unit 1 size and scale - Ms. Wahl...
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Size and Scale of the Universe
SIZEANDSCALEOFTHEUNIVERSE
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WHAT IS YOUR COSMIC ADDRESS?
Size and Scale of the Universe
# Street
City
State
Country
Continent
Hemisphere
Planet
Orbit
Star?
…?
…
…
…
…
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REALMS OF THE UNIVERSESize and Scale of the Universe
Image courtesy of The Cosmic Perspective by Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, & Voit; Addison Wesley, 2002
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EARTHSize and Scale of the Universe
• Planet comprised primarily of rock
• Spherical • 12,700 km
diameter
Image Credit: NASA/JPL/GSFC
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SUNSize and Scale of the Universe
• The star that Earth orbits
• Composed primarily of hydrogen and helium gas
• Spherical • 1.39 million km
diameter
Image Credit: SOHO/NASA/ESA
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Calculations
If the room were the sun, how big would Earth be?
room's diameter (10 m)sun's diameter (1,390,000 km)
=x
Earth's diameter (12,700 km)
0.0914 m = 9.14 cm diameter(a wiffle ball)
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THE SOLAR SYSTEMSize and Scale of the Universe
• 8 planets, several dwarf planets, thousands of asteroids, and trillions of comets and meteoroids
• Mostly distributed in a flat disk • Heliosphere: The boundary
between the Solar Wind (constant wind of charged gas from the sun) and interstellar space
Image credit: N
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cred
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Image credit: N
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CalculationsIf the room were the solar system, how big would the sun be?
room's diameter (10 m)solar system (3.0×1010 km)
=x
sun's diameter (1.39×106 km)
0.000463 m = 0.46 mm diameter(a grain of salt)
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CalculationsIf the room were the solar system, how big would Earth’s orbit be?
0.1 m = 10 cm diameter(a roll of masking tape)
room's diameter (10 m)solar system (3.0×1010 km)
=x
Earth's orbit (3.0×108 km)
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CalculationsIf the room were the solar system, how big would Earth be?
0.000004 m = 4 μm diameter(a microscopic bacteria)
room's diameter (10 m)solar system (3.0×1010 km)
=x
Earth's diameter (12, 700 km)
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THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD
Size and Scale of the Universe
• Region of the Galaxy within about 20 light-years of the Sun (40 light-years diameter)
• Neighborhood stars generally move with the Sun in its orbit around the center of the Galaxy
• The ‘Solar Neighborhood’ is a vague term (not scientifically defined)
Image credit: Andrew Colvin
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CalculationsIf the room were the solar neighborhood, how big would the solar system be?
0.0008 m = 0.8 mm diameter(a grain of salt)
room's diameter (10 m)solar neighborhood (40 ly)
=x
solar system (3.2×10−3 ly)
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THE MILKY WAY GALAXYSize and Scale of the Universe
• A giant disk of stars 100,000 light-years across and 1,000 light-years thick
• The Sun is located at the edge of a spiral arm, 30,000 light-years from the center
• Over 200 billion stars in the Milky Way
Image credit: R. Hurt (SSC), JPL-Caltech, NASA
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CalculationsIf the room were the Milky Way Galaxy, how big would the solar neighborhood be?
0.004 m = 4 mm diameter(a peppercorn)
room's diameter (10 m)Milky Way (100, 000 ly)
=x
solar neighborhood (40 ly)
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THE LOCAL GROUP(OF GALAXIES)
Size and Scale of the Universe
• Contains 3 large spiral galaxies (Milky Way, Andromeda(M31), Triangulum(M33), plus a few dozen dwarf galaxies with elliptical or irregular shapes)
• Gravitationally bound together—orbiting about a common center of mass
• Roughly shaped like a football
Image Credit: Andrew Colvin
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CalculationsIf the room were the Local Group, how big would the Milky Way be?
0.154 m = 15.4 cm diameter(a small paper plate)
room's diameter (10 m)Local Group (6.5×106 ly)
=x
Milky Way (100, 000 ly)
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THE LOCAL SUPERCLUSTERSize and Scale of the Universe
• About 130 million light-years across
• Huge cluster of thousands upon thousands of galaxies
• Clusters and groups of galaxies are gravitationally bound together, but spread away from each other as the Universe expands
• Roughly pancake shaped
Image credit: Andrew Colvin
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CalculationsIf the room were the Local Supercluster, how big would the Local Group be?
0.5 m = 50 cm diameter(an XL pizza)
room's diameter (10 m)Local Supercluster (1.3×108 ly)
=x
Local Group (6.5×106 ly)
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CalculationsIf the room were the Local Supercluster, how big would the Milky Way be?
0.008 m = 8 mm diameter(width of a paper clip)
room's diameter (10 m)Local Supercluster (1.3×108 ly)
=x
Milky Way (100, 000 ly)
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THE UNIVERSE(THE OBSERVABLE PORTION)
Size and Scale of the Universe
• Great walls and filaments of galaxy clusters surrounding voids containing no galaxies
• At least 100 billion galaxies in the Universe (probably)
Image Credit: Dr Chris Fluke, Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology
Image Credit: G.L. Bryan, M. L. Norman, UIUC, NCSA, GC3
• Surveys of galaxies reveal a web-like or honeycomb structure to the Universe
• Computer simulations show the “Cosmic Web”
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Size and Scale of the Universe
THE UNIVERSE(THE OBSERVABLE PORTION)
Image Credit: Springer et al (2004)
• The Observable Universe is currently about 91 billion light-years across
• There could be (and likely is) much more beyond that, but we cannot see it from this point in spacetime
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Size and Scale of the Universe
RealmActual Size
(diameter in km)Actual Size (in light-years)
Multiple “X” larger than Earth
Scale Model
Earth
Sun
Solar System
Solar Neighborhood
Galaxy
Local Group (of galaxies)
Local Supercluster
Universe
1.27x104 1.4x10-9 1 salt grain (0.1 mm)
1.39x106 1.5x10-7 1.09x102 marble (1.09 cm)
3.0x1010 3.2x10-3 2.34x106 football stadium(234 meters)
3.78x1014 4.0x101 3.0x1010 ~ size of Moon(3,480 km)
9.46x1017 1.0x105 7.5x1013 5.4 Suns (7.5 million km)
6.15x1019 6.5x106 4.8x1015 orbit of Mars -diameter(~3 AU)
1.2x1021 1.3x108 9.7x1016 orbit of Neptune -diameter(~60 AU)
8.6x1023 9.1x1010 6.8x1019 Oort Cloud-radius (48,000 AU or 0.76
ly)
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CalculationsIf the room were the observable universe, how big would the Local Supercluster be?
0.014 m = 1.4 cm diameter(a marble)
room's diameter (10 m)observable universe (9.1×1010 ly)
=x
Local Supercluster (1.3×108 ly)
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CalculationsIf the room were the observable universe, how big would the Local Group be?
0.0007 m = 0.7 mm diameter(a grain of salt)
room's diameter (10 m)observable universe (9.1×1010 ly)
=x
Local Group (6.5×106 ly)