Unit 1: From Pre-History Unit 1: From Pre-History to Early Civilizationsto Early Civilizations

Chapter 2: Ancient CivilizationsChapter 2: Ancient Civilizations

Section I: Ancient EgyptSection I: Ancient Egypt(Pages 22-29)(Pages 22-29)

This section is about:This section is about: How the Nile River How the Nile River

influenced the influenced the development of development of ancient Egypt.ancient Egypt.

Religion, Religion, government, and government, and society in the 3 major society in the 3 major periods of ancient periods of ancient Egypt.Egypt.

How hieroglyphics How hieroglyphics recorded aspects of recorded aspects of Egyptian lifeEgyptian life

On pages 22 and 23:On pages 22 and 23:

What 4 sections are in What 4 sections are in this chapter?this chapter?

Which do I already Which do I already probably know probably know something about and something about and why?why?

What part of the world is What part of the world is this chapter taking place this chapter taking place in?in?

On the top of page 24: On the top of page 24: What What ““active readingactive reading””

tip do they give you?tip do they give you? What are the main What are the main

ideas of this section?ideas of this section? How else could you How else could you

find out the main find out the main ideas if they didnideas if they didn’’t list t list them for you?them for you?

The Nile River ValleyThe Nile River Valley

There wouldnThere wouldn’’t be t be an Egypt without an Egypt without the Nilethe Nile

It flows 4000 miles It flows 4000 miles (which direction?) (which direction?) through a series of through a series of cataracts / cataracts / waterfalls to the waterfalls to the Nile delta Nile delta

Only about a 10-15 Only about a 10-15 mile wide area.mile wide area.

People like living near water, People like living near water, so…so…

The river valley is The river valley is where just about where just about everything happened in everything happened in Egypt – living, trading, Egypt – living, trading, farming (as far as they farming (as far as they could irrigate land).could irrigate land).

The Nile (and the yearly The Nile (and the yearly floods) were essential to floods) were essential to their survival.their survival.

They used the things They used the things around them to live: around them to live: mud-brick homes, mud-brick homes, papyrus for ropes, papyrus for ropes, sandals, paper, and sandals, paper, and even boats, even boats,

In looking at itIn looking at it’’s history, s history, Ancient Egypt gets divided up into 3 Ancient Egypt gets divided up into 3

““kingdomskingdoms””The Old KingdomThe Old Kingdom(2600 BC -2150 BC)(2600 BC -2150 BC)

This is when Egypt This is when Egypt was everything was everything you read about.you read about.

PharaohsPharaohs (God- (God-kings) had kings) had absolute power.absolute power.

Some great Some great building projects building projects were completed were completed (like the pyramids (like the pyramids at Giza).at Giza).

After a while, After a while, several rulers several rulers fought for power fought for power and Egypt was and Egypt was weakened.weakened.

The New KingdomThe New Kingdom(1700 BC – 1125 BC)(1700 BC – 1125 BC)

New leaders came to New leaders came to power and again power and again unified Egypt under 1 unified Egypt under 1 ruler. ruler.

During this time, During this time, Egypt sent out Egypt sent out armies to conquer armies to conquer new lands.new lands.

Egypt resumed Egypt resumed massive building massive building projects – enormous projects – enormous temples and statues temples and statues of gods and of gods and pharaohs.pharaohs.

About 1085, Egypt About 1085, Egypt began to lose power began to lose power – others invaded and – others invaded and controlled them.controlled them.

The Middle KingdomThe Middle Kingdom

(2100 BC – 1800 BC)(2100 BC – 1800 BC) New Pharaohs took New Pharaohs took

over.over. More farmland was More farmland was

irrigated and a irrigated and a canal was even dug canal was even dug to connect the Nile to connect the Nile and the Red Sea.and the Red Sea.

Egypt began Egypt began trading more – gold, trading more – gold, ebony, ivory, and ebony, ivory, and skins and there was skins and there was an increase of an increase of crafts to support crafts to support that trade.that trade.

This kingdom ended This kingdom ended when the Egyptians when the Egyptians were invaded and were invaded and controlled for a controlled for a while.while.

Better Known New Kingdom LeadersBetter Known New Kingdom Leaders

1.1. HatshepsutHatshepsut

2.2. Amenhotep Amenhotep IV or IV or AkhenatonAkhenaton

3.3. TutankhamenTutankhamen

4.4. Thutmose IIIThutmose III

5.5. Ramses IIRamses II

A.A. Great army leader Great army leader and conquerorand conqueror

B.B. Great warrior, Great warrior, lived a long time lived a long time and had many and had many childrenchildren

C.C. Worshiped one Worshiped one God – the sun God God – the sun God (this was a big (this was a big thing).thing).

