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Transcript of Unit 02 settlement of the west
- 1. With
Mr. Luzadder
5th Grade
Plain Elementary
Simpsonville, South Carolina
Settlement of the West
2. Settlement of the West
2
3. 3
Pony Express
Telegraph
Central Pacific
golden spike
Irish
William Tecumseh Sherman
Prejudice
Sacramento, California
Pacific Railroad Act
Promontory Point
transcontinental railroad
Union Pacific
Charles Crocker
Leland Stanford
"Done"
time zone
Samuel Morse
Chinese
gold rush
Sierra Nevada Mountains
Jupiter
Omaha, Nebraska
Grenville Dodge
Settlement of the West
4. 4
Technology
Kansas Fever Exodus
John Deere
Homesteader
Pioneer
Great Plains
Homestead Act
Joseph Glidden
Nicodemus, Kansas
steel plow
Exoduster
Sod Buster
barbed wire
Windmill
Settlement of the West
5. Essential Questions
Settlement of the West
5
What was the transcontinental railroad?
6. The Pony Express
The Pony Express was a service begun in 1860 that used a relay of
riders on horses to deliver mail from Missouri to California in ten
days.
Advertisements for riders read: Young, skinny, wiry fellows, not
over 18.Must be expert riders.Willing to risk death daily.Orphans
preferred.
Buffalo Bill Cody and Wild Bill Hickok both worked for the Pony
Express when they were young.
The Pony Express route stretched between St. Joseph, Missouri and
Sacramento, California
Settlement of the West
6
7. The Pony Express
Pony Express riders who would carry mail 75-100 miles a day. They
would change horses every ten to fifteen miles.
Once a rider handed off the mail he was carrying to another rider,
he would wait for a rider coming from the opposite direction to
arrive with mail for him to carry back to the post where he had
started.
The Pony Express charged $5.00 for each ounce of mail.
The Pony Express ceased operation in October of 1861, a year and a
half after it started, due to the completion of a telegraph line
reaching California.
Settlement of the West
7
8. The Telegraph
Inventors began experimenting with the idea of sending messages
over a wire in the mid 1700s.
An American scientist invented the first known telegraph in the
United States in 1836.
In 1838, Samuel Morse, and his assistant, Alfred Vail, invented a
telegraph that was able to transmit messages over long
distances.The two men also developed Morse code in order to send
messages.
On October 24, 1861 the first transcontinental telegraph was
completed.
Settlement of the West
8
9. The Transcontinental Railroad
A transcontinental railroad is a railroad that crosses a
continent.The first transcontinental railroad in the United States
was completed in 1869.
The desire for a railroad that could cross the United States grew
after the California gold rush.
In 1862 Congress passed the Pacific Railroad Act which offered
government loans and free land if two companies would build the
railroad.
Settlement of the West
9
10. The Union Pacific
The Union Pacificwould begin in Omaha, Nebraska and workers would
lay the tracks as they headed west.
Grenville Dodge led the building of the Central Pacific.
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10
11. The Central Pacific
The Central Pacificwould begin in Sacramento, California and
workers would lay the tracks as they headed east.
Charles Crocker led the building of the Central Pacific.
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11
12. The Central Pacific
Settlement of the West
12
Central Pacific supplies came from the East. Until 1868 their
materials and machinery were shipped around the southern tip of
South America.
Work was often delayed because materials were not shipped on time
or they were lost due to accident en route.
Charles Crocker often cut corners.Among other things, he is
reported to have had his crews drive spikes in only seven of every
ten rails along the line.
13. Settlement of the West
13
14. Settlement of the West
14
Union Pacific workers laying railsOctober 1866
15. Native Americans
15
One group that did not want to see the railroad built were the
Native Americans who attempted to disrupt the building of the
transcontinental railroad.Red Cloud, a Lakota chief, said, We do
not want you here, you are scaring away the buffalo.
William Tecumseh Sherman warned Native Americans saying, We will
build iron roads, and you cannot stop the locomotive.Federal troops
began patrolling the Union Pacific in an effort to protect the
workers and the railroad tracks.
