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Poh-imkvXw ˛ IX

71

BapJw

kpµ-chpw sshhn-[y-ßƒ \nd-™-Xp-amWv \ΩpsS `qan. kq£va-Po-hn-Iƒ apX¬ òam-Im-c- Xnanw-K-e-

ßƒ hscbp≈ Poh-tem-I-Øns‚ \ne\n¬∏n\v Du¿Pw Bh-iy-am-Wv. kqcy\mWv `qan-bnse Du¿P-

Øns‚ apJy Dd-hnSw F∂v Ipń-Iƒ°dnbmw. kutcm¿Pw Fß-s\-bmWv Poh-tem-IØv ]th-in-°p-

∂-Xv, AXn¬ kky-ßƒ \¬Ip∂ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ F¥mWv XpS-ßnb Bi-b-ßƒ Ipń-I-fn¬

FØn°m≥ klm-b-I-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv Cu bqWn-‰p-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn \¬tI-≠-Xv.

]Im-i-kw-t«-jW ]Inb hgn kky-ßƒ APo-hobtemIsØ Poh-tem-I-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p∂

IÆn-bmbn ]h¿Øn-°p∂p F∂pw AXn¬ kap-Z-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ hnhn-[-Xcw kky-Pm-e-ßƒ

][m\ ]¶p-h-ln-°p∂p F∂p-ap≈ Bibw Cu bqWn-‰neqsS hn\n-abw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]Im-i-kw-

t«-jW ]In-b-bpsS L´-ßƒ hni-Z-ambn a\-n-em-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w Cu ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS

Npcpfgn® imkvX-⁄sc ]‰n IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°m\pw ChnsS Ah-kcw \¬In-bn-´p-

≠v. ]Im-i-kw-t«-jW ]In-b-bpsS ][m\ D¬∏∂-ßƒ F¥m-sW∂pw Ch Poh-tem-I-Øns‚ \ne-

\n¬∏ns\ Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-sh∂pw hni-Z-ambn bqWn-‰n¬ N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. ]Im-

i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ D¬∏∂-amb •qt°m-kn\v cmk-am‰w kw`-hn-®mWv kky-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ Blmc

]Zm¿Y-ß-fmbn kw`-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂ Bibw cq]-s∏-S-Ww.

]cn-k-cw \nco-£n-°m\pw Pohn-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-_‘w a\-n-em°n Poh-tem-IØv Ah-bpsS

ÿm\w Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p-ap≈ Ignhv t\Sm≥ Cu bqWn-‰nse ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ°p klm-

b-I-am-I-Ww. X\n°pw kl-Po-hn-Iƒ°pw \ne-\n¬°m≥ kky-ßƒ Bh-i-y-am-sW∂p Xncn-®-dn™v

kky-kw-c-£W ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ H‰bv°pw Iq´mbpw CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]cn-ÿnXnkulrZ-]camb

at\m-`mhw Hmtcm Ipń-bnepw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS km[n-°-Ww.

Poh-tem-I-Øn\vBlmcw

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So®¿sSIvÃv

72

][m\ ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ

$ ]Im-i-kw-t«-jWw \S-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Ce-

Iƒ°p≈ ]tXy-IX \nco-£n®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ lcn-X-I-W-Øns‚ LS\ Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ IS¬ F∂ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bnse ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-

Øns‚ ]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ L´-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-

I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ ^e-ambn HmIvkn-P≥ kzX-¥-

am-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂p sXfn-bn-°p-∂ ]co-£Ww Bkq-XWw

sNøp-∂p.

$ ]Im-i-kw-t«jW-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn™v kky-

kw-c-£W ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂p.

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Poh

-imk

vXw ˛

IX73

Bi-b-ßƒ/[mc-W-Iƒ/]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ/X¥-ßƒ ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ

samUyqƒ 1 ]Im -i -kw -t«-j-W-Øns‚]m[m\yw

$ Ce-Iƒ ˛ Iao-I-cWw

$ Du¿P-ssI-am‰w ˛ APo-hobtem-Iw, Poh-temIw

$ ]Imikwt«-jWw ˛ ]m[m\yw

˛ \nco-£Ww

˛ \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Ø¬

˛ hni-I-e\w sNø¬

samUyqƒ 2 lcnXIW-Øns‚ LS\

$ lcn-X-IWw ˛ Ce-I-fnse hn\-ymkw

$ lcn-X-IWw ˛ LS\

˛ Km-\, kvtSma, kvtSma -em-sa√

$ h¿W-I-ßƒ ˛ lcn-XIw a, lcn-XIw b, Itcm-´n≥, kmt¥m-^n¬

˛ \nco-£Ww

˛ hni-I-e\w sNø¬

˛ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬

samUyqƒ 3 ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-Ww kap-Z-ß-fn¬

$ kapZw F∂ Bhmkhyhÿ

$ D¬∏m-Z-I¿-˛-B¬K-Iƒ, a‰p Pe-k-ky-ßƒ

$ kap-Z-ß-fnse ]Im-i-kw-t«-jWw ˛ ]m[m\yw,`oj-Wn-Iƒ

$ kap-Z-a-en-\o-I-cWw

$ HmIvkn-Ps‚ D¬∏m-Z\w

$ NnX\nco-£Ww

$ hnh-cWhni-I-e\w

$ NnXo-I-cWhni-I-e\w

$ hni-I-e-\-°p-dn-∏v Xbm-dm-°¬

$ sF.kn.Sn.

$ N¿®

$ Ce-bpsS \nco-£Ww

$ NnXhni-I-e\w

$ hnh-cWhni-I-e\w

$ hni-I-e-\-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬

$ N¿®

$ NnXw hc®v `mK-ßƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø¬.


$ N¿®

$ ZØ-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°¬

$ imkvX-∏-Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬


$ N¿®°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬

$ ]Im-i-kw-t«-jWw \S-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Ce-Iƒ°p≈ ]tXy-IX \nco-£n®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ lcn-X-I-W-Øns‚ LS\ Xncn-®-dn™vhni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ IS¬ F∂ Bhm-k-hy -h -ÿ-bnse]Imi-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ ]m[m-\ywXncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

bqWn‰v ˛ 1 Poh-tem-I-Øn\v Blmcw BsI ]ncoUv 9bqWn‰v s^bnw

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So®

¿sSI

vÃv

74 Bi-b-ßƒ/[mc-W-Iƒ/]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ/X¥-ßƒ ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ

$ ]Im-i-kw-t«-jWw _‘-s∏´ imkvX-⁄cpwkw`m-h-\-Ifpw

˛ \nco-£Ww


˛ hni-I-e\w sNø¬

˛ ZØ-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°¬

samUyqƒ 4 : ]Imikwt«-jW ]In-bbpwkky-ß-fpsS ]m[m-\yhpw

$ ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ ck-X¥w

$ ]Im-i-kw-t«-jW L´-ßƒ

$ •qt°m-kns‚ cmk-am-‰-ßƒ

$ kky-ßƒ `qan-bpsS izmk-tIm-i-ßƒ

$ BtKmfXm]\w

$ kky-kw-c-£Ww

˛ \nco-£Ww


˛ hni-I-e\w sNø¬

˛ ]co-£-W-Øn¬ G¿s∏-S¬

˛ ZØ-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°¬

˛ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw


$ ^vtfmNm¿´v ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬

$ ]co-£W\n¿hlWw

$ ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬

$ N¿®


$ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw

$ skan-\m¿ Ah-X-cWw, dnt∏m¿´vXbm-dm-°¬

$ ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ L -ßƒ Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ ^e-ambnHmIvkn-P≥ kzX-¥-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂p F∂psXfn-bn-°p∂ ]co-£Ww Bkq-XWwsNbvXv \n¿h-ln-°p∂p.

$ ]Imikwt«-j-W-Øns‚ ]m[m-\ywXncn-®-dn™v kk-y-kw-c-£W ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂p.

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Poh-imkvXw ˛ IX

75

D≈-S-°-hn-i-I-e\w

BsI samUyqƒ : 4 BsI ]nco-Up-Iƒ 9

samUyqƒ 1 ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw 1 ]ncoUv

$ Ce-Iƒ ˛ Iao-I-cWw

$ Du¿P-ssI-am‰w ˛ APo-hobtemIw, Poh-temIw

$ ]Im-i-kw-t«-jWw ˛ ]m[m\yw

samUyqƒ 2 lcn-X-I-W-Øns‚ LS\ 1 ]ncoUv

$ lcn-X-IWw ˛ LS\ ˛ Km\, kvtSma, Cc-´--kvXcw

$ h¿W-I-ßƒ ˛ lcn-X-Iw a, lcn-XIw b, Itcm-´n≥, kmt¥m-^n¬

$ klm-bIh¿W-I-ßƒ

samUyqƒ 3 ]Im-i-kw-t«-jWw kap-Z-ß-fn¬ 2 ]ncoUv

$ kapZw F∂ Bhmkhyhÿ

$ D¬∏m-Z-I¿ ˛ B¬K-Iƒ, a‰p Pe-k-ky-ßƒ

$ kap-Z-ß-fnse ]Im-i-kw-t«-jWw ˛ ]m[m-\yw, `oj-Wn-Iƒ

$ kap-Z-a-en-\o-I-cWw

$ HmIvkn-P≥ D¬∏m-Z\w

$ ]Im-i-kw-t«-jWw ˛ imkvX-⁄cpw kw`m-h-\-Ifpw

samUyqƒ 4 ]Im-i-kw-t«-jW]In-bbpw

kky-ß-fpsS ]m[m\yhpw 5 ]ncoUv

$ ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ ck-X-¥-`mj

$ ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ hnhn-[ -L-´-ßƒ

$ ]Im-i-kw-t«-jWw ˛ HmIvkn-P≥ ]pd-¥-≈¬

$ •qt°m-kns‚ cmk-am-‰-ßƒ

$ kky-ßƒ `qan-bpsS izmk-tIm-i-ßƒ

$ kky--kw-c-£Ww ˛ BtKm-f-Xm-]-\w, h\-\-io-I-cWw, A¥-co£aen-\o-I-cWw

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So®¿sSIvÃv

76

samUyqƒ 1 : ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw 1 ]ncoUv

]h¿Ø\w 1 (NnX-\n-co-£Ww, N¿®)

Ce-I-fn¬ ]c-am-h[n kqcy-]-Imiw ]Xn-°m-\p≈ Iao-I-cWw F√m kky-ß-

fnepap≠v F∂ t_m[yw Ipń-I-fn¬ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. ]mT-

]p-kvX-I-Ønse BapJNnX-hpambn _‘-s∏´ Dulw FgpXm≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-

Ww (ICT D]-tbm-Kn-°mw). NnXw (1.1) ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-

Kn®v hni-I-e\w -sNbvXpw Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ kkyßƒ \nco-£n-®pw \nK-a-\-ßƒ

kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Fgp-X-Ww.

tImUo-I-cWw

$ Ip‰n-s®-Sn-I-fnepw H‰ØSnhr£-ß-fnepw ]c-am-h[n kqcy-]-Imiw e`n-°p-∂-

hn[-Øn-emWv CeIfpsS Iao-I-cWw.

