Unit 1 Great Scientists

Reading

Scientists:

Alexander Bell electricity Thomas Edison the First telephoneWright Brothers the electric LampMadame Curie black holes in UniverseFranklin Theory of GravitySteven Hawking the First PlaneElbert Einstein RadiumIsaac Newton the Theory of Relativity

Scientists & Contributions:

Archimedes( 阿基米德 )

Warming up:1. Which scientist discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float?

Ancient Greek (287-212BC)

A mathematician

Charles Darwin

2. Who wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed?

the Origin of Species

Warming up:

“father of modern biology”

3. Who invented the first steam engine?

Thomas Newcomen, British (1663--1729) He improved the first steam pump built by Thomas Savery in 1698 and turned it into a steam engine for taking water out of mines in 1712. James Watt improved it still further in the 1770s

Thomas Newcomen

Warming up:

Gregor Mendel, Czech (1822- 1884) He grew pea plants and developed ideas on heredity( 遗传学 ) and inherited ( 继承 , 承传 ) characteristics. Between1856-- 1863 he grew 28,000 pea plants.

Gregor Mendel

4. Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed from parents to their children?

Warming up:

Marie Curie

Warming up:5. Who discovered radium?

6. Who invented the way of giving electricity to everybody I large cities?

Thomas Edison

Leonardo da Vinci

7. Who was the painter that studied dead bodies to improve his painting of people?

Warming up:

Sir Humphry Davy, British (1778- 1829) He did research into different gases and discovered the medicinal value of nitrous( 含氮的 ) oxide( 氧化物 ) (or laughing gas) as an anaesthetic( 麻醉剂 ). In 1815 he developed a safety lamp for miners.

Humphry Davy

8. Who invented a lamp to keep miners safe underground?

Warming up:

Zhang Heng, Chinese (78- 139) He invented the first seismograph( 测震 仪、地震仪 ) to indicate in the direction of an earthquake. It was in the shape of a cylinder( 圆筒形 ) with eight dragonheads round the top, each with a ball in its mouth.

9. Who invented the earliest instrument to tell people where earthquakes happened?

Warming up:

seismograph

Stephen Hawking, British (1942--) He has worked in astronomy and studied black holes in space. He has shown that black holes do not only absorb everything around them but, from time to time, throw out matter as well.

10. Who put forward a theory about black holes?

Warming up:

Pre-reading:

infectious diseases : They can be spread to other people. They have an unknown cause. They are difficult to cure. They need public health care to solve them.

Pre-reading:

Skimming::

Who was the great scientist in the passage and what was the deadly disease of its day?

•John Snow •cholera

Cholera: It begins in the stomach and a severe case can lead to death without immediate treatment. And the victims died very quickly from a loss of liquid after severe vomiting( 呕吐 ) and diarrhoea( 腹泻 ).

Careful Reading:

John Snow was an doctor in London who Queen Victoria as her personal . He thought about helping ordinary people to cholera. Though the cause and the of it were unknown, he wanted to face the and solve the problem.

expertattendedphysician

exposedcure

challenge

Careful Reading:

1.What were the two theories about the cause of cholera?

2.Which did John Snow want to prove?

3.What was his method of doing the research?

…multiplied… …victims……absorb…

The second one.

To gather information in two particular streets.

Careful Reading:1.What did he do with the results of

his enquiry?

2.What valuable clue did he get about the cause of the disease?

3.What might be the cause?

Marked on a map…

Many of the deaths……had no deaths.

It seemed that the water was to blame for cholera.

Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street.

death

Part of Snow’s Cholera Map

Careful Reading:

1.Why did he tell people to remove the handle from the pump?

2.What happened after the handle was removed?

So that …

…slowed down

Careful Reading:

1.Where did the woman live and what did she had delivered to her house every day?

2.What did their deaths suggest?

3.What measures did John Snow take to prevent the disease from spreading?

Away from Broad StreetWater from the pump

The polluted water carried the virus

..suggested that…be examined…were instructed not to expose…to…

Find the main idea of each paragraph:1. The causes of cholera2. The correct or possible theory3. Collect data on those where people were ill and died and where they got their water4. Plot information on a map to find out where people died or did not die5. Analyse the water to see if that is the cause of the illness.6. Find other evidences to confirm his conclusion7. The polluted dirty source of drinking water was to blame for the cause of the London cholera.

Careful Reading:

draw a conclusion

Think of a method

Collect results

Make a question

Find a problem

Analyse the results

Find supporting evidence

①

③

②④

⑤⑥

⑦Stages in setting out a new scientific idea:

Dicussing

1.Read the text and learn the new words by heart

2.Find more information about cholera and John Snow on the Internet.

Homework: