Unit 2 – Chapter 18 Finding Order in Diversity Mr. Hines

Part A – Finding Order in DiversityLearning Targets I can

1 I can explain why classification is important2 I can explain how living things are classified.3 Classify living things using the Linnaeus System4 Create a cladogram based on physical similarities.5 Recognize problems with the Linnaeus System.6 Explain evolutionary classification7 Distinguish between Autotrophs and Heterotrophs.8 Distinguish between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Part B – Kingdoms and Domains9 List the 3 domains and distinguish between them.10 List the kingdoms within the domain Eukarya and distinguish between them.11 Classify and compare the major divisions of animals12 Define and classify vertebrates.13 Explain how bacteria can be helpful and harmful to living things.14 Use a Dichotomous key

Target 1 – I can explain why classification is important

A. Order From Chaos1. When you need a new pair of shoes, what do you do? You walk into a shoe store past the tens or hundreds of pairs of shoes you don’t want and straight to the kind you do want. 2. How do you find them? 3. Shoes are organized in the store in __________________. 4. People organize objects by grouping similar objects together.

5. Where else can you think of that is based on categories? ______________________________

B. Why do we need classification?What would you call this animal?

6. This animal has a scientific name – or genus and species Felis concolor7. In other words, you can call it whatever you want, but its _____________ name is Felis concolor.8. Felis concolor will be the name for this animal all over the world… because this is its scientific name.

C. What is classification? - Putting things into categories (classes)1. To study the diversity of life, biologists use a ____________________system to name organisms and

group them in a logical manner.2. Many organisms have what is known as a “common name.”3. A common name might include dog, cat, rabbit, or snake.4. That is not good enough, because there are ___________________kinds of dogs, cats, rabbits, and snakes.

Target 2 – I can explain how living things are classified.

A. Taxonomy

1. The scientific naming of all organisms on the planet is called “_________________.”2. Taxonomy is the classification of all living things on the planet.

B. Binomial nomenclature1. Binomial nomenclature is system of naming organisms based on a _________________scientific name.2. There are three rules to writing the scientific name of an organism

a. The entire name is written in italics (if hand written, it is underlined).b. The first letter of the first name is CAPITALIZED.c. The second letter of the last name is lower cased.

Each bear has a Capitalized genus and a lower cased species.

*Write each genus species properly under each example

Target 3 – Classify living things using the Linnaeus SystemA. What is a species?

1. Species – living things that can mate and create ____________________ offspring….B. Each of these bears are of different species….therefore they CANNOT mate and create fertile offspring. What about a donkey/horse/mule? What about a Labrador retriever/German

Shepard/mutt?

C. Linnaeus’s System of Classification1. The Linnaeus System of Classification has 7 taxons (taxon = level)

Mnemonics - create a sentence using these letters.KPCOFGS

These are the 7 taxons of the Linnaeus System

This is the Linnaeus System of Classification

Target 4 - Create a cladogram based on physical similarities.A. A cladogram is tree-like chart that demonstrates how organisms are separated based on physical similarities.

organism Backbone

legs claws Produce milk

Walk upright

slug No No No No Nosnake Yes No No No Nofrog Yes Yes No No Nolizard Yes Yes Yes No Nocow Yes Yes Yes Yes Nohuman Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Organism

Backbone Tentacles

Has eyes

Has lungs

Lives in water

Lives on land

RatJellyfishLobsterdolphinFish

*A cladogram can also be called a phylogenic tree.*Use the phyogenic tree to answer questions 1-4

1. Which pairs of organisms are most closely related?

2. Which organism is most closely related to the rayfinned fish?

3. Which two groups are the least related?

4. Are mammals more closely related to lizards or turtles?

Target 5 - Recognize problems with the Linnaeus System.A. The Linnaeus System classifies organisms based on physical ______________________.B. Many organisms that look similar are not related at all.C. For example, under the Linnaeus system, a dolphin could be classified as a fish, but a dolphin is more closely related to a _________ than a fish (dog and dolphin are both mammals).D. Therefore, the Linnaeus system has flaws.E. Another system for classification exists – it classifies organisms based on ______________ – this is called evolutionary classification

Target 6 - Explain evolutionary classificationA. Evolutionary classification is based on ancestry, not physical traits.B. This example below illustrates how physical traits can be inaccurate when classifying organisms.

Vultures;Falcons;or storks?African Vulture American Vulture Stork

Notes

Target 7 - Distinguish between Autotrophs and Heterotrophs.A. Autotrophs make their own food through photosynthesis. ____________will have chloroplasts in their cells.B. Some examples are photosynthetic bacteria, protists, and plants.C. Heterotrophs get their food by ___________ other organisms (or absorbing nutrients from other organisms).D. Some examples are animals (eat) and fungi (absorb).

