.

4.a thing5.a person or a thing; a person who

cleans; a substance of instrument for cleaning

6.a person or a thing; a person who smokes; a short name for a seat in the smoking area of a public place.

7.a person, someone who drinks a lot of alcoholic beverage.

8.a person, who is in charge of some work

Vocabulary work (The milestones of life)

Answers 1.by

2.record 3.holds 4.beat

5.defeated 6.score

7.take up/give up

Translation 1.He thinks that the marriage between

them is no more than a business deal. 2.He used up all the money he had. 3.The young man saved your daughter

from drowning.4.She had absolutely nowhere to go, so

she read some old books at home. 5.“Will I ever be as good a player as

Geoff?” “Perhaps, but you still have a long way to go before that day comes.”

6.He is in danger of losing his job. 7.The practice of employing children to

work in factories has nearly died out in many countries.