Unit 02 Modules Systems Components - univie.ac.at27.03.2019: Modules, Systems & Components Unit 02...

27.03.2019: Modules, Systems & Components

Unit 02 Modules – Systems – Components Marcus Rennhofer

[email protected]


Content:

• Systems & System Components System types

Module & Inverter

Solar batteries

Electric circuit

• Technology Families Crystalline solar cells

Thin film solar cells

next generation

• Resources Abundancy of resources


1. SYSTEM TYPES


1. System types: Grid connected

Type of installation: Free-field (Austria) Roof-Top Building- integrated



Typical applications:

residential houses

industrial roof tops

free field installations

…

© ATB-Becker

Augsburger Passive house

center


(ETECH, 2012)


Feed in the grid

(ETECH, 2012)

Sur-plus feed in


(Schletter, 2013)

1. System types: roof top mounted

- Roof hooks

- Clamps

- Mounted onto common rafter


(Schletter, 2013)

1. System types: mounting types

- Point mounted

- Line mounted

- Fast mounting


1. System types: grid connected: free field

- Fixed mounting

- 2-Axial Tracker


1. System types: grid connected: free field

- Fixed mounting

13 MW

7 MW

(AIT, 2014)


(Enerparc 2017)

1. System types: grid connected: free field: „X-Module“ mounted


1. System types: grid connected: free field:

• PV for horizontal agricultural areas

Can be installed on the farmland

water and irradiance control

Double use of area


1. System types: grid connected: free field:

• PV for horizontal agricultural areas

PV as wind shield

small foot print

© PV-Magazin.de, next2sun


1. System types: Grid connected: Inverter

(Power One, 2014)

Module-Inv.

(300W)

(Power One, 2014)

String-Inv.

(kW)

(Power One, 2014)

Central-Inv.

(MW)


Grid connected

1. System Components

Connection box /

over voltage protection

DC switch


1. System types: Island system

Free standing houses (mountain huts)

Rural areas (not grid connected)

Decentralized infrastructure ( weather

stations, traffic signals, …)

Typical applications:

© ATB-Becker

Mongolian yurt with PV House boat with PV – Neue Donau, Vienna


1. System types: Island system


Island system

1. System Components


1. System Types: Hybrid

© ATB-Becker

Schiestlhaus Hochschwab

Decentralized components &

Grid connection

Several power units


2. TECHNOLOGY FAMILIES


Cell types

Crystalline Thin Film Hybrid

Poly crystalline (pc)

Mono crystalline / Wafer

M. c. / back contacted

M . c. / spherical grains

Amorphous Silicide, a-Si

CuInSe / Cu(In,Ga)Se2

CdTe

GaAs / InGaAs

organic

Dye sensitized

CZTS

HIT (mono + a-Si)

µSi/a-Si (Multi-Junction)

Mono Si Thin Film

Inorganic / organic

Mono / GaAs

Metal-Oxide

Perovskite

2. Technology Types: Family -“Tree“

Tandem: two oth. types


2. Technology Types: Cyristalline

Si single crystal

Czochralski:

Purity

>99.9999% (6N)

Up to Semi-

Conductor-Si

> 9N

Si cell

~ 250 m

Poly crystaline cell

(„multi cyristaline“)

Single crystal corns

„domains“


grow: Czochralski

(epull from crucible)

2. Production: Solar cell


2. production : crystaline Si Module


2. Technology Types: Crystalline

h > 20%

Modules up to: 345 W


2. Production: Thin film photovoltaics (TF)


2. Processes: TF-PV via chemical bath deposition (CBD)

non-vacuum, low-cost, up-scalable, R2R compatible, min. material consumption


2. Technology Types: a-Si, CdTe, CIGS


2. Technology Types: „next gen.“: dye-sensitized (DSSC) / „Grätzel“

Technical problems:

e-transport

Ion - mobility

ohmic losses

fluid dynamics

corrosive

Advantages:

cheap

low-tech

abundant ressources

flexible substrate

transparent

© H.glass


2. Technology Types: „next gen.“: Organic

Polymer- fullerene-

Nanoparticle - mixture:

low efficiency

fast ageing (< 5a)

© Merck


2. Technology Types: „next gen.“: Metal oxides (CuO2)

2 µm

1 µm 1 µm(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

• Abundant • Vivid colors


2. Technology Types: „next gen.“: Perovskites


2. Technology Types: „next gen.“: Mono crystalline Si sphere


© Helmholzzentrum Berlin

2. Technology Types: „next gen.“ : GaAs / GaInAs

h > 30%

ESA-goal 2017: 34 -37%

10.000 EUR /m2


2. Technology Types: „next gen.“ : X on Y

• High voltages • High currents • Band gap matching

Old: c-Si / a-Si New: c-Si / Pero c-Si / OPV CIGS / Pero Pero / OPV


3. Resources & Abundancy


SiO2

27% earth crust = Si

In-Prize: (99.99%)

2002: 97 $/kg

2012: 900 $/kg

2016: 1200 $ /kg

Te production: 400 t/a (2016)

Side product of Cu, Ni-

Industry

3. Abundancy

Unit 02 Modules Systems Components - univie.ac.at27.03.2019: Modules, Systems & Components Unit 02...

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