$ ac-ß-fn¬ XmgsØ inJ-c-ßƒ°v apI-fn-e-tØ-Xn-t\-°mƒ \ofw IqSp-X¬

ImW-s∏-Sp∂p. ac-Ønse F√m Ce-Ifnepw ]c-am-h[n kqcy-]-Imiw e`n-

°p-∂Xn\p th≠ Iao-I-c-W-am-WnXv.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

ac-Ønse Ce-I-fpsS hn\-ym-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hni-I-e\°p-dn∏v.

]h¿Ø\w 2 (NnXo-I-cWhni-I-e-\w, hnh-c-W-hn-i-I-e\w)

APo-hob-tem-I-Øp-\n∂v Du¿PØn\v Poh-tem-I-tØ°p ]thin-°m\p≈ hmXn-

emWv ]Im-i-kw-t«-jWw F∂ Bi-b-amWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\-ØneqsS Ipń-Iƒ°v

e`n-t°-≠-Xv. kky-h-f¿®bn¬ kqcy]Imiw \n¿Wm-bI-am-Ip-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v

F∂ tNmZyw D∂-bn-°mw. Ipń-Iƒ \nK-a-\-ßƒ Fgp-X-s´. AXn\p tijw NnXo-

I-cWw (1.1), hnh-cWw F∂nh ]mT-]p-kvX-IØnse kqN-I-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v hni-

I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-\-Øns‚ km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-°-Ww. (kwL-]-h¿Ø-\w)

tImUo-I-cWw

$ lcnXkky-ßƒ kutcm¿PsØ t\cn´v kzoIcn®v kzmwio-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ kky-ßƒ kzmwio-I-cn® kutcm¿P-amWv Blm-c-Øns‚ cq]-Øn¬ P¥p-

°ƒ°p e`n-°p-∂-Xv.

$ APo-hobtemI-Øp-\n∂v Du¿Pw Poh-tem-I-tØ°p ]th-in-°p∂Xv ]Im-

i-kw-t«-j-WØneq-sS-bmWv. PohtemIsØ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂Xv ]Im-i-kw-

t«-j-W-amWv.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]Imikwt«-j-W-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ hni-I-e-\-°p-dn∏v.

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Poh-imkvXw ˛ IX

77

samUyqƒ 2 : lcn-X-I-W-Øns‚ LS\ 1 ]ncoUv

]h¿Ø\w 1 (\nco-£-Ww, NnX-hn-i-I-e\w, s]mXpN¿®)

lcn-X-I-W-ßƒ Ce-bpsS ASn-`m-K-tØ-°mƒ IqSp-X-embn apIƒ`m-KØv ImW-s∏-

Sp∂p F∂v Ipń-Iƒ°v t_m[y-s∏-Sm-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w. Ce-Iƒ°v ]®-\ndw

\¬Ip-∂Xv lcn-X-I-W-ß-fm-Wv, lcnXIW-Øn-emWv ]Im-i-kw-t«-jWw \S-°p-

∂Xv F∂nh Ipń-Iƒ°v Adn-bmw. Zzn_o-P-]-X-k-ky-Øns‚ Ce Xt≠m-Sp-IqSn

Ipń-Iƒ°v \nco-£n-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬IWw. doØ-bpsS kwibw Ah-cpsS \nco-

£-W-hp-ambn HØp-t\m-°-s´. AXn-\p-tijw NnXw (1.2), hnh-cWw F∂nh hni-

I-e\w sNbvXv kqN-I-ßƒ°\p-k-cn®v N¿®-sN-øm≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww (kwL-

]-h¿Ø-\w). XpS¿∂v kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p∂p (hy-‡n-K-Xw).

tImUo-I-cWw

$ Ce-bpsS apIƒ`m-KØv lcn-X-I-W-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]c-am-h[n

kqcy-]-Im-isØ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mWv Cu ]tXy-IX kkyßƒ°p≈Xv.

$ lcn-X-I-W-ßƒ Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ Ce-bpsS ASn-`m-KØv ]®-\ndw

Ipd-hmWv.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

Ce-I-fn¬ lcnXIW-ß-fpsS Iao-I-cWw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂ hni-I-e\°p-dn∏v.

So®¿ A-dn-bm≥

Isobilateral leaf

Isobilateral leaves are found inmonocot plants.

An isobilateral leaf is usuallyvertically oriented to expose bothsurfaces to the sun.

Stomata distribution : Amphistoma-tic i.e., stomata equally distributedon both the surfaces.

Mesophyll: Only spongy parenchy-ma is present which has very smallintercellular spaces.

Dorsiventral leaf

Dorsiventral leaves are found in dicot plants.

Here a leaf-blade is held horizontally by the petiole. Itsupper surface is directly exposed to the sun and the lowersurface is less illuminated.

Stomata distribution: Hypostomatic i.e., stomata presenton lower surface of leaf.

Mesophyll: Made up of two types of tissues: Palisadeparenchyma and spongy parenchyma with

large intercellular spaces.

Ref : Sadava, Hills, Heller, Berenbaum. life the science of Biology, 9th Edition.

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So®¿sSIvÃv

78

]h¿Ø\w 2 (NnX-hn-i-I-e-\w, hnh-cWhni-I-e-\w, s]mXpN¿®,NnXw hc-bv°¬)

lcn-X-I-W-Øns‚ LS\sb°p-dn®pw ]Im-i-kw-t«-jW h¿W-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw

a\-n-em-°m-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. NnXw (1.3), hnh-c-Ww F∂nh kqN-I-ßƒ

D]-tbm-Kn®v hni-I-e\w sNøs´ (kwL-]-h¿Ø-\w). Nm¿´v/sF.kn.Sn F∂nh

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv IqSp-X¬ Bi-b-hy-‡-Xbv°v klm-b-I-am-Wv. XpS¿∂v lcn-X-I-

W-Øns‚ NnXw hc®v `mK-ßƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ ]h¿Ø\w \¬tI≠-

Xm-Wv. (hy-‡n-K-Xw)

tImUo-I-cWw

$ lcn-X-I-WØn\v Cc-´-kvXcw sIm≠p≈ Bh-c-W-ap-≠v. lcnX-I-W-Øn¬

\nd-™n-cn-°p∂ Zmh-I-`m-K-amWv kvtSma. lcn-X-I-W-Ønse kvXc-]m-fn-I-

fmb Km\-I-sf, kvtSma em-sa-√-Iƒ sIm≠v _‘n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

$ Km\-I-fn¬ kqcy-]-ImisØ BKn-cWw sNøm≥ Ign-hp≈ h¿W-I-ßƒ

ImW-s∏-Sp∂p. lcn-XIw a, lcn-XIw b, Itcm-´n≥, kmt¥m-^n¬ F∂n-h-

bmWv ][m\ h¿W-I-ßƒ.

$ lcn-XIw a bv°v amXta ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øn¬ t\cn v ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ Ignbq.

a‰p h¿W-I-ßƒ ]Imtim¿PsØ BKn-cWw sNbvXv lcn-XIw a bv°v

ssIam-dp∂ klm-bIh¿W-I-ß-fm-Wv.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

lcn-X-I-W-Øns‚ LS\ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ hni-I-e-\-°p-dn-∏v, N¿®bnse ]¶m-fn-

Øw, lcnXIW-Øns‚ NnXw hc®v AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.

samUyqƒ 3 : ]Im-i-kw-t«-jWw kap-Z-ß-fn¬ 2 ]ncoUv

]h¿Ø\w 1 (NnXo-I-c-W-hn-i-I-e\w)

kap-Z-a-en-\o-I-cWw kap-Z-Ønse ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-sØbpw AXp-hgn Ic-bnepw

IS-en-ep-ap≈ Pohn-Isfbpw Fßs\ _m[n°pw F∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mWv Cu

]h¿Ø\w. Ic-bp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-SpØn IS-ens‚ hnim-e-Xbpw ssPh-ssh-hn-

[yhpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww (sF.kn.-Sn. D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw). AXn-\p-tijw

kapZØnse D¬∏m-Z-I¿ BcmWv F∂ tNmZyw s]mXp-hmbn D∂bn-°p-I. XpS¿∂v

NnXo-I-cWw (1.2) \nco-£n®v Kq∏v N¿®-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°-s´. H∂m-asØ kqN-I-

tØm-sSm∏w Bh-iy-amb a‰p kqN-I-ßƒ \¬Imw.

$ kap-Z-ß-fn¬ \S-°p-∂ ]Im-i-kw-t«-jWw a‰p Pohn-I-sf Fß-s\-sb√mw

kzm[o\n°p∂p?

$ kap-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ Imc-W-ßƒ Fs¥√mw?

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Poh-imkvXw ˛ IX

79

(kap-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øns‚ Imc-W-ßƒ Is≠-ØpI F∂-Xn-\√ ChnsS ]m[m-

\yw. kapZaen-\o-I-cWw ]Imikwt«-j-WsØ _m[n-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-bmWv

F∂p Xncn-®-dn-bp∂-Xn-\mWv Du∂¬ \¬tI-≠-Xv).

tImUo-I-cWw

$ B¬K-Ifpw a‰p Pe-k-ky-ß-fp-amWv kap-Z-Ønse apJy D¬∏m-Z-I¿.

$ Blmcw, HmIvkn-P≥ F∂nh Pe-Po-hn-Iƒ°p e`n-°p-∂-Xv kap-Z-Øn¬ \S-

°p∂ ]Im-i-kw-t«-jW]Inb hgn-bm-Wv. `qan-bnse Pohn-Iƒ°v izkn-

°m-\m-h-iy-amb HmIvkn-Ps‚ hen-sbmcp `mKhpw e`y-am-Ip-∂Xv kap-Z-ß-

fnse B¬K-I-fp-sSbpw a‰p Pe-k-ky-ß-fp-sSbpw ]Im-i-kw-t«-jW^e-am-

bm-Wv. IqSmsX a\p-jy-\pƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Ic-Po-hn-Iƒ Blm-c-Øn-\p-th-≠nbpw

kap-ZsØ Bi-bn-°p-∂p.

$ kap-Z-a-en-\o-I-cWw Pe-k-ky-ßƒ, B¬K-Iƒ, a’y-ßƒ, a‰p Pe-Po-hn-Iƒ

F∂n-h-bpsS \mi-Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ tXmXv

Ipd-bp-∂p. X∑qew Ic-bn-ep≈ Pohn-I-sfbpw CXp ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p∂p.

$ kap-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øns‚ Imc-W-ßƒ ˛ cmk-am-en-\y-ßƒ, FÆ tNm¿®,

BWhdn-bm-IvS-dn¬\n∂p≈ amen-\y-ßƒ, Ce-IvtSm-WnIv amen-\y-ßƒ.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

kap-Z-ß-fnse ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ ]m[m-\-y-hpw kapZaen-\o-I-cWw ]Imi

kwt«-j-WsØ Fßs\ _m[n-°p-∂p-sh∂pw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ hni-I-e\°p-dn∏v,

N¿®bnse ]¶m-fn-Øw.