Settlement of the West
16. 16
The train pictured is the Jupiter which carried Leland Stanford,
one of the "big four owners of the Central Pacific, and other
railway officials to the Golden Spike Ceremony.Notice the Indians
on the hill overlooking the train.
Settlement of the West
17. Essential Questions
17
What role did immigrants play in the building of the
transcontinental railroad?
Settlement of the West
18. Prejudice
18
While the Central Pacific had enough work to employ 4,000 workers,
at first they were barely able to maintain a workforce of 800
men.
Prejudice caused many to believe that Irish workers simply used
their wages to purchase alcohol and Chinese workers were
unreliable.
Definition of prejudice:
an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without
knowledge, thought, or reason.
any preconceived opinion or feeling, either favorable or
unfavorable.
unreasonable feelings, opinions, or attitudes, especially of a
hostile nature, regarding a racial, religious, or national
group.
Settlement of the West
19. Immigrants
19
At one point, Irish workers became upset over their wages. Crocker
recruited some Chinese to take their place. The Irishmen quickly
went back to work.
At first, the Central Pacific Railroad hired just 50 Chinese
workers. Their work ethic was so impressive, however, that many
more were hired.
Crocker not only sent word all over California that he was hiring
Chinese workers, but he also hired companies to advertise for
workers in China.
Settlement of the West
20. Immigrants
20
By 1868 there were 12,000 Chinese workers employed by Central
Pacific.This was at least 80% of their workforce.
"Wherever we put them, we found them good and they worked
themselves into our favor to such an extent that if we found we
were in a hurry for a job of work, it was better to put Chinese on
at once.-- Charles Crocker
Settlement of the West
21. 21
Settlement of the West
22. 22
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23. 23
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24. 24
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25. 25
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26. 26
Settlement of the West
27. Promontory Point
27
On May 10, 1869, the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific met at
Promontory Point, in the Utah Territory.
Over a period of six years, over 1,700 miles of track had been
laid.
To commemorate the momentous occasion of the transcontinental
railroad being completed, a spike made of gold from the mines of
California was made.Leland Stanford, President of the Central
Pacific, was given the honor of driving the spike into the
track.
The message Done was telegraphed throughout the country.
Settlement of the West
28. 28
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29. 29
Completion of the worlds first transcontinental railroad was
celebrated at Promontory Point where the Central Pacific and the
Union Pacific met on May 10, 1869.
Settlement of the West
30. Railroads
30
Before the completion of the railroad, it would cost about $1000
and require months of traveling to cross the United States.Once the
railroad was completed, a person could cross the continent in a
week for less than $100.
Settlement of the West
31. Essential Questions
31
What are time zones and why are they needed?
Settlement of the West
32. Time Zones
32
A time zone is a region in which one standard of time is used.There
are 24 time zones around the world.
On October 11, 1883, the General Time Convention adopted the
current standard time system used in the United States.The
convention was called by the nations railroads.They needed a more
uniform means of governing railroads.
Prior to the convention, the time was determined by the position of
the sun in the sky.
The new system started being used on November 18, 1883.That Sunday
became known as the Day of Two Noons.
Settlement of the West
33. Time Zones
33
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is calculated by + or hours from
the Prime Meridian (0 longitude) which runs through England.UTC is
sometimes referred to as Zulu time.
The Eastern Time Zone is UTC -4 hours which means that our time is
four hours earlier than the time in England.
Click here to view The Official U.S. Time web site.
Settlement of the West
34. U.S. Time Zones
34
Atlantic Time Zone (Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands) (-4
hours)
Eastern Time Zone (South Carolina) (-4 hours)
Central Time Zone (-5 hours)
Mountain Time Zone (-6 hours)
Pacific Time Zone (-7 hours)
Alaska Time Zone (-8 hours)
Hawaii-Aleutian Time Zone (-10 hours)
Samoa Time Zone (-11 hours)
Chamorro time zone (Guam) (+10 hours)
Settlement of the West
35. 35
Settlement of the West
36. Daylight Savings Time
36
Daylight savings time is the practice of moving the clock forward
so that there is more daylight of an evening.
