UNIT IIPART A1.. How to select the site for foundation?i) Soil at the building site should not be of artificially made- up type.ii)Siteshouldnotbeundulatingsincethisleadstoincreaseincostfor leveling the ground.iii) Thesiteshouldhaveitsgeneral slope and the ground water table in the site should not be high.2. efine !earing capacity" #ltimate bearing capacity and Safe bearing capacity?!earingcapacity$ %tisdefinedasthema&imum loadper unitareawhich thesoil will resist safely without displacement.#ltimatebearingcapacity$%tisthegrosspressureintensityatthebaseofthe foundation at which the soil fails in shear.Safebearing capacity$%t isthema&imum pressurewhich the soil can carrysafely without ris' of shear failure.(. How to improve the bearing capacity of soil?i) !y increasing depth of foundation ii) !y cement gratingiii) !y draining the sub soil water iv) !y compacting the soil). *hat are the loads acting on foundation?i) +ive loadii) ead load iii) *ind load,. +ist out the re-uirementsof a good foundation?Thefoundationshouldbesolocatedthatitisabletoresistanyune&pectedfuture influence which may adversely affect its performance.. /ention the types of foundation?0oundationsare classified in to two types dependson the depth as i)Shallow foundationii) eep foundationShallowfoundationsarethosein which thedepth ise-ualtoorlessthan itswidth. *hen the depth is more thanthe width" itis termed as a deepfoundation1. /ention the different types of shallow foundation?i) %solated column footing ii) *all footing iii) 2ombined footing iv) 2antilever footing v) 2ontinuousfootingvi) %nverted arch footing vii) Stepped footing3. /ention the different types of deep foundation?1i) 4ile foundation ii) 4ier foundation iii) *ell foundation5. *hat are the causes of failure of foundation?i) #ne-ual settlement of the sub-soilii) Shrin'ageof the sub-soil due to the variationsin the depth of water table iii) Sudden earth-ua'eand heavy rains16. *hat are the remedial measuresfor the failure of foundation?i)0oundationshouldbeta'endowntoadepthwherenogroundwater movementoccurs.ii) The soil moisture content is maintained constant.iii) The sides of the foundation should be protected by proper drainage.11.*hat is meant by eep foundation? eep foundation consists of pile and pier foundation. 4ier foundationsare rarely used for buildings. This consists in carrying down through the soil a huge masonry cylinder which may be Supported on solid roc'.12. efine Superstructure.Superstructure mainly consists of walls" doors windows and lintels.The purpose of superstructure is to provide the necessary utility of the building" structural safety"fire safety" sanitation and ventilation.1(.efine 7nglish !ond$7nglish bond consists of headers and Stretchers in alternative courses of elevation .8 -ueen closer is placed ne&t to the -uoin header in each header course to the full thic'ness of wall. 7ach alternative header lies centrally over a stretcher of the stretcher course. 1). *hat are the different types of dam?1. 9i gid ams Solid gravity dam 8rch am !uttress dam Timber and steeldam2. :on ri gidd ams. 7arth ams 9oc' fills dams.1. *hat are the different types of bridges? Straight bridges2 S'ew bridge 8rch !ridge Slab!ridge T beam and slab bridge !ow string and girder bridge Steel 8rch bridge Suspension bridge3.efine !earing capacity" #ltimate bearing capacity and Safe bearing capacity?! e ari ngca paci t y$ %t is defined as the ma&imum load per unit area which the soil will resist safely without displacement.#l tima t ebea ri ngcap aci t y$ %t is the gross pressure intensity at the base of the foundation at whichthe soil fails in shear.Sa f ebea ri ngcap aci t y$ %t is the ma&imum pressure which the soil can carry safely without ris' of shear failure5.How to improve the bearing capacity of soil?i) !y increasing depth of foundation ii) !y cement gratingiii) !y draining the subsoil water iv) !y compacting the soil16. *hat are the loads acting on foundation?i) +ive load i) ead load i) *ind load11.what is Stretcher and Header? Stretcher$+ength of the !ric's arranged are parallel to the *all as a layer. Header$ +ength of the !ric's arranged are perpendicular to the *all as a layer.12.2lassify Stone /asonry?R ubble Maso nry1. 