Target 8 - Distinguish between Prokaryotes and EukaryotesA. Prokaryotes are cells that DO NOT have a nucleus

B. Eukaryotes are cells that DO have a nucleus.

notes

Target 9 - List the 3 domains and distinguish between them.A. The first life on the planet has not been identified since it is no longer around to our knowledge.B. What we do know is that the first life on the planet has evolved in ____ directions.C. These 3 directions gave us 3 different kinds of organisms. D. These 3 organisms are divided up into 3 _______________.

3 Domains

1. Archea2. Bacteria3. Eukarya

?

A. Domain Archea 1. Within the domain Archea, we find the one kingdom of archeabacteria2. These organisms are single celled and _______________ have nuclei. (aka prokaryotes)3. They live in extreme conditions such as volcanic hot springs where temperatures can be above 100 degrees celsius (boiling point of water).4. Their cell walls _________________ have a substance called “peptidoglycan.”

B. Domain Bacteria 1. Within the domain of bacteria, we find the kingdom Eubacteria2. These organisms are one celled and _________________ have nuclei (Prokaryotes)3. They commonly grow just about everywhere and can be helpful or harmful to humans. 4. Their cell walls ________ have a substance called “peptidoglycan.”

C. Domain Eukarya1. Within the Domain of Eukarya, we find 4 kingdoms.

a. Protistab. Fungic. Plantaed. Animalia

Target 10 - List the kingdoms within the domain Eukarya and distinguish between them.A. Kingdom Protista

1. Single celled organisms 2. Live in water3. Can live in colonies4. Examples – Euglena, Paramecium, Amoeba, Volvox

B. Kingdom Fungi1. Multicellular2. Cells have cell wall (made of chitin)3. Non photosynthetic 4. Examples – mold, yeast, mushrooms

C. Kingdom Plantae1. Multicellular2. Cells DO have cell wall (made of cellulose)3. Photosynthetic4. Examples – grasses, bushes, trees

D. Kingdom Animalia1. Multicellular2. Cells DO NOT have cell wall3. Non photosynthetic 4. Examples – Worms, Fish, Dogs, Humans

E. What do all Domains and Kingdoms have in common? ____________________________

Target 11 - Classify and compare the major divisions of animalsA. The kingdom of Animalia can be broken down into 9 Phyla.

1. Chordata (vertebrates) – animals with backbone or nerve chord.2. Porifera - Sponges3. Cnidaria – Jellyfish, Coral4. Platyhelmenthes – Flatworms or tapeworms5. Nematoda – Roundworms or hookworms6. Annelida – Segmented worms or earthworms7. Arthropodia – Has exoskeleton – insects, spiders, crabs8. Mollusca – have hard shell and soft body - Snails, Clams,9. Echinodermata – mouth and anus are same hole – starfish, urchins, sand dollars

B. Phyla 2-9 do not have backbones and are informally classified as “invertebrates.”Notes – create trees

Vertebrates Invertebrates

Target 12 - Define and classify vertebrates.A. Vertebrates – Animals that have a backbone.

Target 13 - Explain how bacteria can be helpful and harmful to living things.A. Bacteria can be helpful – examples below.1. Skin - Staphylococcus epidermidis – these bacteria grow on all humans’ skin and form a protective barrier against harmful bacteria. 2. Stomach - Clostridium fusobacteria – these bacteria grow in all humans’ digestive systems and help digest food.3. Helpful bacteria are also called flora.Skin flora Digestive flora

Showering and skin flora?

B. Bacteria can be harmful - examples below1. Escherichia coli – (aka E. coli) – harmful bacteria that can be found in food that causes food poisoning; causes sickness and death.2. Salmonella bongori – harmful bacteria that is usually found on poultry foods that causes food poisoning; causes sickness and death.

Target 14 - Use a dichotomous KeyA. In order to use a dichotomous key, you follow the chart answering a series of yes/no questions.

Use the following key to identify the tree branch to the left.1. a. leaf is needle-like….go to 2 b. leaf is broad……… go to 52. a. needles are short ....go to 3 b. needles are long…...go to 43. a. underside of needles green…hemlock b. underside of needles silver ..balsam 4. a. 3 needles in bundle….pitch pine b. 5 needles in bundle….white pine5. a. edge of leaf round.go to 6 b. edge of leaf serrated…go to 76. a. minty odor…… wintergreen b. no minty odor…..laurel