Unit 1 second part.pptx
Transcript of Unit 1 second part.pptx
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T.P.O. N2 - UNIT 1The verb and its complement
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Multi word verbs: the usemulti word lexical verbs, phprepositional and phrasalprepositional verbs. IdiomaParticle movement
Catenative verbs: verbs foby non-finite verb forms: tbare infinitives, ed- and ingparticiples. Semantic implicof catenative patterns.
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Im looking for my keys. Have you seen themVerb +preposition
Look out! Theres a car coming!Verb + adverb
A snob is someone who looks down onpeople of a lower social class.
Verb +adverb +preposition
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MULTI-WORD
VERBVERB + PARTICLE
Adv
Pre
Adv
3 types
Intransitive
Transitive (SEPARABL
Transitive
MULTI-WORD VERBFREE COMBINATION
Ex:The judge looked into the case. Ex.The judge looked into the prison
The p
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If the addition of the particle(s) of the verb, it is usually
(because it has the meaning of a phrase)
There are so many different types of phrasal verbs that its more convenient combinations of verb + particle(s)
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Many multi-word units function like a , which have
These multi-word verbs fall into 4 classes:
= Their meaning cannot b
the meaning of each in
PHRASALVERBS PREPOSITIONALVERBS
PHRASAL-
PREPOSITIONALVERBS
OTHER MULT
WORD VERBCONSTRUCTIO
Verb + adverbial particle
E.g. carry out
Find out
Verb + preposition
E.g. look at
Listen to
Verb + adverb +preposition
E.g. get away with
A single-word verbs adverb/preposition w
separate meaning
E.g. go back
Come down
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They can be:
Intransitive
V + Adv
(inseparable) Ex: The plane
took off.
Transitive
V+ Adv + O
(separable) Ex: Susan took
off her shoes
A fe
Ex: e
tur
win
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INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE
Break down
Catch on
Come back
Come in
Come on
Fall out
Fall through
Fit in
Get by
Get up
Go away
Go on
Go out
Grow up
Look out
Pass outShut up
Sit down
Stand up
Stay on
Take off
Turn up
Wake up
Watch out
Act sth out
Bottle sth up
Bring sth in
Bring sb up
Bring sth up
Carry sth out
Do sth up
Fill sth in/outFind sth out
Fix sth up
Give sth away
Give sth up
Hold sth up
Keep sth up
Leave sth/sb out
Let sth out
Look sth up
Make sth up
Pay sb backPick sth up
Point sth out
Pull sb/sth down
Pu
Pu
Pu
Pu
R
Se
Ta
TaTh
Tu
Tu
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Inseparable
They take aprepositional object 2 major structural patterns
Most verbs occur with only one pattern, except:Apply NP to | Connect NP with | Provide NP for | Ask NP for | hear NP about | know
We can analyze the structure of a prepositional verb in 2 ways:
V+ PREPOSITION + OBJECT (TRANSITIVE)
NP + V + PREP + NP
EX: It just looks like the barrel
NP + V+
Ex: He based
han
[Commo
A single-word lexical verb followed by a PreP, which
functions as an adverbial. Its usually possible to insert
another adverbial between the V and the PrepP
A multi-word unit (a single prep ver
idiomatic meaning and can be repl
Ex.: I never though much about it Ex.: stand for it (=to
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PREPOSITIONAL VERBS Used in the passi
Call for sb
Care for sb
Come across sth
Cope with sth
Deal with sth
Fall for sth
Feel like sth
Get at sb/sthGet over sth
Get through
Go into sth
Go with sb
Lead to sth
Look after sb/ath
Look at sth
Look into sth
Look like sth
Look round sthPart with sth
Pay for sth
Rely on sb/sth
Run into sb
See to sth
Send for sb
Stand for sth
Stick to sth
Take after sb
Talk about sthThink about sth
Be aimed at (intended
Be applied to
Be considered as
Be derived from
Be known as
Be regarded as
Be used as
Be used in
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Ex: Look forward to | get out of (the most frequent)
A few Phrasal-prepositinal verbs ca take 2 objects:
Ex: I could hand him over to Sadig
Ex: What put you up to?
They can sometimes be replaced by a single lexical verb. Ex: get out of it avoid
Theyre transitive and can be made passive.
Non separableexceptionwhen they have 2 objects:Ex: we took her up on her offer
Ex: we let James in on the plan.
We can only add an adverb between the 2 articles: Ex: He stands up strongly for
Common in conversation and fiction.