D.D. Best known of all Best known of all Egyptian Egyptian Pharaohs?Pharaohs?

E.E. First known First known female ruler of female ruler of EgyptEgypt

Egyptian Religion, Government, and Egyptian Religion, Government, and SocietySociety

Religion and family Religion and family were important were important parts of every parts of every EgyptianEgyptian’’s life.s life.

There were many There were many levels of society levels of society (next slide).(next slide).

You could move to a You could move to a higher class through higher class through hard work or hard work or marriage.marriage.

Egypt was usually Egypt was usually doing well enough doing well enough that people had time that people had time for family activities, for family activities, sports, sailing, sports, sailing, games, and even games, and even school (the wealthy)school (the wealthy)

The pyramids:The pyramids:famous tombs of the Pharaohsfamous tombs of the Pharaohs

Also, the Also, the ““Valley of the KingValley of the Kingss””

And, some in And, some in ““The Valley of the Golden The Valley of the Golden MummiesMummies””

The Pharaohs were buried with The Pharaohs were buried with all the wealth of Egypt all the wealth of Egypt

because:because: they felt theythey felt they’’d need it in their d need it in their

afterlifeafterlife

Most of the tombs of the Most of the tombs of the Pharaohs and the wealthy: Pharaohs and the wealthy:

were robbedwere robbed

King Tutankhamen's tomb was King Tutankhamen's tomb was so well hidden it was never so well hidden it was never

robbedrobbed

The method of preserving dead The method of preserving dead bodies is called: bodies is called: mummificationmummification

About 1800: the French and About 1800: the French and Napoleon conquered Egypt and Napoleon conquered Egypt and

found…found…

One of his soldiers found:One of his soldiers found:The Rosetta StoneThe Rosetta Stone

the top is in Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs (picture writing),

the second in the Egyptian demotic script,

and the third in Ancient Greek

Finding this made it possible Finding this made it possible to:to:

Understand about past Egyptian Understand about past Egyptian civilizations (after 20 years)civilizations (after 20 years)

Section II: Mesopotamia and SumerSection II: Mesopotamia and Sumer(Pages 32-36)(Pages 32-36)

Section III: Empires of Ancient MesopotamiaSection III: Empires of Ancient Mesopotamia(Pages 37-41)(Pages 37-41)

These sections are about:These sections are about:How the geography of How the geography of Mesopotamia affected the Mesopotamia affected the development of farming development of farming settlements and the settlements and the Sumerians.Sumerians.How a surplus of food supplies How a surplus of food supplies led to the growth of cities.led to the growth of cities.The accomplishments of the The accomplishments of the Babylonians, Persians, and Babylonians, Persians, and Phoenicians.Phoenicians.

This area is in the This area is in the Middle East today Middle East today (Iraq): between (Iraq): between the Tigris and the Tigris and Euphrates RiversEuphrates Rivers

Why do you think Why do you think people settled in people settled in Mesopotamia?Mesopotamia?

Maybe first – why Maybe first – why do you think do you think people have people have settled in the settled in the Barrington High Barrington High School area?School area?

These two rivers These two rivers flooded most years and flooded most years and brought rich, fertile brought rich, fertile soils to the area…soils to the area…

……although there were although there were not many other useful not many other useful resources for them resources for them (metal, precious (metal, precious stones, trees, etc…).stones, trees, etc…).

Since it was a good Since it was a good place to farm, some of place to farm, some of the first civilizations the first civilizations started here.started here.

One of these civilizations: One of these civilizations:

MesopotamiaMesopotamia Good land for crops Good land for crops

and animals.and animals. It didn’t rain much, but It didn’t rain much, but

they dug irrigation they dug irrigation ditches.ditches.

About 4000 BC, they About 4000 BC, they developed a plow – and developed a plow – and people could then work people could then work a lot faster and easier.a lot faster and easier.

This is another This is another example of a culture example of a culture specializing in their specializing in their skills and lifestyles.skills and lifestyles.

The The Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent was actually a home to was actually a home to many different many different cultures: including cultures: including Assyria, Akkad, and Assyria, Akkad, and SumerSumer

The SumeriansThe Sumerians

Had a lot of city-states Had a lot of city-states (the biggest was Ur: (the biggest was Ur: 20,000 people).20,000 people).

Each city state was a Each city state was a theocracy theocracy (a (a government ruled by a government ruled by a priest) who could priest) who could command an army, command an army, collect taxes, assign collect taxes, assign people labor, etc…people labor, etc…

The center of each city The center of each city had a ziggurat (tall had a ziggurat (tall tower for the priests)tower for the priests)

Many of these priests Many of these priests ended up becoming ended up becoming kings.kings.

