Unisys Imagine it. Done. Systems Integration. Outsourcing. Infrastructure. Consulting. Server...
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Transcript of Unisys Imagine it. Done. Systems Integration. Outsourcing. Infrastructure. Consulting. Server...
unisysImagine it. Done.
Systems Integration.Outsourcing.Infrastructure.
Consulting.Server Technology.
The Thoroughly
Modern Mainframe
Dr. Michael Salsburg
NTSMF Users' Group
Dec 9, 2002
Imagine it. Done.unisys
Agenda
Large Scale WINTEL Servers Disruptive technology or trend?
Scale Up or Scale Out ? A Workload-motivated discussion of
SMP and CC-NUMA PCI-Based I/O Consolidation Emerging Technologies
Imagine it. Done.unisys
Server Industry TrendsIntel Server Market Position
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Ma
rke
t S
ha
re
Units Dollars
Microsoft Windows NT Server Market
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Mar
ket
Sh
are
Units Dollars
Source: IDC
Intel will dominate server chip market
Windows 2000 will be pervasive server OS
Imagine it. Done.unisys
Unisys ES7000 Aries 230
Unisys ES7000 Orion
Egenera Blade
Frame
HP ProLiant DL760
HP rp8400
IBM eServer
x440
Processors Supported
Intel Xeon
1.4, 1.6 GHz
Intel Xeon
1.4, 1.6 GHz
Intel Xeon
1.4, 1.6 GHz
Intel Xeon
Pentium
700, 900 MHz
HP PA-8700
750, 875 MHz
Intel Xeon
1.4, 1.5, 1.6
GHz
Max Procs 16 32 96 8 16 8 ,16 by 2002
Max Mem 32G 64G 288G 16G 64G 64G
Max PCI Slots
48 96 12 10 16 72
The x440 CompetitionGartner Oct 2002
Imagine it. Done.unisys
Comparison of CPU Speed and tpcM
1
10
100
Oct-95 Mar-97 Jul-98 Dec-99 Apr-01 Sep-02
Submittal Date
Speed (100Mhz)
Rating(K tpmC)
18MonthRt
A Comparison using Moore’s Law
Comparison of CPU Speeds / tpcM for 4x cpu WINTEL systems
Imagine it. Done.unisys
Rank Company System tpmC Price/ tpmC System
Availability Database
Operating System
TP Monitor
Date Submitted
1
PRIMEPOWER 2000 c/s w 66 Front-
Ends 455,818 28.58 US $ 02/28/02
SymfoWARE Server
Enterp. Ed. VLM 3.0
Sun Solaris 8
BEA Tuxedo
6.5 CFS 08/28/01
2
HP 9000 Model Superdome
Enterprise Server 423,414 15.64 US $ 08/26/02
Oracle 9i Enterprise Database
Server 9.2.0.1
HP UX 11.i 64-bit
BEA Tuxedo
8.0 08/26/02
3
IBM eServer pSeries 690 Turbo 7040-681
403,255 17.80 US $ 11/22/02
Oracle 9i R2 Enterprise Edition
IBM AIX 5L V5.2
Websphere App.
Server Ent.
Edition V 3.0
08/15/02
4
HP 9000 Superdome Enterprise Server
389,434 16.41 US $ 05/15/02
Oracle 9i Database Enterprise Edition
HP UX 11.i 64-bit
BEA Tuxedo
6.4 12/21/01
5
NEC TX7/i9510 C/S with
Express5800/120Rd-2
308,620 14.96 US $ 12/31/02
Microsoft SQL Server
2000 Enterprise Ed. 64-bit
Microsoft Windows
.NET Server 2003
Datacenter Edt.
Microsoft COM+
09/09/02
TPC-C Top 10
Imagine it. Done.unisys
Rank Company System tpmC Price/ tpmC System
Availability Database
Operating System
TP Monitor
Date Submitted
6
Compaq AlphaServer
GS320 230,533 44.62 US $ 07/30/01
Oracle 9i Database Enterprise Edition
Compaq Tru64 UNIX
V5.1
Compaq DB Web
Connector V1.1
06/18/01
7
PRIMEPOWER 2000 c/s w /32 Front Ends
222,772 43.42 US $ 06/30/01
SymfoWARE Server
Enterp. Ed. VLM 3.0
Sun Solaris 8
BEA Tuxedo 6.4 CFS
04/13/01
8
IBM eServer pSeries 680
Model 7017-S85
220,807 29.30 US $ 04/13/01
Oracle 8i Enterprise Edition v.
8.1.7
IBM AIX 4.3.3
Websphere App. Server Ent. Edition
V 3.0
06/22/01
9
Unisys ES7000 Orion Enterprise
Server 203,518 13.18 US $ 03/31/03
Microsoft SQL Server
2000 Enterprise Edition
Microsoft Windows
.NET Server 2003
Datacenter Edt.
Microsoft COM+
11/04/02
10
Unisys e-@ction Enterprise
Server ES7000 165,218 21.33 US $ 03/10/02
Microsoft SQL Server
2000 Enterprise Edition
Microsoft Datacenter
Server Limited Edition
Microsoft COM+
11/11/01
Imagine it. Done.unisys
Scale Up or Scale Out?