Limited range of meanings (mainly ACTIVIY)
V+ ADVERBIAL PARTICLE + PREPOSITION + OBJECT (TRANSITIVE
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PHRASAL PREPOSITIONAL VERBS
Back out of sth
Break in on sth
Catch up on sth/sb
Catch up with sb
Cheack up on sb/sth
Come across as sth
Come down to sthCome up with sth
Cut down on sth
Do away with sth
Drop in on sb
Face up to sb
Get away with sth
Get back to sth
Get on with sthGet out of sth
Give in to sth
Go out for sth
Go up to sb
Keep away from sb/sth
Keep up with sb
Look down on sb
Look forward to sthLook out for sb/sth
Look up to sb
Make away with sth
Move on to sth
Put up with sb/sth
Run away with sb
Run off with sth
Stand up for sthTurn away from sth
Walk out on sth/sb
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Verbs are also used in relatively fixed or idiomatic multi-word constructions:
Verb + prepositional phrase combinations Verb + verb combinations
Verb + noun phrase combinations
Many of them are idiomatic. Such combinations
function semantically as a unit that can often be
replaced by a single lexical verb:
Ex: bear in mind (remember)| come as a surprise
(surprise) | take into account (consider)
There are a few verbs (make, take, have, do, etc)
that can be used for many meanings when
combining with NP to form idiomatic verbal
expressions. In many cases, the combination also
includes a following preposition:
Ex: make fun of | have a look at | do your hair | take
care of
A second idiomatic category involves ver
combinations, such as make do (with)an
go/be:
Ex:I think it is time to let it be
Patients had to make do with quiche or h
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BE | HAVE | DO
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MAIN VERB BE AUXILIARY VERB BE
Be the copula- is the most
important copular verb in English
It linksthe subject NP with:
a subject predicative *
or
an obligatory adverbial*
Ex: Radio waves are useful
Shewas in Oliesroom a lot
Be has 2 distinct gramma
functions:
a) PROGRESIVE ASPEC
(be +ing-participle
PASSIVE VOICE
(be+ ed-participle
They can appear together isame clause
Ex: A mutual investment fund for
Europe is being launched today
backing of Continental Gra
Showing physical pos
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MAIN VERB HAVE
AUXILIARY VERB HAVE
As a transitive main verb, have is as
common as the most common lexical verbs.
It is most common in conversation
and least common in academic prose.
It can be used with different meanings:
In addition, HAVE occurs as part of the
semi-modal HAVE TO (=must)
Have also occurs in a number of idiomatic
multi-word phrases
Describing eating or d
The kids had some ho
Have is the marker of PERF
*Past tense HADmarks p
*Present HAVE/HASmarks p
Telling family conne
She hasa husband and
Showing physical pos
John hasthree ca
Showing where somethIts nice to havea young person ab
Linking a person to an abst
I hope she hasfu
Ex : Ill have to blank it out.
Linking an inanimate subject to a
In this extensions soil science will alw
Showing that someone causes som
Maybe you should haveit dye
Ex : Ill have a look.
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MAIN VERB DO
DOhas an activity meaning. It can ta
Ex: He dida wonderful t
Or an indirect object + direc
Ex: Will you dome a fav
DO commonly combines with a NP to fo
idiomatic expressions, in which do has
Main verb DOas a transitive pro-verb
Main verb DOas an intransitive pro-verb
Do the job, Do the dishes, Do time (= go to prison), Do some wor
[It refers to the performance of an activity that is relevant to the object NP, b
DO commonly functions as a PRO-VERB,
substituting for a lexical verb (mainly in
conversation)
It often combines with it, this/that, or so, to form
a transitive pro-verb construction
In BrE conversation after an auxiliary verb
an intransitive pro-verb provides an altern
ellipsis. However, it is more common to
ellipsis rather than do.
Ex: I didnt doit.
Ex: well, thats why he did it.
Ex: A: No, no signs of him resigning.
B: Well they kicked him out.
A: they should have done, but they won
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AUXILIARY VERB DO
DO- SUPPORT INNEGATIVES AND
INTERROGATIVESEMPHATIC DO
AUXILIARY DO ASA PRO-VERB
AUXQUE
DO fun
q
But Fa
This de
This co
do-sup
the prec
Aux DO can act as a pro-verb,
standing in for the whole VP
+ complement. Its used in
(+) and (-) clauses. Ex:
A: He doesnt even know you.
B: He does!I think his mom wants him to
come back but his dad
doesnt.
-----------------
Here, DO can be considered a
stranded operator.
