Unit 1 – Diversity of Living Things
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Transcript of Unit 1 – Diversity of Living Things
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Unit 1 – Diversity of Living Things
The international year of Biodiversity 2010
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1VYmpTikgw
International day of Biodiversity - May 22 2014
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The Axolotl
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What is Biodiversity?
• Biodiversity= the number and the variety of species on Earth
• Overall ~ 30-100 million species exist but only 1.75 millions species categorized so far
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Edward O. WilsonCoined the term Biodiversity in 1988
• Discover Life IDnature database
http://www.discoverlife.org/nh/id/
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How is a “species” defined?
2 ways:
(i)Biological species concept•Species= a group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring
(ii)Morphological species concept•Species defined on a set of shared physical characteristics
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Advantages and disadvantages to the following definitions of a species:A) Biological species concept
Advantages Disadvantages
Widely used by scientists
Not applicable to different plants species that can hybridize under natural conditions orIf species reproduce asexually
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Advantages and disadvantages to the following definitions of a species:
b) Morphological species concept
Advantages Disadvantages
Simple to useIncorporates plants and organisms that reproduce asexually
Almost all pop’n are made up of non-identical individuals doesn’t mean that are not from the same species
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•Nature's Services to Humans–Clean water, clean air, soil for agriculture, the pollinating effect of many insects etc.
•Economic Reasons-Lumber, fishery catches, agriculture, livestock, recreation
•Medicine
•Aesthetic and Intrinsic Value
Why is studying biodiversity important?
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Taxonomy
•Taxonomy is the identification, classification, and naming of species.
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If you were a taxonomist in charge of creating a universal system of classifying organisms. What are the challenges in classifying Earth’s millions of species?
1. What language would you use?
2. What criteria does a modern taxonomist use for characterizing organisms?
3. What are some problems with using common names, such as “cat” or “starfish” or “flesh-eating shark” in classifying organisms?”
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Traditional Taxonomic Systems
– Binomial nomenclature (Two-part name)
– Genus species
– 1st letter of the Genus name is capitalized; species in lower case
– always italicized if typed, or underlined if handwritten
Carolus Linnaeus (Li-nay-us)(1707-1778), a Swedish naturalist•created rules for classification based on organism shared characteristics:
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The Binomial System• Black bear Ursus Americanus• Grizzly bear Ursus horribilis
• What can be said about 2 species having the same genus?
• The same genus name indicates that these two species are closely related in anatomy, embryology and evolutionary ancestry.
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Levels of Classification• There are 8 levels or taxa (singular: taxon):
DomainKingdomPhylumClass Order Family Genus Species
• Can you come up with a mnemonic device for 7 taxa?
• King Phillip Comes Over For Great Soup
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Taxonomic Classification of Grey Wolf- an example
Becoming more specific
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All Living Things
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Bacteria
Kingdom Archaea
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Three Domains and Six Kingdoms Classification
System
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HW- Create a dichotomous key to classify 6 kingdoms
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Dichotomous Key• A step-by-step guide to help identify an
organism
• Follows a series of choices will lead you to the organism’s name
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2 types of dichotomous keys: same result
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Dichotomous key: more examples
ibis
heron
spoonbill
cardinal
eagle
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Please do Practice Exercise now
Use a dichotomous key to identify creatures on planet Pamishan
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Practice creating a dichotomous keyAssign Latin-like binominal name for
each deer-like creature
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Answer
Example:• 1. body with large spots ......go to 2
Plain body ..... go to 4• 2. Has 4 legs .....go to 3
Has 8 legs .......... Deerus octagis• 3. Has a tail ........ Deerus pestis
Does not have a tail ..... Deerus magnus 4. Has a pointy hump ...... Deerus humpisDoes not have a pointy hump.....go to 5 5. Has ears .........Deerus purplinis Does not have ears ......Deerus deafus
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Many possible answersAs long as your key works
With tail
Without tail
1-loop tail
2-loop tail
oval body
humpback body
….. Deerus ovus
….. Deerus humpis
body with dark spots
body with faint spots
….. Deerus darkus
…..Deerus tetragis
….. Deerus tailess
4 legs
8 legs ….. Deerus octagis
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AnnouncementLab quiz “Classifying the
Kingdom of pasta”
Changed to Monday Sep 15 2014
in class, ~30 min
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The importance of classification to Technology, Society, and the Environment
• Environmental conservation of organisms
• tracing the transmission of diseases and the development and testing of possible treatments
• Medical Products - helps narrow search to species closely related to organisms already known to produce valuable proteins or chemicals for medical purposes.
• increasing crop yields through disease and pest resistance
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Problems with traditional taxonomy
• Deciding and agreeing on what criteria to use to define each taxon
• Internal anatomical and physiological features are more significant than external features when creating dichotomous key. However, they are difficult to observe.
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Modern taxonomy and Phylogeny• Phylogeny = the study of the
evolutionary relatedness between and among species
Family Tree Phylogenetic tree(also cladogram)
Commonancestor
Goi
ng b
ack
in ti
me
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1. Which organisms in the above cladogram have hard shelled eggs?2. Which organisms in the cladogram have a backbone?3. Which shared a common ancestor most recently – a bird and a crocodile or bird
and a monkey?
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Looking at clades in a cladogramA clade includes a single ancestor species and all its descendents (both living and extinct)
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Looking at clades in a cladogram
A clade includes a single ancestor species and all its descendents (both living and extinct)
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HOW TO BUILD A CLADOGRAM• http://ccl.northwestern.edu/simevolution/ob
onu/cladograms/Open-This-File.swf
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Comparing traditional and modern taxonomy
Based on shared physical features
Based on recent shared ancestor
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Recent advancement: International Barcode Of Life project
• Launched in 2010
• Use DNA to create DNA profile of every species in the form of a barcode
• http://ibol.org/.
Paul Herbert, U of Guelphhttp://www.uoguelph.ca/~phebert/
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DNA Barcoding
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International Barcode Of Life Project
• DNA sequence of Arctic warbler (Phylloscopus borealis) looks like:
• CCTATACCTAATCTTCGGAGCATGAGCGGGCATGGTAGGC....
And its image looks like this:
Benefits of iBol project:•reveals wide spread false labelling of fish products sold in Canada and US•Allows low cost sampling and monitoring diversity of entire ecosystem
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Review1. Which group is more specific, order or class?• Order2. What is meant by binomial nomenclature?• A two name system (Genus species)3. List the 6 kingdoms in order from primitive to
advanced• Bacteria, Archaea, protista, fungi, plants, and
animals
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Review
4. Which of the following pairs is MOST closely related?
• Acer rubrum & Acer saccharum• Acer rubrum & Chenopodium rubrum
5. The science of classification is called _____________
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(1) Genetic Diversity among organisms of the same species
(2) Species Diversity-Variety of species within an ecosystem and the # of individuals within each species
-Helps to determine the health of the ecosystem
(3) Ecosystem Diversity
What are the 3 levels of biodiversity?
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Threats to Biodiversity
1. Overhunting/Over-fishing
2. Habitat Loss
3. Invasive Species
4. Climate change
Human is the cause of the current mass extinction