XpS¿∂v ]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv 11 se NnXw Ip´n-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ap≥]v e`n®

[mc-W-Iƒ Dd-∏n-°-s´. A[n-I-hn-h-c-Øn\v \¬Inb "k¿Kmtkm IS¬' F∂ `mKw

hmbn--°p-∂Xv B mK-Øns‚ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI ]tXy-I-X-I-sf°p-dn®v [mcW \¬Im≥

klm-bn-°pw.

]h¿Ø\w 2 (imkvX-∏-Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬)

]Im-i-kw-t«-jW ]In-bbpambn _‘-s∏´ ][m\ imkvX-⁄sc ]cn-N-b-s∏-

Sp-Øp∂Xn\p-th-≠n-bmWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. t]Pv 12 se imkvX-⁄-cp-ambn _‘-

s∏´ hnh-c-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNø-s´. XpS¿∂v IqSp-X¬ imkvX-⁄sc Ipdn-®p≈

hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v Hcp imkvX-∏Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°p∂p (kwL-]-

h¿Ø-\w) .

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]Im-i-kw-t«-jW ]In-b-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ imkvX-⁄-cpsS hnh-c-ßƒ Dƒs°m-

≈p∂ imkvX∏-Xn-∏v.

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So®¿sSIvÃv

80

So®¿ Adn-bm≥

350 BC Aristotle proposes that plants, like animals, require food.

300 BC Theophrastus writes that plants obtain their nourishment through the roots.

1450 Nicholas of Cusa proposes (but apparently never performs) an experiment inwhich a plant is weighed and then planted in a container containing a weighedamount of soil. After a period of growth, the final weights of plant and soil, aswell as the total weight of water applied, are determined and compared to theinitial values. He speculates this will demonstrate that the mass of the plant wasderived from water rather than soil.

1648 Jean Baptiste van Helmont performs the experiment proposed by Nicholasof Cusa nearly 200 years earlier. He concludes that the entire mass of the plantcame from water, but ignores a very slight decrease in the weight of the soil.

1727 Stephen Hales writes that plant leaves "very probably" take in nourishmentfrom the air, and that light may also be involved.

1771 Joseph Priestley finds that air which has been made "noxious" by the breathingof animals or burning of a candle can be restored (i.e., made to support breathingor combustion again) by the presence of a green plant. He isolates the gas lateridentified as oxygen.

1779 Jan Ingenhousz discovers that only the green parts of plants release oxygenand that this occurs only when they are illuminated by sunlight.

1842 Matthias Schleiden postulates that the water molecule is split duringphotosynthesis.

1844 Hugo von Mohl makes detailed observations of the structure of chloroplasts.

1883 Arthur Meyer describes the chloroplast grana.

1913 Richard Willstatter and Arthur Stoll publish studies on the structure andchemistry of chlorophyll. Willstatter awarded Nobel Prize, 1915.

1941 Cornelis van Niel publishes a summary of his work showing that photosyntheticbacteria which use H2S as an electron donor produce elemental sulfur insteadof oxygen. He suggests by analogy that the O

2 released in plant photosynthesis

is derived from H2O rather than CO

2.

1956 Melvin Calvin and coworkers use radioactively labeled CO2 (C14) to elucidate

the pathway of carbon assimilation in photosynthesis. Calvin awarded NobelPrize in 1961.

1960 Robert Woodward synthesizes chlorophyll. Awarded Nobel Prize, 1965.

Ref : Photobiology.info/History-Timeline/Hist-Photosyn.html.

www.cropsreview.com/history-of-photosynthsis.html.

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Poh-imkvXw ˛ IX

81

samUyqƒ : 4 ]Im-i-k-t«-jW ]In-bbpw kky-ß-fpsS ]m[m-\yhpw

5 ]ncoUvv

]h¿Ø\w 1 (s]mXp-N¿®, hnh-c-W-hn-i-I-e-\w, ^vtfmNm¿´v

]q¿Øn-bm-°¬)

]Im-i-kw-t«-jW ]In-b-bpsS cmk-hmIyw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw ]Im-i-L´w,

Ccp-≠-L´w F∂o L´-ß-fn¬ \S-°p∂ cmk-am-‰-ßƒ a\-n-em-°m\pw Ipń-Isf

]m]vX-cm-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-amWnXv. ]Im-i-kw-t«-jW ]In-bbv°v Bh-iy-amb

][m\ LS-I-ßƒ GsX-√m-sa∂ tNmZyw D∂-bn-°mw. dm≥Uw ]Xn-I-c-Ww.

AXn-\p-tijw ]Im-i-kw-t«-jWØns‚ cmk-hmIyw t_m¿Un¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-®p-

sIm≠v ]Im-i-kw-t«-jW L´-ßƒ AS-ßnb hnh-cWw Kq∏v -X-e-Øn¬ hni-I-

e\w sNø-Ww, kqN-I-ßƒ \¬IWw. XpS¿∂v t]Pv 13 se ^vtfmNm¿´v ]q¿Øn-

bm-°-Ww. ]Im-iL´-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bmWv Ccp-≠-L´w F∂ hy‡-X h-cp-Ø-

Ww. ]I¬ ]Im-i-L´hpw cmXn-bn¬ Ccp-≠-L´hpw F∂p sX‰mbn Ipń-Iƒ a\-

n-em-°m-Xn-cn-°m-≥ c≠p ]h¿Ø-\hpw ]Im-i-ap-≈-t∏mƒ amX-amWv \S-°p-∂Xv

F∂pw Ccp-≠-L´w ]Im-i-L´w \ne-bv°p-∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn \nebv°pw F∂pw t_m[y-

s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.

tImUo-I-cWw

]Im-i-kw-t«-jWw

]Im-i-L´w Ccp-≠-L´w

$ ]Imiw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p. $ ]Imiw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂n-√.

$ HmIvkn-P≥, sslU-P≥, Du¿PX∑m-X-Iƒ $ •qt°mkv D≠m-Ip-∂p.

(ATP) F∂nh D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂p.

$ Km\-bn¬ \S-°p-∂p. $ kvtSma-bn¬ \S-°p∂p.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]q¿Øn-bm-°nb ^vtfmNm¿´v

]h¿Ø\w 2 (]co-£Ww)

]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-^-e-ambn HmIvkn-P≥ ]pd-¥-≈p∂p F∂ [mcW Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-

\p-th-≠n-bmWv Cu ]co-£-Ww. NnXØnte-Xp (1.4) -t]mse ]co-£Wkwhn-[m\w

Iao-Icn°pI. Ipń-I-fpsS ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°-Ww. shbn-eØpw apdn-°p-≈nepw

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So®¿sSIvÃv

82

h®v ]co-£Ww \S-Øn-b-t∏m-gp≈ \nco-£-W-ßƒ F¥m-sW∂v Ipń-Iƒ hy‡n-

K-X-ambn Ipdn-°-Ww. ]co-£-W°pdn∏v Ipń-Iƒ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tN¿°s´.

]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-^-e-ambn ]pd-Øp-h-cp∂ hmXIw F¥m-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-

Xn-\p≈ ]cn-tim-[\ \S-Ø-Ww. ]co-£W]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬

A[n-I-k-abw Is≠-Øm≥ i≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

tImUo-I-cWw

kqcy-]-Im-i-Øns‚ e`y-Xbv°v B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn HmIvkn-Ps‚ Af-hnepw G‰-

°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]co-£-W-°p-dn-∏v, ]co-£-W-Ønse ]¶m-fn-Øw, D]-I-c-W-ßƒ ssIIm-cyw sNøp-

∂-Xn-\p≈ tijn.

]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v amXrI

t]cv :

e£yw :

kma-Kn-Iƒ :

]h¿Ø-\-Iaw :

\nco-£Ww :

\nK-a\w :

]h¿Ø\w 3 (hnh-c-W-hn-i-Ie\w, s]mXp-N¿®, NnXo-I-c-W-

hniIe\w)

]Im-i-kw-t«-jWØns‚ e-ambn D≠m-Ip∂ •qt°m-kn\v ]n∂o-Sp-≠m-Ip∂ cmk-

am‰ßsf Ipdn®v [mcW e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. hoW-bpsS kwibw

D∂-bn-®v ¢mkv XpS-ßmw. dm≥Uw ]Xn-I-c-Ww. XpS¿∂v NnXo-I-cWw (1.3), hnh-

cWw F∂nh kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv hni-I-e-\-°p-

dn∏v Xbm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n°Ww. •qt°m-kn-\p-≠m-Ip∂ cmk-am-‰-ßƒ F∂ Bibw

Ipń-I-fn¬ Dd-∏n-°m≥ NnXo-I-cWw Nm¿ń¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°Ww.

IqSp-X¬ kqN-I-ßƒ \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

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Poh-imkvXw ˛ IX

83

kqN-I-ßƒ

$ •qt°mkv F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw kw`-c-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-ØXv?

tImUo-I-cWw

$ Ce-I-fn¬ ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-^-e-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ •qt°mkv Pe-Øn¬ hfsc

thKw ebn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ kkyi-co-c-Øn¬ kw`-cn-°m-\m-hn-√.

$ A∂Pw Ce-I-fn¬ h®v teb-amb kqtImkv Bbn amdn vtfmbw Ipg-ep-I-fn-

eqsS kky-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-te°v kwh-l\w sNø-s∏-Sp∂p.

$ Ing-ßp-h¿K-ß-fn¬ A∂-P-ambpw ]b-¿h¿K-ß-fn¬ t]mó-\mbpw FÆ-°p-

cp-°-fn¬ sImgp-∏mbpw ]g-h¿K-ß-fn¬ ÎvtSm-kmbpw Icn-ºn¬ kqtIm-

kmbpw Blmcw kw`-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

•qt°m-kns‚ hnhn[ kw`rXcq]-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ hni-I-e\-°p-dn∏v.

]Imikwt«-j-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Bi-b-ßƒ tImUo-I-cn-®-tijw cmk-kw-

t«-j-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]mY-anI[mc-W-I-ƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Snhnb ]cn-N-b-s∏-

Sp-Ø-Ww.