Emphatic DO occurs as an
auxiliary verb in a clause that is
not negated and is not a question,
to emphasize that the meaning of
the main verb is positive, in
contrast with what one mightexpect (and so its stressed in
speech). Ex:
I really didgo to see him.
Hedoes have a problem.
---------------
A special use of emphatic DO is in
commands (or
suggestions/invitations):
Oh doshut up!
DO functions as an auxiliary
verb when lexical main verbs
are made negative or used in
interrogatives. This use of DO
is know as do-support and itdoes not contribute any
independent meaning. Ex:
He doesntsmoke.
Doyou like scallops?
What didyou bring for us?
-----------------
In this construction, present or
past tense is marked on the
verb DO, not on the main verb.
DO
dummy operator.As BE behaves as an auxiliary, it does not tak
declarative clauses, but in imperative clause
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The copula BE and other copu
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Ex: Yourevery stupid.
[The copula BE links the attribute to the subject]
Many copular verbs are also used to locate the subject of the clause in TIby an obligatory adverbial of position, duration, or direction that occurs aft
Ex: I was in the kitchen.
Several verbs (like go, grow, come) can function as either a copulatransitive/intransitive verb, depending on the context:
Ex: Its beginning togobad for you (copular verb)
Ex: It was when Wharton Horricker and wentto Mexico(intransitive verb
Ex: It makes your teeth and your bonesgrowstrong and healthy (copular ve
Ex: So you said she started togrowsesame herbs(transitive verb)
COPULAR VERBS are used to associate an attribute with a subjectof a c
The attribute is usually expressedby the subject predicative following t
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COPULARVERBS
CURRENT
STATEEXISTE
SENSOPERCEP
RESULT
Many verbs can function as copular verbs. They fall into 2 main categories: CURRENT C
VERBSand RESULT COPULAR VERBS
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They have 2 subclasses
Identifiesattributes thatare in continuingstate of existence.
This includes:be, seem, appear,
keep, remain,stay
State-of-existence
Reports sensoryperceptions.
This includes:look, feel, sound,smell, taste
Sensoryperception
Ex: I may have appeared
a little short with mydaughter that morning.
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Copular verbs differ
Most copular verbs occur with an AdjP as the subject predicative
However, others are strongly associated with other structures (NP or Compl
Some verbs are limited to one type of complement while others occur with m
In their meaning
In the complements they take
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BE
The copula bethe most common verb in English
(Unlike most lexical verbs) Its much more common in Academic prose than in other registers.
Be also occurs with a wide range of complements
Unlike most copular verbs, BE occurs most commonly with a NP as subject predicative, which has 2 functions:
To characterize the subject NP in some way: Ex: My dad wasa great guy, too.
Ex: Tomorrow could bea sunny day.
To identify the subject NP: Ex: Thatsour black yard
Ex: The kernel isthe part of the plant of greatest value.
AdjP are also very common as subject predicatives of BE. The most common of these predicatives express STAN
are mostly general evaluative terms: right, good, sure, nice andfunny. In most cases, they occur with complements
Ex: That wasnt very nice | It wasfunny, though.
Academic Prose uses a larger range of predicative adjectives that express more specific evaluations:e.g. impordifficult, useful. They generally occur with a complement clause or PrepP:
Ex: It isalso important to gain the cooperation of workshop participants.
PrepP are much less common as complements of BE, which are used:
As a subject predicative describing a characteristic of the subject: Ex: Umuofia wasin a festival mood.
As an adverbial expressing position or direction: Ex: The houses arein a conservation area
Be sometimes occurs with a complement clause as subject predicative:
Ex: the capital is to be provided by the French government.
Ex: But the danger was that the pound would fall further than planned.
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VERB FREQUENCY MOST COMMON COMPLEMENTS
LOOK Very common in fiction;
relatively common in
conversation
1. Often evaluates physical appearance
2. Common adjectives: awful, different, happy, lovely, pale, puzzled, sad, small,
surprised, terrible, tired, well, young
FEEL Very common in fiction;
moderately common in
news and conversation
1. Reports an assessment of physical or mental state of being
2. Common adjectives: ashamed, bad, better, cold, good, guilty, sick, sure, tired,
uncomfortable, uneasy
SOUND Most common in fiction
and conversation
1. Literal use: evaluations of sound perceptions
2. Common adjectives: good, nice, silly, stupid, interesting, awful, angry, sad, strange
3. Additional use: reactions to ideas/suggestions
SMELL Generally rare 1. Reports evaluations of smell perceptions
2. Common adjectives: awful, bad, funny, musty, odd, rotten, terrible, delicious, fres
good, lovely, nice
TASTE Rare; occasional
occurrences in
conversation and fiction
1. Reports evaluations of taste perceptions
2. Common adjectives: awful, horrible, nice, wonderful
SENSORY COPULAR VERBS:
Look | feel | sound | smell | taste + adjectival complements
They report positive or negative evaluations
Here, the copular verb identifies the sense (e.g. sight, hearing), while the predicative adjective repor
The general evaluating adjectives nice, good and badoccur commonly assubject predicative with all 5 se
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The verbs are all used to DESCRIBE A PROCESS OF CHANGE.