Two of the 3-tiers in current application architectures use scale-out for growth Increase # of Web servers Increase # of Application Servers Database back end cannot be scaled out
Scale up is needed for large database applications
Scale out has some inherent down sides additional administrative/management attention Move “headroom” needed for heavy traffic
Imagine it. Done.unisys
SMP / NUMA Workload Discussion
As code executes on the processor, memory is referenced. This can be broken into three regions
High Locality of Reference Memory is immediately re-referenced (> 95%)
Working Set – the set of addresses on which the software primarily focuses
Persistent Storage – addresses that are stored on physical devices High Locality of Reference
Working Set
Persistent Storage
Imagine it. Done.unisys
Scale Out- SMP or NUMA? Workload Interference
When two processes are running on the same system, their memory references will interfere.
It is preferable to only interfere at the persistent storage level Interference at higher levels can decrease cache efficiency
and slow down processing, effectively reducing the CPU power
Imagine it. Done.unisys
SMP / NUMA SMP Topology
A bank of CPUs share a bank of Memory Each CPU has a local cache to optimize high locality of
reference A cache miss has uniform latency time to get data from
memory “Dirty” memory references require fetching the updated
memory from another CPU’s cache The CPU can “stall” waiting for a memory reference
cpu
cache
memory
Imagine it. Done.unisys
SMP / NUMA Workload Discussion
Percentages of references based on TPC-C workload profile
Relative time units show orders of magnitude between cache hit and persistent storage
Reference Level Percentage
CPU Cache 98.0%
Main Memory 01.9%
Persistent
Storage00.1%
Reference Level
Time Units
CPU Cache 1
Main Memory 100
Remote Cache 200
Persistent
Storage10,000
Imagine it. Done.unisys
SMP / NUMA NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access)
Overcome bus congestion and physical fabrication limitations found in a single bus architecture
Two memory latencies – near and far The NUMA ratio is the ratio of far latency over near latency
Originally 30, now it is around 3
cpu
cache
memory
Imagine it. Done.unisys
SMP / NUMA Hybrid (Unisys ES7000)
Another level of cache is introduced Memory accesses can be non-uniform when comparing Next
Level Cache hits to memory references Overcomes the fabrication/congestion problems of a single
bus architecture
cpu
cache
memory
Next Level Cache
Crossbar
Imagine it. Done.unisys
PCI-Based I/O
Cellular MultiProcessing (CMP) Architecture
Imagine it. Done.unisys
PCI-Based I/O
2001 & earlier 2002 2003 2004 2005
1
4
3
2
533MHz
266
PCI-X
16X, or8X@5Gb
PCI-Express
GB
/se c
Max
B
us
or p
er d
i rec
tion
133
66
1X4X8X
PCI
Hyp
erT
rans
port
6.4 GB
0.8 GB
6.4 GB
SP2
SP1
Scalability Port
Imagine it. Done.unisys
Enterprise-Level Backup / Restore
Imagine it. Done.unisys
Enterprise-Level Backup / Restore
Complete recovery of a 2.5 terabyte database: From tape, the database was recovered in only 88
minutes with a sustained throughput during restore of 2.2 TB/hr.
From the hardware snapshot, the same database was recovered in only 11 minutes.
Complete backup of a 2.5 terabyte database: Backup to tape took only 68 minutes with minimal
impact on online operations and sustained throughput of 2.6 TB/hr.
Imagine it. Done.unisys
Consolidation
"[Our] servers were multiplying like rabbits," says Jeff Smith, manager of corporate network services at La-Z-Boy Inc., a Monroe, Mich.-based residential furniture producer that just completed a Windows NT server consolidation project. "Our distributed environment was becoming more and more difficult to manage."
Thinning The Server RanksComputerworld Aug 26, 2002
Imagine it. Done.unisys
Consolidation
How do you stuff over 130 CPUs’ worth of workload into a 32x CPU system?
Veeerrrry carefully……
Why are current server farms filled with under-utilized servers?
Web Hosting Sites “New web servers are installed when Peak CPU utilization
reaches above 35%.” “Speed and reliability are very important to your web site.
All of our servers are maintained at less than 15% CPU utilization. This ensures that your web site downloads as fast as possible!”
Imagine it. Done.unisys
ConsolidationResponsive Consolidation
Which would you prefer – an average queue size of 0.2 on a 1x or a 32x system?
Response Factor
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
Utilization
1x
4x
8x
16x
32x
Imagine it. Done.unisys
ConsolidationBenefits
Simplified Management / Administration Higher Utilization (less “headroom”) Less Variability of Service Less Overall CPU Overhead Less software licenses
Imagine it. Done.unisys
Emerging CPU Technologies32x INTEL CPU TPC-C Results
Date Published
tpm-C Chip Speed Cache Memory
11/11/2001 165,218 Pentium III Xeon
900MHz 2MB 64 GB
9/9/2002 308,620 Itanium II 1GHz 3 MB 256 GB
11/4/2002 203,518 Pentium IV Xeon
1.6 GHz 1 MB 64 GB
Imagine it. Done.unisys
Itanium IIWhat’s so great about 64 bits?
For transaction processing, memory addressing is increased and therefore the amount of main memory increases
The top 5 TPC-C results were achieved using 64 bit computing
TPC-C is a large database application – this is a sweet spot for 64 bit commercial computing
Bigger is DEFINITELY Better!!