]h¿Ø\w 4 (skan-\m¿)

]Im-i-kw-t«-j-WØns‚ ]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn™v kky-kw-c-£W]h¿Ø-\-ß-

fn¬ Inbm-fl-I-ambn CS-s]-Sm-\p≈ at\m-`mhw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ e£y-an-´mWv Cu

]h¿Ø\w Bkq-XWw sNtø-≠-Xv. t]Pv 15 se NnX-ßƒ \nco-£n®v hnh-

cWw kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNøWw. XpS¿∂v kky-ß-

fpsS \mi-Øns‚ ê-ambn Pohn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ ]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ Fs¥√mw F∂

tNmZyw s]mXp-N¿®bv°v \¬In skan-\m¿ hnj-b-Øn-te°p IS°mw. hnh-c-ti-J-

cWw, ]_‘w Xbm-dm-°¬ F∂n-hbv°v kabw \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.

skan-\m¿ D]-hn-j-b-ßƒ Ipń-I-fpsS ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. AtXm-

sSm∏w Hmtcm D]-hn-j-bØnepw htc≠ ][m\ Bi-b-ßƒ kw_-‘n® kqN-I-

ßƒ \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

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So®¿sSIvÃv

84

D]-hn-j-b-ßƒ 1. BtKm-f-Xm-]\w ˛ Imc-W-ßƒ

˛ h\-\-io-I-cWw

˛ A¥-co-£-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww

2. BtKm-f-Xm-]\w ˛ ]XymLmX-ßƒ

˛ Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\w

3. BtKm-f-Xm-]\w ˛ ]Xn-hn-[n-Iƒ

˛ h\-\-io-I-cWw XS-b¬

˛ aen-\o-I-c-W-tØmXv Ipd-bv°p-I

D]-hn-j-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-N¿® \S-Øn-b-tijw D]-hn-j-b-ß-fpsS hnh-

c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øm≥ ]dbp-∂p. XpS¿∂v Ip´n-Isf Kq∏p-I-fm°n Hmtcm D]-hn-j-

bØns‚bpw ]_‘w sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. D]-hn-j-b-ßƒ \dp-°n-s´-SpØv ]_‘w

Ah-X-c-W-Øn\v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. D]-hn-j-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kPo-h-amb N¿®

\SØn tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p. skan-\m-dns‚ mK-am-bp≈ skan-\m¿ dnt∏m¿ v kb≥kv

Ub-dn-bn¬ Xbm-dm-°n-bn-´p-s≠∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-

°p-Ibpw thWw.

skan-\m¿ dnt∏m¿´v ˛ amXrI

skan-\m¿ dnt∏m¿ v

apJy-hn-jbw : .......................................................................................

XobXn : .......................................................................................

tamU-td-‰¿ : .......................................................................................

]_‘w 1 : .......................................................................................

D]-hn-jbw : .......................................................................................

Ah-Xm-IX/Ah-Xm-c-I≥ : .......................................................................................

][m\ hkvXp-X-Iƒ :

A`n-]m-b-ßƒ, Iq´n-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ

]_‘w 2 :

(XpS-cp-∂p, Ah-km\w So®-dpsS tImUo-I-c-Ww)

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Poh-imkvXw ˛ IX

85

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

skan-\m¿ __-‘w, skan-\m¿ Ah-X-c-Ww, dnt∏m¿´v, ]¶m-fnØw

hne-bn-cpØmw

1. lcn-XIw a

kqc-y-]-Imiw

2. 6CO2 + 6H

2O C

6H

12O

6 + 6O

2

3. ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

hn`hw ][m\ t]mjIw

1. ]b¿/ISe t]m´o≥

2. FÆ sImgp∏v

3. tNmdv A∂Pw

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So®¿sSIvÃv

86

bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

1. Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ ]kvXm-h-\-I-fn¬ ]Im-i-L-´-Øn\v tbmPn-°p∂hbv°v

t\sc 'L' F∂pw Ccp≠L´-Øn\v tbmPn-°p-∂-hbv°v t\sc 'D' F∂pw tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

1. Pe-Øns‚ hnL-S\w \S-°p∂p.

2. ]Imiw D]-tbm-Kn°mØ L´-amWv.

3. •qt°mkv \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp∂p.

4. HmIvkn-P≥ kzX-¥-am-Ip∂p.

5. lcn-X-I-W-Ønse Km\-bn¬ h®v \S-°p∂p.

6. sslU-P≥ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂p.

7. lcn-X-I-W-Ønse kvtSma-bn¬ h®v \S-°p∂p.

8. ]Imiw Bh-iy-ap≈ L´w.

9. Im¬hn≥ NIw F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p.

10.kutcm¿PsØ cmtkm¿P-am°n ATP X∑m-X-bn¬ kw`-cn-°p-∂p.

2. kqN-I-ßƒ°v tbmPn-®h t_mIvkn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ \n∂p Xnc-s™-

SpØv ]ńI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

Km\, kvtSma, lcn-XIw a, lcn-X-Iw b, Itcm-ń≥, kmt¥m-^n¬, hm≥ \o¬,

tPmk^v ]oÃven, sa¬hn≥ Im¬hn≥, kvtSma -em-sa-√.

\º¿ kqNIw

1. ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-^-e-ambn HmIvkn-P≥ D≠m-Ip∂p F∂v

sXfn-bn-®p.

2. lcn-X-I-W-Øn¬ \nd-™n-cn-°p∂ ZmhI `mKw.

3. Km\-Isf XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p∂ kvXc-]mfn.

4. \oe-I-e¿∂ ]®-\n-d-ap≈ h¿W-Iw.

5. a™Ie¿∂ ]®-\n-d-ap≈ h¿WIw.

6. lcn-X-I-W-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ H∂n-\p-ap-I-fn¬ H∂mbn

ASp°nh®n-´p≈ kvXc-]m-fn-Iƒ.

7. ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ ê-ambn •qt°mkv

cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xns‚ hnhn[ L´-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-®p.

8. a™Ie¿∂ Hmd©p\nd-ap≈ h¿WIw.

9. ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ ê-ambn ]pd-Øp-h-cp∂

HmIvkn-Ps‚ Dd-hnSw Pe-am-sW∂v sXfn-bn-®p.

10. a™\nd-ap≈ h¿WIw.

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Poh-imkvXw ˛ IX

87

Ip -nbpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

\º¿ kqNIw AsX C√

1. F√m kky-ß-fnepw Ce-I-fn¬ ]c-am-h[n kqcy-]-Imiw

e`n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-emWv Ce-I-fpsS Iao-I-cWw F∂v hni-

Zo-I-cn-°m≥ F\n°v Ign-bpw.

2. Ce-bpsS ASn-`m-K-tØ-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ lcn-X-I-W-ßƒ

apIƒ`m-KØv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ]c-am-h[n kqcy-]-Im-isØ

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mWv F∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ km[n-°pw.

3. lcnXIW-Øns‚ LS\ hc®v `mK-ßƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-

Øm≥ F\n°v Ign-bpw.

4. kap-Z-ß-fn¬ \S-°p∂ ]Im-i-kw-t«-jW ]Inb `qan-

bn¬ Poh≥ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ apJy ]¶phln-°p∂p

F∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ F\n°v Ign-bpw.

5. ]Im-i-kw-t«-jW ]In-b-bpsS cl-ky-ßƒ Npcp-f-gn®

\nc-h[n imkvX-⁄scbpw Ah-cpsS kw`m-h-\-I-sfbpw

kw_-‘n®v hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v imkvX∏Xn∏v Xbm-dm-

°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ F\n°v Ign-bpw.

6. ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ L´-ßƒ GsX-√m-

sa∂pw Hmtcm L -Øn-s‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, D≠m-Ip∂

D¬∏-∂-ßƒ Fs¥√m-sa∂v ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ F\n°v

Ignbpw.

7. ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ ê-ambn HmIvkn-P≥ ]pd-¥-

≈p∂p F∂p ImWn-°p∂ ]co-£W]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬

]s¶-Sp-°m\pw ]co-£WL´-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m\pw

F\n°v Ign-™n´p-≠v.

8. ]Im-i-kw-t«-jW ê-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ •qt°mkv kky-

ß-fpsS hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-fn¬ hyXykvX cq]-Øn¬ kw`-cn-

°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

9. kky-kw-c-£W]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn ¢mkn¬

\S∂ skan-\m-dns‚ hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Im≥

F\n°v Ign-™n´p-≠v.

123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456123456

So®¿sSIvÃv

88

So®-dpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬


1. ]Im-i-kw-t«-jWw \S-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬

Ce-I-fpsS Iao-I-c-W-Øn-ep≈ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-

°m≥ F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw Ign-bpw.

2. lcn-X-I-W-Øns‚ LS\ Xncn-®-dn™v `mK-ßƒ AS-bm-f-

s∏-Sp-Øm≥ F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw Ign-bpw.

3. IS¬ F∂ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bnse ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-

Øns‚ ]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Hmtcm

Ipń°pw km[n-°pw.

4. ]Im-i-kw-t«-jW ]In-b-bpsS Npcp-f-gn® imkvX⁄-

scbpw Ah-cpsS kw`m-h\-I-sfbpw ]‰n hnhc-ßƒ tiJ-

cn®v F√m Ipń-I-fpw imkvX-∏-Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

5. ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ L´-ßƒ, ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ,

D¬∏∂-ßƒ F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ^vtfmNm¿´v F√m

Ipń-Ifpw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

6. ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øns‚ e-ambn HmIvkn-P≥ ]pd-¥-

≈p∂p F∂p sXfn-bn-°p∂ ]co-£-W-Øns‚ L´-ßƒ

F√m Ipń-Ifpw kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ FgpXn-bn-´p-≠v.

7. •qt°m-kns‚ cmk-am-‰-ßƒ ˛ NnXo-I-cWw F√m Ipń-

Ifpw kb-≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Dƒs∏Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

8. kky-kw-c-£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ¢mkv skan-\m¿ Ah-

X-cWw ¢mkn¬ \S-∂n-´p-≠v.

9. F√m Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬, skan-\m¿

dnt∏m¿´v \n¿ZnjvS t^m¿am-‰n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

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Poh-imkvXw ˛ IX

89

kzmZ-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-a-∏pdw

BapJw

F√m Pohn-Iƒ°pw Poh¬]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn Blmcw Bh-iy-am-Wv. lcn-X-kky-ßƒ Blmcw

kzbw \n¿an®v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ a\p-jy¿ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ P¥p-°ƒ°v kzoI-

cn® Blmcw AtX-cq-]-Øn¬ imco-cnI]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bn-√. AXn-

\mbn Blmcw eLp-L-S-I-ß-fm°n amt‰-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu ]In-b-bmWv Zl\w. a\p-jycS°w Db¿∂

Xcw PohnIfn¬ Zl-\hpw t]mjI BKn-c-Whpw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v ]tXyI Ah-bhhyh-ÿ-bp-≠v.

Cu bqWn-‰n¬ a\p-jys‚ Zl-\-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS hnhn[ mK-ß-fn¬ \S-°p∂ Zl-\-]-Inb hni-Z-am-°n-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm `mK-Øp-ap≈ ]tXyI LS\mkwhn-[m-\-ßƒ F¥m-sW∂pw Zl-\-c-k-ß-fnse

cmkm-·n-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\- -e-ambn BlmchkvXp-°ƒ°v Fs¥√mw am‰-ßƒ kw -hn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw

N¿®sNøp-∂p. amX-a√, t]mj-I-L-S-I-ß-fpsS BKn-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®pw BKn-c-W-Øn\p ]n∂nse

]In-b-I-sf-°p-dn®pw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.

Zl-\-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS Btcm-Ky-hpw kpK-a-amb ]h¿Ø-\hpw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\mbn £-W-io-e-ß-fn¬

hcp-tØ≠ am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ah-t_m[w krjvSn-°m\pw AXn-\-\p-k-cn® at\m- mhw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw

Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

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So®¿sSIvÃv

90

][m\ ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ

$ ]√p-I-fpsS LS-\bpw Iao-I-c-Whpw Zl-\-]-In-b-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-

SpØn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ Blmc-h-kvXp-°ƒ°v Zl-\-]-In-b-bn¬ kw`-hn-°p∂ am‰-ßƒ hni-

I-e\w sNbvXv Ah-X-cn∏n-°p-∂p.