However, these verbs differ greatly in their:
specific meanings
Collocational preferences
Register distributions
Most common result copular verbs: BECOME |GET |GO
Less common result copular verbs: COME |GROW |PROVE |TURN |TURNEND UP |WIND UP
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BECOME
Its especially common in academicprose and fiction
Its used to describe the processinvolved in changing from one stateto another
In academic prose, it often refers to animpersonal process of moving from astate of ignorance or disbelief to oneof knowledge or belief
The adjectives clearand apparent aremost common with this function, but
there are a number of other adjectivesthat occur with become: difficult,evident, important, possible.
In fiction, become usually refers to aspecific person, describing a change inthat persons state of awareness orstate of being.
GET
It is usually used to describe aperson changing to a new state
Get is very common, especiallyin conversation and fiction
It has many uses, describing bothphysical and mental changes
The adjectives readyand worseare the most common subjectpredicatives with get
Other common adjectives: angry,bigger, better, bored, cold, dressed
(up), drunk, lost, mad, mixed (up),old, older, pissed (off), sick, tired,upset, wet.
Many of them mark someaffective or attitudinal stance
Go is usuachange tow
undesirabconversati
It describeby human processes
The adjectiwrongare compleme
Several oth
bad, cold, dred, wild
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CATENATIVE means ch
Ordinary verbs which are followed by non-finite forms of other ordinary ver
CATENATIVE
Ex:The cars beganclimbingthrough wooded countryside
Catenative verb Linked ing form (non-finite)
The four non-finite forms which catenative verbs link with are:
non-finite forms + intransitive verbs + transitive verbs + objects
The bare infinitive I dare say Frustration...made his skin pr
The to- infinitive Vogel had agreed to appear I want you to do something
The ing form He started running Aubrey heard the Mercedes
The ed/-en form He became infected with the isolation I want this explained.
The selection of the non-finite form to link up with a catenative verb in a particular context depen
Those ordinary lexical verbs which have a precise meaning always select the same non-f
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Catenative V +bare infinitive
Catenative V +to-infinitive
Catenative V +-ing
Cat
Catenative V +
object +bareinfinitive
Catenative V +
object +to-infinitive
Catenative V +object +-ing
Catobje
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We use this pattern to talk about aims, purposes and intentions, which are expresses inthe second verb.o Ex: I intended to sue for libel
o Ex: they had chosen deliberately to ignore him
The forward-looking verbs in this group include:
These verbs may take progressive, passive and perfect infinitives:o Ex: He did not seen to be apologising
o Ex: Zimmermann will have to be exposed
o Ex: Zimmermann appeared to have lost interest
A small group also appear in a related pattern with introductory it. This category includeseem and turn out:
o Ex: The stars seemed to drip light.It seemed that the stars dripped light.
WATCH OUT! the negative form of this pattern: making the main verb negative is not the sthe non-finite negative. Changing the scope of negation alters the sentence meaning:
EX: She hasnt decided to leave him vs. She has decided not to leave him
Agree, aim, arrange, claim, consent, decide, decline, demand, deserve, fail, hesitate, hope, long
offer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, struggle, swear, threaten, volunteer
(She may or may not stay) (She will stay)
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The ing form often carries the meaning of ONGOING ACTIVITY:
Ex: Lin took her arm and they began walking.
(the action walking continues after the action of the main verb began)
Ex: Hestopped moving.
(the action moving takes place before that of the main verb stopped)
Other starting and stopping verbs are:
Emotive verbs also take the ing form:
Ex: Zimmermann disliked beingfollowed.