Some of these kings Some of these kings ended up becoming ended up becoming warrior kinds of kings. warrior kinds of kings.

Why would they have Why would they have changed from changed from ““priestspriests”” to warrior leaders?to warrior leaders?

Sumerian Sumerian writing…writing…

Started out as pictographs – Started out as pictographs – usually done on clay (they usually done on clay (they had a lot of clay)had a lot of clay)

This eventually turned into This eventually turned into cuneiform (on clay tablets).cuneiform (on clay tablets).

They used this wedge shaped They used this wedge shaped writing for about 3000 years.writing for about 3000 years.

Used for recording business, Used for recording business, myths, poems, laws, …myths, poems, laws, …

One famous cuneiform story One famous cuneiform story is is ““The Epic of GilgameshThe Epic of Gilgamesh””

Mesopotamians were bright:Mesopotamians were bright:

InventedInvented

the plowthe plow potterypottery cuneiformcuneiform THE WHEEL (in Sumer THE WHEEL (in Sumer

about 3100 BC)about 3100 BC) used sails for boatsused sails for boats masters at record keeping masters at record keeping

(used scribes to copy (used scribes to copy information and keep information and keep records) records)

invented a math system invented a math system (based on 60 – still for (based on 60 – still for clocks and… anything clocks and… anything else?) else?)

contributed ideas that contributed ideas that helped make domes, helped make domes, vaults, and brick moldsvaults, and brick molds

Sumerians also practiced Sumerians also practiced polytheismpolytheism(they worshiped many gods and goddesses)(they worshiped many gods and goddesses)

About About 30003000 totaltotal

Each city may Each city may have even had have even had some of their some of their own special own special ones.ones.

They usually They usually had a pretty had a pretty set social set social structurestructure

Sumer was not the only Sumer was not the only place in Mesopotamia…place in Mesopotamia…

… … and eventually they lost and eventually they lost some of their power and were some of their power and were conquered (some of their conquered (some of their culture became part of other culture became part of other EmpireEmpire’’s cultures though).s cultures though).

Another group: The Akkadian Another group: The Akkadian Empire: led by Sargon – a Empire: led by Sargon – a superb military leader.superb military leader.

SargonSargon’’s dynasty ruled for s dynasty ruled for about 200 years - during this about 200 years - during this time Sumer and Akkad time Sumer and Akkad blended into more of one blended into more of one culture.culture.

And, because their culture And, because their culture was doing well – people were was doing well – people were able to do more leisure time able to do more leisure time things: sculpture, carving, things: sculpture, carving, writing and poetry…writing and poetry…

Babylonia Babylonia and Assyriaand Assyria

BabyloniaBabylonia became a became a village about 2000 BC village about 2000 BC and an empire by and an empire by 17100 BC17100 BC

Their outstanding Their outstanding leader (Hammurabi) leader (Hammurabi) helped them become helped them become known for their wealth, known for their wealth, entertainment, and entertainment, and gardens.gardens.

But heBut he’’s best known for s best known for writing down all the writing down all the laws into one laws into one ““documentdocument””

This document is called:This document is called: The Code of HammurabiThe Code of Hammurabi::

Did 2 things:Did 2 things:

1.1. Helped make sure everyone Helped make sure everyone knew what the laws were.knew what the laws were.

2.2. Helped unify all the people Helped unify all the people who made up the who made up the Babylonian culture.Babylonian culture.

Has 282 specific laws about Has 282 specific laws about marriage, land rights, marriage, land rights, business dealings, family business dealings, family relations, and crime and relations, and crime and punishment.punishment.

Some were complicated Some were complicated and even unfair (different and even unfair (different punishments for different punishments for different people)…people)…

……but usually the but usually the punishment fit the deed.punishment fit the deed.

Examples from Examples from ““The Code of The Code of HammurabiHammurabi””