$ hnhn[ cmkm-·n-Iƒ Zl-\-]-Inbbn¬ hln-°p∂ ]¶p Xncn-®-dn™v

Ah-bpsS ]h¿Ø\w hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ sNdp-Ip-S-ens‚ LS\ BKn-c-W-Øn\v Fßs\ klm-bn-°p-∂p-sh∂v

hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ t]mj-I-L-S-I-ßfpsS ]m[m\yw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.

$ ]Zm¿Y-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v klm-bn-°p∂ hnhn[ ]In-b-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™v


$ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb `£-W-io-e-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn™v Pohn-X-Øn¬ A\p-

h¿Øn-°p∂p.

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Poh

-imk

vXw ˛

IX91

Bi-b-ßƒ/[mc-W-Iƒ/]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ/X¥-ßƒ ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ

samUyqƒ 1 ˛ Zl-\-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS `mK-ßƒ

$ t]mj-I-L-S-I-ßƒ ˛ [¿aw

$ Zl-\-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS ][m\ `mK-ßƒ

˛ \nco-£Ww

˛ hni-I-e\w sNø¬


samUyqƒ 2 ˛ Zl-\-]-Inb

$ ]√ns‚ LS\, [¿aw

$ Dan-\o¿KŸn

$ Dan-\o-cnse LS-I-ßfpw Ah-bpsS [¿a-ß-fpw.

$ Bam-ibw khn-∏n-°p∂ Zl-\-c-k-ßfpw Ah-

bpsS [¿a-hpw.

$ Bt·-bKŸnbpw cmkm-·n-Ifpw

$ B¥-c-khpw cmkmKv\nIfpw

˛ \nco-£Ww

˛ hni-I-e\w sNø¬


˛ ]co-£-W-Øn¬ G¿s∏-S¬

˛ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNø¬

$ s]mXp-N¿®

$ ]ńI ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬

$ NnXw hcbv-°¬, AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø¬

$ NnXw ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬

$ kwL-N¿®

$ NnXo-I-cWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬


$ NnXw hc-bv°¬, AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø¬

$ ]co-£-W-Øn¬ G¿s∏-S¬

$ ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬

$ NnXhni-I-e\w

$ ^vtfmNm¿´v ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°¬

$ hnh-c-W-hn-i-I-e\w

$ ]ń-Ihni-I-e\w

$ ]ńI ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬

$ sF.kn.Sn.

$ hni-I-e\°pdn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬

$ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb `£-W-ioe-ßƒ

Xncn -®-dn -™v Pohn-X-Øn¬ A\p-

h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

$ t]mj-I-L-S-I-ß-fpsS ]m[m\yw hni-

I-e\w sNbvXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ ]√p-I-fpsS LS-\bpw Iao-I-c-Whpw

Zl-\-]-In-b-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn


$ Blm-c-h-kvXp-°ƒ°v Zl-\-]-In-b-

bn¬ kw`-hn-°p∂ am‰-ßƒ hni-I-

e\w sNbvXv AhXcn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ hnhn-[ -cm-km·n-Iƒ Zl\]In-b-

bn¬ hln-°p∂ ]¶v Xncn-®-dn™v

Ah-bpsS ]h¿Ø\w hni-Zo-I-cn-

°p∂p.

bqWn‰v ˛ 2 kzmZ-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-a∏pdw BsI ]ncoUv 9bqWn‰v s^bnw

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So®¿sSIvÃv

92

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ƒ/[

mc-W

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/]

In-b

m-ti

-jn-I

ƒ]

T-\

-]-h

¿Ø

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ƒ/X

¥-ß

ƒ]

T-\

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--ß

ƒ

samU

yqƒ

3 ˛

t]

mj-I

-L-S-I

-ßƒ

˛ B

Kn-c

Ww

$sN

dp-I

p-Se

ns‚

B

¥-c-L

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$h

n√-k

ns‚

LS-\

, B

Kn-c

Ww

$B

Kn-c

W ]

In-b

-Iƒ

U

n^yq-j

≥, Hmk

vtam-

kn-k

v, s^

kn-e

n-t‰‰U

v U

n^yq-j

≥, B

IvSoh

v

Sm≥

kvt]

m¿´v

$B

tcmK

y-I-c-amb

`£

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o-e-ß

ƒ

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nco-£

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ni-I

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w sN

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nK-a-\

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w h

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BKn-c

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kl

m-bn-°

p-∂p-s

h∂

v hni

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Xnc

n-®-dn™

v hni

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`£

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Poh-imkvXw ˛ IX

93

D≈-S-°-hn-i-I-e\w

BsI samU-yq-fp-Iƒ : 3 BsI ]ncoUpIƒ 9

samUyqƒ ˛ 1 Zl-\-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS `mK-ßƒ ]ncoUv 1

$ t]mj-I-L-S-I-ßƒ ˛ [¿a-ßƒ

$ a\p-jys‚ Zl-\-hy-hÿ ˛ `mK-ßƒ

samUyqƒ ˛ 2 Zl-\-]-Inb ]ncoUv 5

$ ]√ns‚ LS\

$ Dan-\o¿KŸn

$ ksse-hdn Aan-te-kns‚ ]h¿Ø\w

$ Bam-ibw, Bam-ibKŸn-Iƒ, Bam-i-b-c-kw,

$ Bt·bKŸn, Bt·bckw, cmkm-·n-Iƒ

$ Icƒ

$ sNdp-Ip-S-¬, B¥-c-kw, cmkm-·n-Iƒ

samUyqƒ ˛ 3 t]mj-I-L-S-I-ßƒ ˛ BKn-cWw ]ncoUv 3

$ sNdp-Ip-S-ens‚ B¥cLS\

$ hn√-kp-Iƒ ˛ LS-\, BKn-cWw

$ BKn-cW]In-b-Iƒ ˛ Un^yq-j≥, Hmkvtam-kn-kv, s^kn-en-t‰-‰Uv

Un^yqj≥, BIvSohv Sm≥kvt]m¿´v

$ BtcmKy-I-c-amb `£-W-io-e-ßƒ

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So®¿sSIvÃv

94

samUyqƒ : 1 Zl-\-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS `mK-ßƒ 1 ]ncoUv

]h¿Ø\w 1 (s]mXpN¿®)

Btcm-Ky-]q¿W-amb Pohn-X-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb `£Ww GsX∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-

I F∂-XmWv ][m\ e£yw. ]mTm-cw-`-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´p≈ NnXØnte°v Ipń-

IfpsS i≤ £Wn-®p-sIm≠v ¢mkv Bcw-`n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. NnX-Øn-ep≈ ]Ir-Xn-

P\y `£y-h-kvXp-°fpw cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ AS-ßnb `£y-h-kvXp-°fpw \nco-£n-

°s´. ]Ir-Xn-P\y `£y-h-kvXp-°-fn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ t]mj-I-L-S-I-ßƒ

GsXms°-bm-sW∂v hy‡n-K-X-ambn Ipdn-°-s´. dm≥Uw Ah-X-c-Ww.

tImUo-I-cWw

[m\y-Iw, t]mó-≥, [mXp-°ƒ, sImgp-∏v, hn‰m-an-\p-Iƒ, Pew

]h¿Ø\w 2 (]ńI ]q¿Øn-bm°¬)

t]mj-I-L-S-I-ßfpw- Ah-bpsS [¿a-sØ°p-dn-®pap≈ [mcW Dd-∏n-°m\mWv Cu

]h¿Ø\w. t]mj-I-L-S-I-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p∂ [¿a-ßƒ ap∂-dnhns‚ ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ (]ńI 2.1 )]q¿Øo-I-cn-°s´ (hy‡n-K-Xw).

tImUo-I-cWw

t]mj-I-L-S-I-ßƒ [¿aw

[m\yIw Du¿tPm¬∏m-Z-\-w

t]mó≥ ico-c-I-e-I-fpsS \n¿amWw

sImgp∏v Du¿tPm¬∏m-Z-\w

[mXp-°ƒ Poh¬]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpsS \nb-¥Ww

hn‰m-an-\p-Iƒ Poh¬]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v klm-bw, \nb-¥Ww

Pew Poh¬]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kpK-a-am-°¬

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]q¿Øn-bm-°nb ]ńI

]h¿Ø\w 3 (NnXwhc-bv°¬, AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø¬)

Zl-\-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS `mK-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hy‡-amb [mcW t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv

Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. \mw Ign-°p∂ Blm-c-]-Zm¿Y-ßƒ eLp LS-I-ß-fmbn amdp-∂

]Inb GXv F∂ tNmZyw D∂-bn-®p-sIm≠v XpS-ßmw. Zl-\-]-In-b-bn-eqsS Blm-

c-]-Zm¿Yßƒ eLp-L-S-I-ß-fmbn amdp∂p F∂ Bibw Dd-∏n-°-Ww. XpS¿∂v NnXw

(2.1) \nco-£n-®v Zl-\-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS mK-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn™v AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. NnXw

(2.1) kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ hc®v `mK-ßƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \n¿t±-in-°-Ww

(hy‡n-K-Xw).

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Poh-imkvXw ˛ IX

95

tImUo-I-cWw

hmb, A∂-\m-fw, Bam-i-bw, sNdp-Ip-S¬, h≥Ip-S¬, aem-ibw

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

Zl-\-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ønb NnXw.

samUyqƒ : 2 Zl-\-]-Inb 5 ]ncoUv

]h¿Ø\w 1 (NnXo-I-cWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬)

Zl-\-]-Inb kpK-a-ambn \S-°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[Xcw ]√p-I-fpsS Iao-I-cWw FX-

amXw A\p-tbm-Py-am-sW∂v Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. Zl-\-]-Inb

hmbn¬ Bcw-`n-°p∂p F∂ ap∂-dnhv Ip´n-°p-≠v. IÆm-Sn-bn¬ t\m°n kz¥w ]√p-

I-fpsS ÿm\w, sshhn-[yw, IaoI-cWw F∂nh Xncn-®-dn-b-s´. \m°v D]-tbm-Kn®v

Cu Xncn-®-dnhv A\p-`-h-th-Z-y-am-°-s´. XpS¿∂v NnXo-I-cWw (2.1) ]q¿Øo-I-cn°m≥

\n¿tZ-in-°mw (hy‡nKXw).

tImUo-I-cWw

tImº√v ˛ Blmcw ISn®pIodm≥

AK-N¿h-WIw ˛ Blmcw Nh-®-c-bv°m≥

N¿h-WIw ˛ Blmcw Nh-®-cbv-°m≥

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]q¿Øo-I-cn® NnXo-I-cWw 2.1.