In the United States, DST starts on the second Sunday of March and
ends on the first Sunday of November.
Arizona and Hawaii do not observe daylight savings time.
It is thought that DST helps conserve energy as there is less need
for people to use electric lights.
Settlement of the West
37. 37
Settlement of the West
38. Time Zones
38
The International Date Line is found approximately at 180
longitude.
Traveling east across the International Date Line results in a day,
or 24 hours, being subtracted. Traveling west across the
International Date Line results in a day, or 24 hours, being
added.
Settlement of the West
39. Essential Questions
39
What made it possible for settlers to settle the west?
Settlement of the West
40. Great Plains
40
The Great Plains was a vast grassland found between the Missouri
River and the Rocky Mountains that was given the nickname the Great
American Desert.
Up to this time these plains had been sparsely populated by white
settlers.
Settlement of the West
41. Homestead Act
41
In an effort to encourage people to move to the Great Plains,
Congress passed the Homestead Act.In 1862 Abraham Lincoln signed
this act which gave 160 acres (1/4 square mile) of land to
individuals who were at least 21 years old, the head of a
household, were either citizens of the United States or individuals
who declared their intention of to become citizens, and individuals
who had never taken up arms against the United States.
Homesteaderswere the settlers who claimed land on the Great Plains
under the Homestead Act.
Settlement of the West
42. Homestead Act
42
Homesteaders were required to build a 12 x 14 house, grow crops,
and live on the property for five years.
Those who purchased land under the Homestead Act would make a
payment of $10.They could get the deed to their property after
living on it for only six months if they were willing to pay the
government $1.25an acre.
Settlement of the West
43. Homestead Act
43
By 1895 more than 430,000 people had established homesteads on the
Great Plains.Most homesteaders settled in Kansas, Nebraska, and the
Dakota Territory.Nearly 300 million acres were given to new
settlers on the Plains.
Because life on the plains was so difficult, however, many
homesteaders did not stay on the land the five years that were
required to keep the land.
Settlement of the West
44. Settlers
44
A pioneer is an early settler of a region.
Some of these settlers were African Americans who had recently been
freed from slavery and immigrants from France, Denmark, Norway,
Sweden, and Russia.
With the completion of the transcontinental railroad, families were
able to obtain farm tools, barbed wire, cloth, and even houses from
businesses that sold goods through catalogs.
Settlement of the West
45. Sodbusters
45
Sodbusterswere Great Plains farmers of the late 1800s who had to
cut through sod, or thick grass, before planting crops.
In 1877 John Deere invented a steel plow that was able to slice
through the grass and soil of the Plains.
Sodbusters learned that they could use this sod to build their
homes in the absence of trees.These houses proved to be cool in the
summer and warm in the winter.Unfortunately, insects, rodents, and
snakes liked to make their homes in the sod walls.
Settlement of the West
46. 46
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47. 47
Settlement of the West
48. Essential Questions
48
Why did African Americans move west and what was their life like
once they got there?
Settlement of the West
49. Nicodemus
49
In 1877, fliers were printed that encouraged southern blacks to
leave their homes and come to Nicodemus, Kansas, the most famous
town settled by African Americans. These fliers typically
exaggerated the abundance of resources and the low cost of
land.
Settlement of the West
50. Nicodemus
50
The people of this town faced many difficulties including shortages
of supplies and having their crops trampled by the cattle of
ranchers.The first settlers of the town lived in dugouts much "like
prairie dogs" among the grasses of the plains.
While Nicodemus did become more prosperous, it eventually began to
decline due to the fact that a railroad was never built near the
town.
Settlement of the West
51. 51
Aerial view of Nicodemus, Kansas
Settlement of the West
52. Exodusters
In 1879, around twenty thousand African Americans sailed north on
the Mississippi River to Kansas in what came to be known as the
Kansas Fever Exodus.These individuals became known as
exodusters.
Exodus means a journey to freedom.These African Americans saw
themselves escaping slavery in search of the Promised Land much
like the Israelites who had been led by Moses as described in the
Bible.