http://www.ushistory.org/civ/4c.asp

15: If any one take a male or female slave of the court, or a male or female slave of a freed man, outside the city gates [to escape], he shall be put to death. 16: If any one receive into his house a runaway male or female slave of the court, or of a freedman, and does not bring it out at the public proclamation of the [police], the master of the house shall be put to death. 53: If any one be too lazy to keep his dam in proper condition, and does not so keep it; if then the dam break and all the fields be flooded, then shall he in whose dam the break occurred be sold for money, and the money shall replace the [grain] which he has caused to be ruined. 54: If he be not able to replace the [grain], then he and his possessions shall be divided among the farmers whose corn he has flooded. 108: If a [woman wine-seller] does not accept [grain] according to gross weight in payment of drink, but takes money, and the price of the drink is less than that of the corn, she shall be convicted and thrown into the water. (1) 1010: If conspirators meet in the house of a [woman wine-seller], and these conspirators are not captured and delivered to the court, the [wine-seller] shall be put to death. 110: If a "sister of a god“ [nun] open a tavern, or enter a tavern to drink, then shall this woman be burned to death. 1210: If a man's wife be surprised [having intercourse] with another man, both shall be tied and thrown into the water, but the husband may pardon his wife and the king his slaves. 130: If a man violate the wife (betrothed or child-wife) of another man, who has never known a man, and still lives in her father's house, and sleep with her and be surprised [caught], this man shall be put to death, but the wife is blameless. 131: If a man bring a charge against [his] wife, but she is not surprised with another man, she must take an oath and then may return to her house. 132: If the "finger is pointed" at a man's wife about another man, but she is not caught sleeping with the other man, she shall jump into the river for [the sake of her] husband. (2) 138: If a man wishes to separate from his wife who has borne him no children, he shall give her the amount of her purchase money and the dowry which she brought from her father's house, and let her go. 141: If a man's wife, who lives in his house, wishes to leave it, plunges into debt [to go into business], tries to ruin her house, neglects her husband, and is judicially convicted: if her husband offer her release, she may go on her way, and he gives her nothing as a gift of release. If her husband does not wish to release her, and if he take another wife, she shall remain as servant in her husband's house. 142: If a woman quarrel with her husband, and say: "You are not congenial to me," the reasons for her prejudice must be presented. If she is guiltless, and there is no fault on her part, but he leaves and neglects her, then no guilt attaches to this woman, she shall take her dowry and go back to her father's house. (3) 143: If she is not innocent, but leaves her husband, and ruins her house, neglecting her husband, this woman shall be cast into the water. 1105: If a son strike his father, his hands shall be [cut] off. (4) 1106: If a [noble-]man put out the eye of another [noble-]man, his eye shall be put out. (5) 1107: If he break another [noble-]man's bone, his bone shall be broken. 1108: If he put out the eye of a [commoner], or break the bone of a [commoner], he shall pay one [silver] mina. 11010: If he put out the eye of a man's slave, or break the bone of a man's slave, he shall pay one-half of its value. 200: If a man knock out the teeth of his equal, his teeth shall be knocked out. 201: If he knock out the teeth of a [commoner], he shall pay one-third of a [silver] mina.

The Persian EmpireThe Persian Empire ……contributed a lot to contributed a lot to

Mesopotamia.Mesopotamia. Cyrus the Great built Cyrus the Great built

many roads (improving many roads (improving travel and travel and communication).communication).

Cyrus also governed Cyrus also governed through kindness and through kindness and cooperation (his army cooperation (his army wouldnwouldn’’t steal or t steal or destroy places they destroy places they conquered).conquered).

Also: common weights Also: common weights and measures and the and measures and the use of coins in tradeuse of coins in trade

The Phoenicians were around at the same The Phoenicians were around at the same timetime

(but in a different place) (but in a different place) They were the greatest sailors They were the greatest sailors

of the time (so – also traders – of the time (so – also traders – minerals, wood, a purple dye).minerals, wood, a purple dye).

They also set up many They also set up many colonies around the colonies around the Mediterranean.Mediterranean.

Their greatest achievement Their greatest achievement was a new alphabet – which was a new alphabet – which spread throughout the region.spread throughout the region.

They also simplified cuneiform They also simplified cuneiform from 1000 symbols to 22.from 1000 symbols to 22.

Each symbol stood for a Each symbol stood for a different sound. The Greeks different sound. The Greeks later added more symbols and later added more symbols and eventually it turns into what eventually it turns into what our English alphabet is based our English alphabet is based on.on.

Section IV: The Beginnings of Section IV: The Beginnings of JudaismJudaism

(Pages 42-45)(Pages 42-45)

This section is about:This section is about:How the geography of How the geography of Canaan influenced the Canaan influenced the ancient civilization of the ancient civilization of the Hebrews.Hebrews.How Judaism was How Judaism was founded, and how it alter founded, and how it alter became a major world became a major world religion.religion.

Another group who lived Another group who lived in the area of the Fertile in the area of the Fertile Crescent were the Crescent were the Hebrews.Hebrews.

But, they were a little But, they were a little different than the other different than the other groups wegroups we’’ve seen so far.ve seen so far.

We know a lot about We know a lot about them, because they them, because they recorded events important recorded events important to them in their Hebrew to them in their Hebrew Bible (Many groups only Bible (Many groups only use an use an oral historyoral history))

How do you know about How do you know about you and your family’s you and your family’s past? past?