]h¿Ø\w 2 (NnXo-I-cWhni-I-e\w, NnXw hc-bv°¬)

]√p-I-fpsS B¥-c-L-S-\-sb-°p-dn®v [mcW e`n-°pI F∂-XmWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w

sIm≠p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. _mly-cq-]-Ønepw [¿a-Ønepw hyXy-kvX-amb ]√p-Iƒ B¥-

c-L-S-\-bn¬ kam-\-X- ]pe¿Øp-∂pt≠m F∂ tNmZyw D∂-bn-®p-sIm≠v XpS-ßmw.

NnXo-I-cWw (2.2) hni-I-e\w sNbv-Xv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°s´ (kwL-]-h¿Ø-\w.)

Nm¿´v, sF.kn.-Sn, tamU¬ F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu `mKw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv IqSp-

X¬ Bibhy‡X \¬Ipw. X∂n-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-ßƒ NnXo-I-cW hni-I-e-\-

Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]√ns‚ B¥-c-L-S-\-bpsS NnXw kb≥kv Ub-dn-

bn¬ hc-bvt°-≠-Xm-Wv (hy-‡n-K-Xw).

kqN-I-ßƒ

$ N¿h-WIw, tImº√v F∂n-h-bpsS Z¥-a-Ip-Sw, Z¥-aqew F∂n-h-bn-ep≈

hyXymkw.

$ ]√p-I-fpsS B¥-c-L-S-\-bnep≈ kam-\-X-Ifpw ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw.

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So®¿sSIvÃv

96

tImUo-I-cWw

$ N¿h-W-I-Øn\v ]c∂ Z¥-a-IpShpw tImº-√n\v Iq¿Ø Z¥-a-Ip-S-hp-am-Wp-≈-

Xv. N¿h-W-I-Øn\v c≠v Z¥-aq-ehpw tImº-√n\v Hcp Z¥-aq-ehp-am-Wp-≈-Xv.

$ F√m-Xcw ]√p-Ifpw \n¿an-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv sUss‚≥ F∂ Poh-\p≈ Ie-Iƒ

sIm≠mWv. ]√p-Iƒ C\m-a¬ F∂ \n¿Po-h-amb, ISp-∏-ap≈ shfpØ ]Zm¿Y-

Øm¬ Bh-cWw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. F√m- ]√p-I-fnepw ]ƒ∏v Iymhn-‰nbpw

c‡-°p-g-ep-Ifpw enw v hmln-Ifpw \mUo-X-¥p-°fpap≠v. Im¬kyw AS-ßnb

tbmP-I-I-e-bmb kna‚-amWv ]√ns\ tamW-bnse Ipgn-bn¬ Dd-∏n-®p-\n¿Øn-

bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]√ns‚ LS-\bpw ]tX-y-I-Xbpw hy-‡-am-°p∂ hni-I-e-\-°p-dn-∏v, hc®v AS-bm-f-

s∏-Sp-Ønb NnXw.

tijw XpS¿]-h¿Ø\w 1 Ipń-Iƒ kzbw \n¿an-°m≥ th≠ \n¿tZiw \¬IWw.

]h¿Ø\w 3 (s]mXp-N¿®)

Blmcw Nh-®-c-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ \m°ns‚ ]¶v Xncn-®-dn-bpI F∂-XmWv Cu ]h¿Ø-

\-Øns‚ e£yw. Zl-\-]-In-b-bn¬ \m°ns‚ ]¶v F¥m-sW∂ tNmZyw D∂-bn-

°p-∂p. dm≥Uw Ah-X-cWw. XpS¿∂v tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

tImUo-I-cWw

$ \m°nse kzmZv apIp-f-ßƒ cpNnbdn-bm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p. £-W-]-Zm¿YsØ

Dan-\o-cp-ambn Iqń°e¿Øp∂p. ]√p-Iƒ°v Nh-®-c-bv°p-∂-Xn\v th≠ klmbw

sNøp-∂Xpw \m°mWv.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

N¿®-bnse ]¶m-fnØw

]h¿Ø\w 4 (NnX-hn-i-I-e\w, hnh-cWhni-I-e\w)

hmbnse Dan-\o¿K-Ÿn-I-fpsS ÿm\w, Ah-bpsS [¿aw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v [mcW

ssIhcn°p∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w. cpNn-tb-dnb Blm-c-]-Zm¿Y-ß-sf-°p-dn®v

]d-bp-tºmgpw ]pfn-sb-°p-dn®v Btem-Nn-°p-tºm-gp-sa√mw hmbn¬ Dan-\o¿ D¬∏mZn-

∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂Xv k¿hkm-[m-c-W-am-b-Xn-\m¬ AØcw km-l-N-cy-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n®p

sImt≠m ]pfn -Xp-S-ßn-bh cpNn-°m≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v \¬In-s°mt≠m Cu ]h¿Ø\w

Bcw-`n-°mw. XpS¿∂v Dan-\o-cns‚ D¬∏m-Z\w \S-°p-∂Xv Fhn-sS-bm-Wv, Dan-\ocn\v

Zl-\-]-In-b-bn¬ F¥mWv ]¶v F∂o tNmZy-ßƒ D∂-bn-°p-∂p.

s]mXpN¿® ˛ dm≥Uw Ah-X-c-Ww.

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse NnXw (2.2), hnh-cWw F∂nh kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hni-

I-e\w sNøm≥ \n¿tZin-°pI (kwL-]-h¿Ø-\w). XpS¿∂v hni-I-e-\-°p-dn∏v

kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Fgp-XWw (hy-‡n-K-Xw).

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Poh-imkvXw ˛ IX

97

tImUo-I-cWw

$ hmbn¬ ]n≥`m-KØpw \m°n-\-Sn-bnepw Kk-\n-tbmSp tN¿∂p-amWv aq∂v tPmUn

Dan-\o¿KŸn-Ifp≈Xv.

$ ksse-hdn Aan-tekv, ssetkmsskw F∂o cmkm-·n-Ifpw t«jvahpw Dan-

\o-cneS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

$ `£-WsØ hgp-h-gp-∏p-≈-Xm°n hngp-ßm≥ klmbn°p--∂Xv t«jvaamWv. £-

W-Øn-eqsS ]th-in-°p∂ tcmKm-Wp-°sf ssetkmsskw \in-∏n-°p-∂p.

ksse-hdn Aan-tekv A∂-PsØ `mKn-I-ambn amƒt´mkv F∂ ]©-km-c-

bm°n am‰p∂p.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

Dan-\o¿KŸn, Dan-\o-cnse LS-I-ßƒ, Dan-\o-cns‚ [¿aw F∂nh hy-‡-am-°p∂

hni-I-e-\-°p-dn∏v

So®¿ Adn-bm≥

The Salivary Glands

There are two kinds of Salivary glands- Intrinsic and extrinsic. The intrinsicSalivary glands are indefinite numberof small glands dispersed amidst theother oral tissues. They include lingualglands in the tongue, labial glands onthe inside of the lips, and buccal glands on the inside of the cheeks. They secreterelatively small amount of saliva at a fairly constant rate whether we are eating or not.This saliva serves to moisten the mouth and inhibits bacterial growth.

The extrinsic salivary glands are three pairs of larger, more discrete organs locatedoutside of the oral mucosa, they communicate with the oral cavity by way of ducts.

1. The parotid gland is located just beneath the skin anterior to the ear lobe.

2. The sub mandibular gland is located halfway along the body of the mandible (bone).

3. The sublingual gland is located at the floor of the mouth, beneath the tongue.

Ref : Kenneth S. Saladin. Anatomy and physiology : The unity of form and function. 9th Edition,

Boston Mc Graw Hill, 2012.

]h¿Ø\w 5 (]co-£Ww, ]co-£W-°p-dn∏v Xbmdm°¬)

Dan-\o-cn-ep≈ ksse-hdn Aan-te-kns‚ ]h¿Ø\sØ°p-dn®v [mcW ssIh-cn-°-

emWv Cu eLp-]-co-£WØns‚ e£yw. ]co-£-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-ap≈ kma-Kn-Iƒ

So®¿ ap≥Iq´n Xbm-dm°n hbvt°-≠-Xm-Wv. ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v So®¿sSIvÃnse

Parotid gland

Sub-lingual gland

Sub-mandibular gland

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So®¿sSIvÃv

98

\m°v £-WsØ AÆm-°ns‚ klmb-

tØmsS Aa¿Øn Dcp-f-Ifm-°p-∂p.

Kk-\n-bn-te°p Xpd-°p∂

\mkm-K-lz-csØ sNdp-\m°v

AS-bv°p-∂p.

izmk-\mfw apI-fn -te°v

Db¿∂v t¢ma-]n-[m\wsIm≠v

AS-bv°-s∏-Sp∂p.

\m°ns‚ ]n≥`mKw £-WsØ t¢ma-

]n-[m-\-Øn\v apI-fn-eqsS A∂-\m-f-Øn-

te°p IS-Øn-hn-Sp∂p.

Blmcw Bam-i-b-Øn-te°v.

H∂masØ A[ym-b-Øn¬ X∂n-cn-°p∂ amXr-I-bn¬ Xbm-dm-t°≠XmWv.

Hcp Dcp-f-t®mdv Idn-I-sfm∂pw IqSmsX hmbn¬ h®v \∂mbn Nh-®-c®v cpNn-hy-

Xymkw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°mw. A\p-`-h-ßƒ Ip´n-Iƒ ]¶p-h-bv°-s´. a[pcw

A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xmbn Ip´n-Iƒ A`n-]m-b-s∏Spw. F¥p-sIm-≠v a[pcw A\p-`-h-s∏-

Sp∂p F∂p Is≠Øp-∂-Xn\p th≠n ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]co-£Ww sNøm-hp-∂-

Xm-Wv. ]co-£W tijw ksse-hdn Aan-te-kns‚ ]h¿Ø\wsIm≠mWv Cu

am‰-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-sX∂v tImUo-I-cn-°Ww. hmbn¬ h®v A∂Pw ksse-h-dn- A-an-te-

kp-ambn ]h¿Øn®v amƒt´mkv F∂ ]©-kmcbmbn amdp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv

a[pcw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v, ]co-£-W-Ønse ]¶m-fnØw, D]-I-c-W-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøm-

\p≈ Ign-hv.

]h¿Ø\w 6 (NnX-hn-i-I-e-\w, NnXo-I-c-W-hn-iIe\w, vtfmNm¿ v

]q¿Øo-I-cn-°¬)

BlmcØns‚ hngp-ßens\-°p-dn®v [mcW ssIh-cn-°p-I-bmWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\-

Øns‚ Dt±-iyw. NnXw (2.3) \nco-£n®v `mK-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p. XpS¿∂v \mw

hngp-ßp∂ Blmcw izmk-\m-f-Øn-te°p IS-°msX A∂-\m-f-Øn-te°p ]th-

in-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v NnXo-I-cWw (2.3) hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ^vtfmNm¿´v hy-

‡n-K-X-ambn ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°-s´. sF.kn.Sn. km[yX D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv Bi-b-[m-

c-Wbv°v IqSp-X¬ klm-b-Iam-Ipw.

tImUo-I-cWw

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Poh-imkvXw ˛ IX

99

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]q¿Øo-I-cn® ^vtfmNm¿´v

]h¿Ø\w 7 (NnX-hn-i-I-e\w, NnXo-I-cWhni-I-e\w)

Bam-i-b-Ønse Zl-\-]-In-b-sb-°p-dn®v [mcW ssIhcn-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠nbmWv

Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. A∂-\m-f-Ønse s]cn-Ãmƒknkv BWv Blm-csØ Bam-i-b-

Øn-se-Øn-°p-∂-sX∂ [mcW Dd-∏n-®p-sIm≠v ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-te°p IS-°mw.