52
Settlement of the West
53. Essential Questions
53
What were some of the problems faced by settlers on the Great
Plains and what technology helped make their lives easier?
Settlement of the West
54. Hardships on the Great Plains
Life on the plains was very difficult.Some of the hardships faced
by homesteaders included prairie fires, unpredictable weather
(blizzards, droughts, violent thunderstorms, etc.), and swarms of
grasshoppers and locusts.
54
Settlement of the West
55. Technology
Technology is the use of new ideas to make tools that improve
peoples lives.
Some technology that aided settlers were the windmill which made it
possible to get water from deep underground and barbed wire,
invented by Joseph Glidden in 1874,which made it possible to fence
in large areas of land in the absence of many trees.
55
Settlement of the West
56. Essential Questions
56
What was the life of a cowboy?
Settlement of the West
57. Cowboys
57
Around 1/3 to 1/2 of all cowboys were African American or Mexican
American.Many of the African American Cowboys were former slaves
while many of the white cowboys were former Civil War soldiers.It
was not uncommon for cowboys to be very young.
A cowboys life could be adventurous, but it was also exhausting and
dangerous.
Settlement of the West
58. 58
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59. 59
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60. 60
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61. 61
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62. 62
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63. 63
Settlement of the West
64. Cattle Drives
64
By 1865 there were more than 5 million head of longhorn cattle in
Texas.Each could be sold for as little as $4 in Texas, but would be
worth $40 in the North where cattle were less plentiful.
Ranchers realized they could make more money by taking their cattle
East by railroad.
Cowboys would herd cattle from their ranches in Texas to rail
stations.This was known as a cattle drive. Cattle drives would
often begin in the spring when the weather was cooler.
Settlement of the West
65. Cattle Drives
65
During a cattle drive cowboys might work sixteen-hour days seven
days a week.
In the 1860s cattle drives would be led by a trail boss and a chuck
wagon, which carried food and supplies.The trail boss would be
assisted by 8 to 20 cowboys.They would often be responsible for
getting 2,000 to 3,000 cattle to the rail station.These herds could
sometimes stretch for two miles
Settlement of the West
66. 66
Settlement of the West
67. Cattle Drives
67
The routes cowboys took their cattle were known as trails.One of
the most famous was the Chisholm Trail, which connected San
Antonio, Texas with Abilene, Kansas.Another well-known trail was
the Goodnight-Loving Trail which ran from Texas to Colorado.
Towns where cowboys drove their cattle to meet the railroad were
known as railheads.Railheads would have stockyards where the cattle
could be kept while waiting for a train and hotels where weary
cowboys could rest.Abilene and Dodge City were two well-known
railheads in Kansas.
Settlement of the West
68. Cattle Drives
68
One of the greatest dangers cowboys faced were stampedes.A stampede
occurred when cattle became frightened and ran out of control.In a
stampede, cowboys and their horses could be trampled or the cattle
could charge into a river and drown.Cowboys would often sing to
help keep the cattle calm.
Settlement of the West
69. Cattle Drives
69
The cattle were transported from railheads on the Great Plains to
meatpacking plants in Chicago, Illinois. By 1870 Chicago was the
worlds largest supplier of beef.
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70. 70
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71. 71
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72. 72
Settlement of the West
73. Cattle Drives
73
Cattle drives came to an end in the late 1880s as railroads
stretched down into Texas making cattle drives unnecessary.
Settlement of the West
74. Essential Questions
74
How did the discovery of gold change the west?
Settlement of the West
75. California Gold Rush
75
On January 24, 1848, James Marshall discovered a few nuggets of
gold at a saw mill owned by John Sutter.Over half a million people
traveled to California in hopes of striking it rich. Gold mining
was hard work that required long days and a lot of patience. Few
people actually became rich mining for gold.
Prospectors, or people who went to California during the California
Gold Rush in hopes of striking it rich, were known as
forty-niners.
By 1850, enough people had moved to California that it was able to
become a state.
Settlement of the West
76. Entrepreneurs
76
An entrepreneur is a person who starts a new business, hoping to
make a profit.