The verbs: cant bear , cant stand, not fancy and not mind have negative bias so we dont use them in affiTheyre non-assertive
Several ing forms like swimming, dancing, walking, etc, are rather like non-count-nouns. They can follow
and take an adjectival modifier. They commonly follow come and go: ex.: Lets go dancing. (see guidelines
Exastart
stopp
begin cease commence carry on continue quit resume start - stop in
cant bear detest dislike dread enjoy not fancy hate like loathe love not mind regret resent c
Admit avoid confess to deny deserve escape forget cant help imagine
need permit recommend remember require save try - want
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In this limited pattern, the verb TO GET is followed by the en
Ex: Dont get lost, Schiller added.
We commonly (and informally) speak of getting caught/ dressfound out, etc.
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A common application of this pattern is with VERBS OF PERCEPTION. Ex.
I saw her cross the road I saw her crossing the road
VERBS OF PERCEPTION:feel, hear, notice, observe, perceive, see, smell, watch
Finally, when we use verbs of perception metaphorically, we must use a that- cla
EX. Buckholz felt (that) he had at last learned the truth.
He saw Mengs mouth fall open. || He felt his stomach revolt
He dimly heard the door open || Schiller watched Hyde move to the Land Rov
VERBS OF PERCEPTION + O + BARE INFINITIVE = describe a single, complet
VERBS OF PERCEPTIONS + O + -ING= describe ongoing, incomplete action
We use passive forms with FEEL, HEAR, OBSERVE and SEE, but ONLYwith the
to-infinitive: ex: She was seento cross the road
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Pattern widely used by with verbs concerned with LETTING OR MAKING PEOPLE DO THINGS SUASIO
usually ANIMATE: Ex. The politicians persuade people to vote for them in the elections
Verbs in this group include:
Most verbs can also be used in the passive , still with the suasive meaning: Ex: People can bepersuadedto say
Another group of verbs following this pattern are MENTAL-STATE VERBS (centring thoughts and opinion
Ex: the man had not expectedhim to turn back.
(All of these verbs also pattern with that- clauses)
A number of EMOTIVE VERBS like love and hate, which can be followed by ing, also pattern with the to-
and without an object, i.e., I wanted to negotiateor I want you to do sth
Verbs about likes and wishes +the to-infinitiverefer to the wishes of the subject about its own future. E
Verbs about likes and wishes + an object refer to wishes about the action of sb else. Ex: He wished the
EMOTIVE VERBS
Advise allow ask assist bribe cause challenge command compel depend on - direct drive empower enab
force get impel implore instruct invite lead leave order permit persuade rely on remind request
Assume believe consider discover expect fancy feel find imagine judge know observe prove rep
suppose think - understand
Ask beg choose dare express hate help help intend like love- mean prefer
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This pattern has apassive implication:Ex: they want silence kept(-en)(or they want silence to be kept)BUT they want us to keep (to-inf) silence.
Some VERBS OF PERCEPTION follow this pattern, particularly FEEL, HEAR, and SEE:Ex: They walked on, Lin feeling himself drawn into Marys chilly, ice-capped dreams.
MENTAL-STATE VERBS are used with object + -en:Ex: The Americans want the Treaty stopped
Mental-state verbs in this use include:
Ex: he kept his eyes closed | He discovered himself hurled into an adult, irrecoverab
In the catenative patterns with OBJECTS we need to use REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS when theverbs is the same (to avoid ambiguity)
Ex: he knew himself to be acting irrationally
A subtle distinction often occurs when we use have/get + O + -en: have/get have active moutcome is desirable. Otherwise, they have passive meaning:
Ex: She hadthe housepaintedvs. Hegotthe carsmashed
Discover fancy find imagine keep leave ma
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Ex: Davenhill said, The Americans want the Treaty stopped. We may may want
We usually choose the infinitive pattern when referring to a single action or a positive cmeaning: Ex: Youd still like to go in [likenow | go inlater]
We select the ing pattern to refer to an ongoing action or a general activity; the ing forbackward-looking sense: Ex: He doesntlike Zimmermann dropping behind [doesntnobehindearlier]
WANTis one of a small group of verbs we use with ing when we wish to give a passive mverb: Ex: The house want/needs/requires/deserves cleaning. The house want/needs/reqcleaned.
We also use WANT, NEED and REQUIRE as mental-state verbs +Object +both ing andequally passive meaning: Ex: We want/need/requirethe housecleaned.We want/nhouse cleaning
Some
verbs of
liking
To-inf
Object + -ing
-ing
Ex. I told him youd still like to go in
Ex. He doesnt like Zimmermann dropping
Ex. She wont like being interrupted.