XpS¿∂v NnXw (2.5), NnXo-I-cWw (2.4) F∂n-hbpw hnh-c-Whpw kqN-I-ß-fpsS

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv (kwL-]-h¿Ø-\w) hy‡n-K-X-ambn Ipdn∏v

Xbm-dm°s´.

tImUo-I-cWw

$ hmbv°p-≈n¬h®v A¬∏w amXw Zln® Blm-c-]-Zm¿Y-ßƒ Bam-i-b-Øn-

seØn IqSp-X¬ Zln-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Bam-i-b-Ønse XcwKNe-\-amb s]cn-

Ãmƒknkv Blm-csØ a¿Zn®v Ipg-ºp-cq-]-Øn-em-°p-∂p. Bam-i-b-Øns‚

Ah-km-\-`m-K-Øp≈ ]tXy-I-Xcw hebt]in-Iƒ Blm-c-w Bam-i-b-Øn¬

th≠-X- k-abw \ne-\n¿Øp∂-Xv Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.

$ Bam-i-b-c-k-Ønse s]]vkn≥ t]m´o-\ns\ `mKn-I-ambn s]]vt‰m-Wp-I-fm-

°p-∂p. Bam-i-b-c-k-Ønse ssltUm-t¢m-dnIv BknUv £-W-Ønse tcmKm-

Wp-°sf \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw Bam-i-b-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ Zl\]In-b°v tbmPn®

pH Ias∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. amX-hp-a√, Bam-i-b-Ønse t«jvaw -Z-l-\-

c-k-ß-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬\n∂v Bam-ib`nØnsb kwc-£n-°p-∂p.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

Zl\]In-b-bn¬ Bam-i-b-Øn-\p≈ ]¶v hy-‡-am-°p∂ hni-I-e-\-°p-dn∏v.

]h¿Ø\w 8 (NnXo-I-cWhni-I-e\w)

sNdp-Ip-S-ens‚ BZy-`m-K-amb ]Izm-i-b-Øn¬ h®v \S-°p∂ Zl-\-]-In-b-bmWv

ChnsS hni-Z-am-°p-∂-Xv. NnXo-I-cWw (2.5) , \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ cmk-]-h¿Ø-\ßƒ-

F∂nh kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv (kwL-]-h¿Ø-\w)

Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ FgpXp-∂p (hy‡n-KXw).

tImUo-I-cWw

$ Bt·b-KŸn D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Bt·-b-c-k-Øn¬ ]m≥In-bm-‰nIv Aantekv,

]m≥In-bm-‰nIv ent]-kv, Sn]vkn≥ F∂o cmkm-·n-Iƒ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Aan-tekv F∂ Zl-\-ckw A∂-PsØ amƒt´m-kmbpw Sn]vkn≥ t]m´o-

\ns\ s]]vss‰-Um°-nbpw ent∏kv sImgp-∏ns\ •nk-tdmfpw ^m‰n Bkn-Up-

am-°nbpw am‰p-∂p. ]Izm-i-b-Øn¬ h®v sImgp-∏ns‚ Zl\w ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂p.

$ Icƒ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ ]nØ-ckw sImgp-∏ns\ sNdp-I-Wn-I-I-fm°n am‰p-∂p.

IqSmsX `£-WsØ £mc-Kp-W-ap-≈-Xm°n am‰p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

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So®¿sSIvÃv

100

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

Zl\]In-b-bn¬ Bt·b-K-Ÿn-bp-sSbpw Ic-fns‚bpw ]¶v kqNn-∏n-°p∂ hni-I-

e-\-°p-dn-∏v

]h¿Ø\w 9 (]ń-Ihn-i-I-e\w)

sNdp-Ip-S-en¬ h®v B¥c-k-Øns‚ klm-b-Øm¬ \S-°p∂ Zl-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-

sf-°p-dn®v [mcW ssIh-cp-∂-Xn\v Cu ]h¿Ø\w klm-b-I-am-Wv. ]ńI (2.2)

kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv (kwL-]-h¿Ø-\w) sNdp-Ip-

Sen¬ \S-°p∂ Zl-\-]-In-b-sb-°p-dn®v [mcW ssIh-cn-®v Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm°n

kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tN¿°Ww (hy-‡n-K-Xw). sNdp-Ip-S-en¬ h®v t]mó--\p-I-fp-

sSbpw A∂-P-Øn-s‚bpw Zl\w ]q¿Øn-bm--°p∂p F∂ [mcW Dd-∏n-°-Ww.

tImUo-I-cWw

$ B¥-c-k-Ønse cmkm-·n-I-fmWv s]]v‰n-tUkpw ssUkm-°-ssd-tU-kp-Ifpw.

$ B¥-c-k-Ønse s]]v‰n-tUkv s]]vss‰-Uns\ Aant\m Bkn-Um-°p-∂p.

$ amƒt´kv ˛ amƒt´m-kns\ •qt°m-km-°p-∂p.

$ emIvtSkv ˛ emIvtSmkns\ •qt°mkpw Kme-IvtSm-kp-am-°p-∂p.

$ kqtIkv ˛ kqtIm-kns\ •qt°mkpw ÎvtSm-kp-am-°p-∂p.

B¥-c-k-Øns‚ klm-b-Øm¬ t]mó-\p-I-fp-SsSbpw A∂-P-Øn-s‚bpw Zl\w

]q¿Øn-bm-Ip∂p.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]-Inb-bn¬ B¥-c-k-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yw hy-‡-am-°p∂ hni-I-e-\-°pdn∏v.

samUyqƒ : 3 t]mj-I-L-S-I-ßƒ ˛ BKn-cWw 3 ]ncoUv

]h¿Ø\w 1 (NnXo-I-cWhni-I-e-\w)

Zl-\-^-e-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ t]mj-I-L-S-I-ßƒ ico-c-Øn-te°v BKn-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-

∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂ [mcW ssIh-cn°p-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. t]mj-I-L-S-I-

ß-fpsS Zl-\-^-e-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ eLp-L-S-I-ßƒ GsX-√m-am-sW∂ tNmZyw D∂-

bn-°p-∂p. hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Ønb Bi-b-ßƒ s]mXp-N¿® \SØn tImUo-I-

cn-°p-∂p.

tImUo-I-cWw

$ t]mó≥ ˛ Aant\m BknUv

sImgp∏v ˛ •nk-tdmƒ, ^m‰n BknUv

[m\yIw ˛ •qt°mkv, ÎvtSm-kv, Kme-IvtSmkv F∂nh.

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Poh-imkvXw ˛ IX

101

XpS¿∂v NnXo-I-cWw (2.6) X∂ncn-°p∂ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hni-I-

e\w sNøp-∂p (kwL-]-h¿Ø-\w). sF.kn.Sn. km[yX D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

][m\ Bi-b-ßƒ s]mXpN¿®-bv°p-tijw tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p. hn√-kns‚ LS\

kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ hc-bv°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww.

tImUo-I-cWw

$ a\p-jys‚ sNdp-Ip-S-en\v A©p apX¬ Bdp ao‰¿ hsc \of-ap-≠v. DZ-cm-i-b-

Øn¬ At\Iw aS-°p-I-fmbn Np‰nhf-™mWv sNdp-Ip-S¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

X∑qew sNdp-Ip-S-en-eqsS Blmcw hfsc sas√ amXta \oßp-I-bp-≈q.

$ sNdp-Ip-S-ens‚ Dƒa-S-°p-I-fn¬ hnc-ep-I-fpsS BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ hn√-kp-Iƒ ImW-

s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch t]mjI BKn-c-W-Øn-\p≈ ]XehnkvXo¿Ww At\-I-a-Sßv

h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ hn√-knse c‡-tem-an-I-Ifnte°v •qt°mkpw ^IvtSmkpw Kme-IvtSmkpw

Aant\m BknUpw BKn-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ enw^v teman-I-I-fmb emIvSn-bente°v ^m‰n BknUpw •nk-tdmfpw BKn-

cWw sNøs∏Sp∂p.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

Zl\]In-bbn¬ sNdp-Ip-S-ens‚ ]¶v hy-‡-am-°p∂ hni-I-e-\-°p-dn-∏v, hc®v AS-

bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ønb NnXw.

]h¿Ø\w 2 (hnh-cWhni-I-e-\w)

Zl-\-] - In -b -bn¬ h≥Ip-S -ens‚ ]m[m\yw t_m[y-am -°pIbmWv Cu

]h¿Ø\Øns‚ e£y-w. t]mj-I-L-S-I-ß-fpsS BKn-c-W-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ Zl-

\m-h-in-jvS-ßƒ°v F¥p kw`-hn°pw F∂ tNmZy-ap-∂-bn-°mw. X∂n-cn-°p∂ kqN-

I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ hnh-cWw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv (kwL]h¿Ø-\w)

hy‡n-K-X-ambn FgpXp-∂p.

kqN-I-ßƒ

$ h≥Ip-S-en¬h®v Blm-c-Øn¬ \n∂v BKn-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp-°ƒ.

$ h≥Ip-S-ense _mIvSo-cn-b-I-fpsS ]m[m\yw.

$ Zl-\m-h-in-jvS-ßƒ

tImUo-I-cWw

$ sNdpIp-S-en¬ h®v BKncWw sNø-s∏´p Ign™tijw Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ qcn-

`mKw eh-W-ßfpw Pehpw h≥Ip-S-en¬ h®v BKn-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. Nne

hn‰m-an-\p-IfpsS BKn-cWw h≥Ip-S-en¬ h®v \S-°p-∂p.

$ h≥Ip-S-ense _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒ hn‰m-an≥ K t]mep≈ ]Zm¿Y-ßƒ D¬∏m-

Zn∏n°p∂p.

$ Zl\m-hin-jvS-ßƒ aem-i-b-Øn¬ tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw ae-Zzm-c-Øn-eqsS ]pd-Øp

t]mhp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

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So®¿sSIvÃv

102

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

N¿®-bnse ]¶m-fn-Øw, Zl\]In-b-bn¬ h≥Ip-S-ens‚ ]m[m-\yw kqNn-∏n-°p∂

hni-I-e-\-°p-dn∏v.