Ask your teacher about Ask your teacher about the 20 foot long book he the 20 foot long book he has about the history of has about the history of the Hebrew people.the Hebrew people.

One of their peoples One of their peoples ((AbrahamAbraham) brought the ) brought the Hebrews from Hebrews from Mesopotamia to Canaan. Mesopotamia to Canaan.

That was where God and That was where God and Abraham made a Abraham made a covenantcovenant (agreement/contract)(agreement/contract)

If Abraham and his people If Abraham and his people would worship only one would worship only one god (god (monotheismmonotheism), then ), then God would give Abraham God would give Abraham many descendants many descendants (through the (through the Twelve Twelve Tribes of IsraelTribes of Israel). ).

Worshiping one God was Worshiping one God was different than the other different than the other groups from the Fertile groups from the Fertile Crescent.Crescent.

These Twelve Tribes were These Twelve Tribes were nomads nomads

and they eventually ended up…and they eventually ended up…

… … in Egypt (where they in Egypt (where they were made into slaves).were made into slaves).

After a while, one of their After a while, one of their leaders (Moses) got them leaders (Moses) got them their freedom (the Exodus). their freedom (the Exodus).

When they left Egypt, they When they left Egypt, they traveled around the Sinai traveled around the Sinai Peninsula for many years.Peninsula for many years.

It was during that time that It was during that time that Moses got the Ten Moses got the Ten Commandments from God – Commandments from God – again a covenant that if again a covenant that if they followed these rules, they followed these rules, they would be they would be ““GodGod’’s own s own people.people.””

They eventually ended up They eventually ended up settling in settling in CanaanCanaan (the land (the land promised to Abraham). promised to Abraham). Canaan is now called Israel.Canaan is now called Israel.

Kingdoms of Kingdoms of the Israelitesthe Israelites

The Hebrews (Twelve Tribes of The Hebrews (Twelve Tribes of Israelites) had to continually Israelites) had to continually fight for this land. fight for this land.

They figured it was better to They figured it was better to unite and their first king was unite and their first king was Saul (killed in battle).Saul (killed in battle).

His son His son DavidDavid took over, took over, created a stronger Israel, and created a stronger Israel, and made Jerusalem itmade Jerusalem it’’s capital.s capital.

DavidDavid’’s son s son SolomonSolomon made made Israel a rich nation which had a Israel a rich nation which had a huge temple, big army, good huge temple, big army, good trade, improved roads and trade, improved roads and ports…ports…

When Solomon died, there were When Solomon died, there were problems: Israel even split into problems: Israel even split into two kingdoms: most two kingdoms: most IsraelitesIsraelites were taken over by Assyria and were taken over by Assyria and Judah was conquered by Judah was conquered by Babylonia.Babylonia.

Much of the oral history of the Hebrew Much of the oral history of the Hebrew people people

was written down during the time was written down during the time the people of Judah were conquered.the people of Judah were conquered.

When the Persians When the Persians conquered conquered Babylonia, they let Babylonia, they let the Jews return to the Jews return to their old kingdom their old kingdom – where they re-– where they re-built their temple built their temple (although still (although still living under living under Persian control)Persian control)

This idea of Monotheism still influencesThis idea of Monotheism still influencesand dominates many religions todayand dominates many religions today

The sacred book for Hebrews is The sacred book for Hebrews is the Torah (first 5 books of the the Torah (first 5 books of the bible)bible)

1.1. Genesis (creation, Abraham, and Genesis (creation, Abraham, and his descendants)his descendants)

2.2. Exodus (leaving Egypt)Exodus (leaving Egypt)3.3. Leviticus Leviticus 4.4. Numbers Numbers (Jewish laws and (Jewish laws and

instruction)instruction)

5.5. DeuteronomyDeuteronomy

The oldest Torah stories we have The oldest Torah stories we have come from the Dead Sea Scrolls come from the Dead Sea Scrolls (written about 800AD and just (written about 800AD and just found in the 1100found in the 1100’’s.s.

JudaismJudaism

WorldWorld’’s 8s 8thth biggest biggest religion (14-18 million)religion (14-18 million)

Spread out around the Spread out around the world – many in Israel world – many in Israel (40%), America (40%), (40%), America (40%), Europe, Russia, etc…Europe, Russia, etc…

Many still follow these Many still follow these old Hebrew rules and old Hebrew rules and ““lawslaws”” – as part of – as part of AbrahamAbraham’’s covenant s covenant and their faith that and their faith that they are Godthey are God’’s chosen s chosen peoplepeople