Want + object + -en Want+ o
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VERBS OF PERCEPTION (feel, hear, notice, observe, perceive, see, smell, watch, etc.) can be uobject + bare infinitive and object + -ing. Ex:
o The doctor sawLin... approachhim
o Lim watchedhim pass
o Aubrey saw the city retreatingo Lin watchedhim moving away.
We selected BARE INFINITIVE for a single complete action:Aubrey felt the heatassail him.
BUT, we use theING FORM to refer to an action in progress:Aubrey felt his clothes beginnin
We do not always have a free choice after verbs of perception!
DYNAMIC VERBS may describe a single event (e.g. To blink), an ongoing one (e.g. To breathe), o
(e.g. To hammer)We are most likely to choose the bare infinitive for EVENT VERBS and ing for those with REPET
Ex: I heard the trip over the doormat (fall, a single event)
Ex: I heard her tripping down the corridor (dancing, a repetitive action)
Begin/start verbs orASPECTUAL VERBS (which also includes cease, commence and contiboth the to-ing and the ing (with a little difference in marring.: ex: they began walking vs T
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Certain VERBS OF SUASION like advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit, reand urge take OBJECT + TO-INFINITIVE when an object intervenes:
Ex: I cannotpermit Zimmerman to be judged guilty. (indicates future acti
Without an object, the same verbs take the ing pattern and denote a gener
Ex: wide enough to permit overtaking.
Other verbs that can take both patterns but with a difference in meaning:
Verb + -Ing form + To Infiniti
GO ON= continueEx: They went on playing despite the bad weather
=change to another actionEx: After opening the hospital the Princ
MEAN= involves or will result inEx: this new job means living abroad
= intend to do sthEx: the builders mean to finish by Friday
STOP= finish an actionThey stopped making fax machines about ten years ago
= finish one action in order to dEx: we stopped to get petrol
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Some verbs can be followed by an ing form or an infinitive, with no difference i
Ex: I cant stand to see/seeing animals in pain.
We usually avoid putting 2 infinitives or 2 ing forms together!
He wanted to start to take lessons. He wanted to start taking lessons
We use to + infinitive after WOULD LIKE, WOULD LOVE and WOULD HAT
When we get there I would like taking a nap. When we get there I would like tak
When LIKEmeans think something is a good idea, we ONLYuse the INFINI
Ex: I likegoing/ to go to the gym. Its so relaxing (= I enjoy visiting it)Ex: Because of my weight problem I like to go to the gm at least twice a week (= I
good idea)
VERB + -ING FORM OR INFINITIVE:Attempt, begin, bother, cant bear, cant stand, cease, continue, deserve, fear, hate, inten
(=enjoy), love, prefer, start
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Verbs followed by ing forms and infinitives (* = can take an object)
Underlined verbs: with these verbs we use for before the object + infinitive: Ex: We spwaiting them to arrive. We spent ages waiting for them to arrive.
Verbs in bold: in BrE we can use deserve+ -ing when it has a passive meaning: the naudeserves smacking (= deserves to be smacked)
Verb + -ing form Verb + infinitive
Admit, appreciate*, avoid*, burst out, cant help*,
consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, detest*,
dislike*, endure* escape, excuse*, face*, fancy*, feel
like, finish, give up, imagine*, involve*, justify*, keep
(on), leave off, mention*, mind*, miss*, postpone,
practise, prevent*, put off, put sb off, recall*,
recommend, resent*, resist*, risk*, save, suggest,
tolerate*, understand*
Afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange,
beg*, campaign, care, choose*, consen
demand, deserve, expect*, fail, fi
guarantee, happen, help*, hesitate, h
long, manage, need*, neglect, offer,
prepare, pretend, promise, propose,
seem, swear, tend, threaten, trouble*,
vow, wait, want*, wish*, ye
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The verbs: ADVISE, FOLLOW, FORBID and PERMIT are followed by an ing f
they have NO OBJECT, but an infinitive when thjey have an OBJECT: The doctor advised taking a course of antibiotics.
The doctor advised him taking a course of antibiotics
The doctor advised him to take a course of antibiotics
Certain verbs (particularly sense verbs) are only followed by the ing whenhave an object: They discovered him doing sth.
Some verbs are followed by the infinitive only when they have an object: Tforced us to open it
V + O + to-inf:advise, allow, cause, command, compel, encourage, forbid, force, get, instruct,
oblige, order, permit, persuade, recommend, remind, request, teach, tell, tempt, urge
V + O + ing: catch, discover, feel, find, hear, leave, notice, observe, see, spot, w