So®¿ Adn-bm≥

Pe-Øns‚ BKn-c-Whpw h≥Ip-Sepw

ico-c-Ønse Pe-Øns‚ Xp-e-\m-hÿ Iao-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Zl-t\-µn-b-hy-h-ÿ-

bn¬ [mcmfw kwhn-[m-\-ßfp≠v. Hcp Znhkw Zl-t\-µn-b-hyhÿ 9 en‰-tdmfw

Pew BKn-cWw sNøp-∂p. AXn¬ 0.7 en‰¿ Blm-c-Øn¬\n∂pw 1.6 en‰¿ IpSn-

°p-∂ PeØn-eq-sSbpw _m°n-bp≈ 6.7 en‰¿ Zl-\-c-k-ß-fmb Dan-\o¿, Bam-i-

b-c-kw, ]nØckw, Bt·-b-c-kw, B¥-ckw F∂n-h-bn-eq-sS-bp-amWv e`n-°p-

∂-Xv. CXn¬ 8 en‰-tdmfw sNdp-Ip-S¬ BKn-cWw sNøp-∂p. _m°n 0.8 en‰¿

h≥Ip-S¬ BKn-cWw sNøp-∂p 0.2 en‰¿ ae-Øn-eq-sS ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXm-

bXv BKn-cWw samØw Pe-Øns‚ hfsc Xp—-amb Hc-f-hv amXta h≥Ip-S¬

hgn BKn-cWw sNøs∏Sp-∂p-≈p.

Ref : Kenneth S. Saladin. Anatomy and physiology : The unity of form and function. Third

Edition, Boston Mc Graw Hill, 2004.

]h¿Ø\w 3 (NnXhni-I-e\w, hnh-c-W-hn-i-I-e\w)

t]mj-I-L-S-I-ßƒ ico-c-Øn-te°v BKn-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p∂ ]In-

b-Isf Ipdn®v [mcW \¬Im-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w. NnXw (2.6, 2.7), hnh-cWw

F∂nh kqNIßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv (kwL]h¿Ø-\w) Ipdn∏v

Xbm-dm°n kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tN¿°-Ww (hy-‡n-K-Xw). sa®-s∏´ [mcW e`n-

°p-∂-Xn\v sF.kn.-Sn. km[y-X-Ifpw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

tImUo-I-cWw

$ tImi-ß-fnse ]Zm¿Y-kw-h-l-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-amb ]In-b-I-fmWv Un^yq-

j≥, Hmkvtam-kn-kv, s^kn-en-t‰-‰Uv Un^yq-j≥, BIvSohv Sm≥kvt]m¿´v

F∂nh.

$ Un^yq-j\pw Hmkvtam-knkpw KmVXmhyXym-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv

\S-°p∂Xv. Cu c≠p ]In-b-Ifnepw ]Zm¿Yhn\n-a-b-Øn\v Du¿Pw D]-tbm-

Kn-°p-∂n-√. X∑m-X-Iƒ KmVX IqSnb `mK-Øp-\n∂p KmVX Ipd™ `mK-

tØ°v kzb-tah hym]n-°p∂ ]In-b-bmWv Un^yq-j≥. F∂m¬ Pe-X-∑m-

X-Iƒ KmVX IqSnb `mK-Øp-\n∂p KmVX Ipd™ `mK-tØ°v Hcp A¿[

Xm-cy-kvX-c-Øn-eqsS hym]n-°p∂ ]In-b-bmWv Hmkvtam-kn-kv.

$ tImi-kvX-c-Ønse t]m´o≥ X∑m-X-I-fpsS klm-b-ØmemWv s^kn-en-t‰-

‰Uv Un^yq-j≥ \S-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Un^yq-j-\n¬ t]m´o≥ X∑m-X-I-fpsS

klmbw Bh-iy-an-√.

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Poh-imkvXw ˛ IX

103

$ a‰v BKn-cW]In-b-Isf At]-£n®v BIvSohv Sm≥kvt]m¿´n\v Du¿Pw Bh-

iy-am-Wv. amX-a√, KmVXm hyXym-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-e-√m-sXbmWv

BIvSohv Sm≥kvt]m¿´v \S-°p-∂Xv.

]h¿Ø\w 4 (s]mXp-N¿®)

Btcm-K-y-I-c-amb `£-W-io-e-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn™v Pohn-X-Øn¬ A\p-h¿Øn-t°-≠-

Xns‚ ]m[m-\yw t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w. Zl\hy-h-ÿ-bpsS

Btcm-Kyw XI-cm-dn-em-°p∂ £Wioe-ßsf°pdn®v s]mXpN¿® \S-Øp-∂p. cpNn-

amXw ]cn--K-Wn®v `£Ww Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xnse tZmj-ßƒ, FÆ-bn¬ hdpØ

`£-W-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS Aan-tXm-]-tbm-Kw, tImf-t]m-ep≈ ]m\o-b-ß-fpsS ÿnc

D]-tbm-Kw, cpNn°pw \nd-Øn\pw th≠n cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ tN¿Ø `£Ww F∂n-

h-bpsS D]-tbmKw Btcm-K-y-Øn\v KpW-I-c-a√ F∂ at\m-`mhw cq]-s∏-S-Ø-°-hn-

[-Øn¬ N¿® tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww. XpS¿]-h¿Ø-\w- 2 se kwhmZkm[yXbpw D]-

tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

N¿®-bnse ]¶m-fn-Øw.

hne-bn-cpØmw

1. A Ic-fn¬ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂p.

D sImgp-∏ns\ sNdp-I-Wn-I-I-fm-°p∂p.

2. A∂-]-Y-Ønse `mKw cmkm·n ]h¿Ø\w

hmbv ksse-hdn Aan-tekv A∂Pw amƒt´mkv

Bam-ibw s]]vkn≥ t]m´o≥ s]]vt‰m¨

sNdp-Ip-S¬ amƒt´kv amƒt´mkv •qt°mkv

sNdp-Ip-S¬ s]]v‰n-tUkv s]]vss‰Uv

Aant\m BknUv

3. a\p-jys‚ sNdp-Ip-S-en\v A©p apX¬ Bdp ao‰¿ hsc \of-ap-≠v. DZ-cm-i-b-

Øn¬ At\-Iw aS-°p-I-fmbn Np‰n-h-f-™mWv sNdp-Ip-S¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. X∑qew

sNdp-Ip-S-en-eqsS Blmcw hfsc sas√ amXta \oßp-I-b-≈q. IqSmsX sNdp-

Ip-S-ens‚ Dƒa-S-°p-I-fn¬ hnc-ep-I-fpsS BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ hn√-kp-Iƒ ImW-s∏-

Sp-∂p. Ch t]mjImKn-c-W-Øn-\p≈ ]XehnkvXo¿Ww At\Iw aSßv h¿[n-

∏n-°p-∂p.

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So®¿sSIvÃv

104

bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

1. Zl-\-Ønse cmk-]-In-b-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ NnXo-I-cWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

Dan-\o¿KŸn-Iƒ

...................................

$ ksse-hdn Aan-tekv

...................................

...................................

Bam-i-b-ckw

ï ..................................

t]mó≥ s]]vt‰m-Wp-Iƒ

Bt·-b-KŸn

...................................

$ ]m≥In-bm-‰nIv Aan-tekv

......................................

$ ......................................

sImgp∏v •nk-tdmƒ,

^m‰n BknUv

$ ......................................

......................................

sNdp-Ip-S-ense -KŸnIƒ

B¥-ckw

$ .........................................

s]]vss‰Uv Aan-t\m-

B-knUv

$ .........................................

amƒt´mkv •qt°mkv

$ emIvtSkv

.........................................

$ .........................................

.........................................

BKn-c-W-]-Inb

Un^yq-j≥

.................................

.................................

s^kn-en-t‰-‰Uv

Un^yq-j≥

]tXy-IX

.................................

Du¿Pw D]-tbm-Kn®v hmlI t]mó-

\p-I-fpsS klm-b-Øm¬ X∑m-X-

Isf tImi-Øn\p≈nte°v BKn-

cWw sNøp∂p.

.................................

tImi-kvX-c-Ønse t]mó≥

X∑m-X-I-fpsS klm-b-Øm¬

\S-°p∂ Un^yq-j≥.

DZm-l-cWw

emIvSn-ben-te-°p≈ ^m‰n

Bkn-Un-s‚bpw •nk-tdm-fn-

s‚bpw BKn-cWw.

.................................

sNdp-Ip-S-en-sebpw h≥Ip-S-en-

sebpw Pe-Øns‚ BKn-

cWw.

.................................

2. ]ńI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

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Poh-imkvXw ˛ IX

105

Ip -nbpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬


1. ]√p-I-fpsS LS-\bpw Iao-I-c-Whpw Zl-\-]-In-b-bp-ambn

_‘-s∏-SpØn hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ F\n°v Ignbpw.

2. BlmchkvXp-°ƒ°v Zl-\-]-In-b-bn¬ kw -hn-°p∂ am‰-

ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv hni-Zo-Icn-°m≥ F\n°v Ignbpw.

3. hnhn[ cmkm-·n-Iƒ Zl\]In-b--bn¬ hln-°p∂ ]¶v

Xncn-®dn™v Ah-bpsS ]h¿Ø\w hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥

Ignbpw.

4. sNdp-Ip-S-ens‚ LS\ t]mj-I-L-S-I-ßfpsS BKn-c-W-

Øn\v Fßs\ klm-bn-°p-∂p-sh∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥

F\n°v Ignbpw.

5. t]mj-I-L-S-I-ß-fpsS ]m-[m\yw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv hni-

Zo-I-cn-°m≥ F\n°v Ignbpw.

6. ]Zm¿Yß-fpsS hn\n-a-b-Øn\v klm-bn-°p∂ hnhn[ ]In-

b-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ F\n°v Ignbpw.

7. Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb `£-W-io-e-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn™v Pohn-X-

Øn¬ ]I¿Øm≥ Rm≥ ian°pw.

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So®¿sSIvÃv

106

So®-dpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬


1. ]√p-I-fpsS LS-\bpw Iao-I-c-Whpw Zl-\-]-In-b-bp-ambn

_‘-s∏-SpØn hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw Ignbpw.

2. BlmchkvXp-°ƒ°v Zl-\-]-In-b-bn¬ kw -hn-°p∂ am‰-

ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ F√m Ipń-

Iƒ°pw Ignbpw.

3. hnhn[ cmkm-·n-Iƒ Zl\]In-b--bn¬ hln-°p∂ ]¶v

Xncn-®dn™v Ah-bpsS ]h¿Ø\w hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ F√m

Ipń-Iƒ°pw Ignbpw.

4. sNdp-Ip-S-ens‚ LS\ BKn-c-W-Øn\v Fßs\ klm-bn-

°p-∂p-sh∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw Ignbpw.

5. t]mj-I-L-S-I-ß-fpsS ]m-[m\yw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv hni-

Zo-I-cn-°m≥ F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw Ignbpw.

6. ]Zm¿Yß-fpsS hn\n-a-b-Øn\v klm-bn-°p∂ hnhn[ ]In-b-

Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw Ignbpw.

7. Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb `£-W-io-e-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn™v Pohn-X-

Øn¬ ]I¿Øm≥ F√m Ipń-Ifpw ian-°p-∂p-sh∂v Rm≥

Dd∏p hcp-Øpw.

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