Luzena Stanley Wilson was an entrepreneur who moved her family
Nevada City, California, and opened a restaurant in her home.Soon
hungry miners were paying a dollar to eat at her table.
Levi Strauss was an entrepreneur from Germany who learned to make
sturdy pants for miners out of denim and rivets.These were the
worlds first blue jeans.
Settlement of the West
77. Boomtowns & Ghost Towns
77
Boomtowns were communities that sprung up when silver or gold was
discovered nearby.
Ghost towns are towns that were left empty when the miners moved
away.
Denver, Colorado, and San Francisco, California, were two towns
that began as supply stations for miners and continued to grow into
major metropolitan cities.
Settlement of the West
78. Essential Questions
78
How did settlers change the Indians way of life?
Settlement of the West
79. Buffalo
79
In the 1860s, Native Americans saw homesteaders farms, railroads,
and longhorn cattle on the land that had once been their hunting
grounds.
In 1850 there were fewer than 200,000 white settlers in the West.In
1870 there were nearly 1,400,000 settlers.
Hunters shot hundreds of buffalo, and longhorn cattle ate the grass
the buffalo needed.By 1890 the number of buffalo had shrunk from
more than 15 million to less than 1,000.With the loss of buffalo,
Native Americans lost their main source of food, clothing, and
shelter.
Settlement of the West
80. Settlers
80
The Homestead Act gave settlers the right to own their own
land.Native Americans believed that the land belonged to all of
their people and that it could not be bought or sold.
Since the 1800s the government made treaties with Native Americans
promising not to take over their lands.Yet there were times the
government broke these promises and sold land to settlers.
Settlement of the West
81. Reservations
81
The government established reservations, or lands set aside for
Native American, in an effort to get Native Americans to give up
hunting buffalo and begin farming.Most Native Americans did not
want to live on reservations.
Native Americans fought with settlers and soldiers many times
during the mid 1800s.These conflicts are often called the Plains
Wars.Native Americans were skilled warriors but usually lost in
these clashes.
Settlement of the West
82. Lakota
82
In the Treaty of 1868, the government had agreed that the territory
around the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming belonged to the
Lakota.
In 1874 gold was discovered in the Black Hills.Nearly 15,000 miners
came to South Dakota in hopes of getting rich.The government
offered to buy the Black Hills from the Lakota for $6
million.
When the Lakota refused the governments offer, they were ordered to
leave their land and to settle on reservations.
Settlement of the West
83. Lakota
83
In 1874 the Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians united in an
effort to protect their territory.
Two Lakota chiefs, Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, led more than
2,000 Native American warriors against Colonel George Custer and
600 soldiers of the Seventh Calvary at the Battle of the Little
Bighorn, which has also become known as Custers last stand.
The Battle of the Little Bighorn was the last major victory of the
Plains Wars for Native Americans.
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84. 84
Sitting Bull
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85. 85
George Armstrong Custer
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86. 86
George Armstrong Custer
Settlement of the West
87. 87
Battle of the Little Bighorn
Settlement of the West
88. Nez Perc
88
In 1876 the government ordered the Nez PercIndians living along the
Wallowa River in Oregon to move to a reservation in the Idaho
Territory.
In June of 1877, U.S. soldiers were sent to relocate the Nez Perc
to a reservation.The Nez Perc, however, did not want to leave their
land.It has always belonged to our people, said the Nez Perc leader
Chief Joseph.
Settlement of the West
89. Nez Perc
89
Chief Joseph and 700 Nez Perc Indians tried to flee from the
soldiers.When they were running low on food and supplies they
attempted to escape to Canada.When the tribe was within forty
miles, however, they found themselves surrounded by American
soldiers.
I am tired of fighting.Our chiefs are killed.The little children
are freezing to death.I am tired; my heart is sick and sad.From
where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever.-- Chief
Joseph
Settlement of the West
90. Nez Perc
90
Chief Joseph surrendered when he was promised that the Nez Perc
would be allowed to return to Oregon.This promise was not kept and
the tribe was eventually moved to a reservation in Oklahoma.
I believed General Miles, or I never would have surrendered.--
Chief Joseph
Settlement of the West