9andom rubble masonrya)2oursed b) #ncoursed2. S-uared rubble masonry a)2oursed b) #ncoursed(. 4olygonal rubble masonryAs hlar Mas o nry 8shlar fine masonry 8shlar rough tooled masonry 8shlar roc' or -uarry faced masonry 8shlar chamfered masonry1(.efine am8 dam is a impervious barrier or an obstruction constructed across a natural stream or a river to 3hold up water on one side of it upto a certain level.1).*hat is the purpose of dam The stored water in the dam can be continuously used for irrigation. The reservoir forms a very good source for water supply for areas where ground water is inade-uate %f sufficient head of water is stored" then that can be used for power generation. The reservoir forms a good place for breeding of fish" which is a considerable wealth for a dam1,. 2lassify amsams are broadly classified into"%. 9igid ams1. Solid gravity dam2. 8rch am(. !uttress dam). Timber and steel dam%%. :on rigid dams. 1. 7arth ams 2 9oc' fill dams.1.. efine !ridge8 bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle such as an vale" road" railway" canal" river without closing the way beneath.The re-uired passage may be road" railway" canal" pipeline" cycle trac' or pedestrians.11. 2lassify !ridges 8ccording to type of superstructure$1.8rch !ridge2. Slab !ridge(. T beam and slab bridge). !ow string and girder bridge ,. Steel 8rch bridge ..Suspension Type !ridge.13. *hat is a culvert2ulvert is a drain or water course enclosed and usually carried under a road or railway trac'. The following are common types of culverts.15. efine 9oof8 roof is the upper most part of a building which is supported on structural members and covered with roofing materials to give protection to the building against rain" wind" heat" snow etc."26.2lassify 9oofs1. F l at Roofs4a. RCC Roofb. Madras Terrace roof2. I nc line d Roofsa. Single roofb. Closedroofi)Coupled Roof ii)Coupled collar Roofiii)Closed Coupled Roof21.efine 9oof TrussesThe number of straight members are connected in the shape of triangle and forming a frame is 'nown as truss. #sed for carrying +oads on the roof22. efine 0looring0loors are hori;ontal elements of a building structure which divide the building intodifferent levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation within a limited space2(.2lassify 0looring1. /ud or moorum flooring2. !ric' flooring (.Stone flooring ).2oncrete flooring,.63)2. 7&plain with neat s'etch the different types of piles. >1.)(. +ist out the different types of bond in bric' wall and e&plain any three indetail. >63)). raw a neat s'etch of a reinforced cement concrete column and e&plain. >63),. 7&plain briefly about +andscaping and %nterior esign >63).. 7&plain briefly the different types of pitched roof coverings.1. iscussthe varioustypes of bric's masonry. 33. iscussthe varioustypes of stone masonry. 35. +ist out differencebetween bric'sand stone masonry. )16. 7&plain Stress strain relationship curve in detail >3)11.7&plain thefollowing terms$ stress" strain" young?s" modulus"Hoo'e?sand itstypes in detail. 312.8loadof1,@:istoberaisedwith helpof asteelwire0indtheminimum diameter of thesteel wire. %f the stressis not to e&ceed 266 / :Amm2)1(.8hollowsheetcolumnhastocarry2,66@:.0indthee&ternaldiameterof thecolumnitthe internal diameter is 1,6mm and the ultimate stress is ),6:Amm2 use a factor of safety of )>3)1). iscusbriefly foundation and its types with diagram. 1.1,. 7&plain briefly beam and its types with suitable diagram. 31.. 7&plain briefly columnsand its types. 311. iscussbriefly lintels and its types with suitable diagram. .13. 7&plain the different typesof flooring.1.15. iscussthe different typesof roofing. 6326.7&plain the relationship between !ul' modulus" 9igidity /odulus B shear /odulus>3)6