Union Army

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The 21st Michigan Infantry, a company of WilliamTecumseh Sherman's veterans.

Union ArmyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Union Army was the land force that fought forthe Union during the American Civil War, whichlasted from 1861 to 1865.[1] It consisted of the smallUnited States Army, known as the regular army,which was augmented by massive numbers of unitssupplied by northern U.S. states, consisting ofvolunteers as well as conscripts. The Union Armyfought and eventually defeated the ConfederateStates Army during the war. About 360,000 Unionsoldiers died from all causes and some 280,000 werewounded.

Contents

1 History1.1 Formation1.2 Major organizations1.3 Personnel organization1.4 Leaders1.5 Union victory

2 Casualties3 Ethnic groups4 Army administration and issues

4.1 Blacks in the army4.2 Unit supplies4.3 Combat medicine4.4 Military strategy

5 Desertions and draft riots6 See also

6.1 Armies6.2 Corps

7 Notes8 References9 Further reading10 External links

History



Recruiting poster for the First Battalion,New York Mounted Rifles

Formation

When the American Civil War began in April 1861, therewere only 16,000 men in the U.S. Army, and of these manySouthern officers resigned and joined the Confederate StatesArmy. The U.S. Army consisted of ten regiments ofinfantry, four of artillery, two of cavalry, two of dragoons,and three of mounted infantry. The regiments were scatteredwidely. Of the 197 companies in the army, 179 occupied 79isolated posts in the West, and the remaining 18 mannedgarrisons east of the Mississippi River, mostly along theCanadaUnited States border and on the Atlantic coast.

With the secession of the Southern states, and with thisdrastic shortage of men in the army, President AbrahamLincoln called on the states to raise a force of 75,000 menfor three months to put down the "insurrection". Lincoln'scall forced the border states to choose sides, and fourseceded, making the Confederacy eleven states strong. Thewar proved to be longer and more extensive than anyoneNorth or South had expected, and on July 22, 1861,Congress authorized a volunteer army of 500,000 men.

The call for volunteers initially was easily met by patrioticNortherners, abolitionists, and even immigrants who enlistedfor a steady income and meals. Over 10,000 Germans inNew York and Pennsylvania immediately responded toLincoln's call, and the French were also quick to volunteer. As more men were needed, however, thenumber of volunteers fell and both money bounties and forced conscription had to be turned to.Nevertheless, between April 1861 and April 1865, at least two and a half million men served in theUnion Army, of whom the majority were volunteers.

It is a misconception that the South held an advantage because of the large percentage of professionalofficers who resigned to join the Confederate States Army. At the start of the war, there were 824graduates of the U.S. Military Academy on the active list; of these, 296 resigned or were dismissed, and184 of those became Confederate officers. Of the approximately 900 West Point graduates who werethen civilians, 400 returned to the Union Army and 99 to the Confederate. Therefore, the ratio of Unionto Confederate professional officers was 642 to 283.[2] (One of the resigning officers was Robert E. Lee,who had initially been offered the assignment as commander of a field army to suppress the rebellion.Lee disapproved of secession, but refused to bear arms against his native state, Virginia, and resigned toaccept the position as commander of Virginia forces. He eventually became the commander of theConfederate States Army.) The South did have the advantage of other military colleges, such as TheCitadel and Virginia Military Institute, but they produced fewer officers. Only 26 enlisted men and non-commissioned officers are known to have left the regular United States Army to join the ConfederateArmy, all by desertion.[3]

Major organizations

The Union Army was composed of numerous organizations, which were generally organizedgeographically.



Noncommissioned officers of the 93rd New YorkInfantry.

Military DivisionA collection of Departments reporting to one commander (e.g., Military Division of theMississippi, Middle Military Division,Military Division of the James). MilitaryDivisions were similar to the regionsdescribed by the more modern term, Theater.

DepartmentAn organization that covered a defined region,including responsibilities for the Federalinstallations therein and for the field armieswithin their borders. Those named for statesusually referred to Southern states that hadbeen occupied. It was more common to namedepartments for rivers (such as Department ofthe Tennessee, Department of theCumberland) or regions (Department of thePacific, Department of New England,Department of the East, Department of the West, Middle Department).

DistrictA subdivision of a Department (e.g., District of Cairo, District of East Tennessee). There werealso Subdistricts for smaller regions.

ArmyThe fighting force that was usually, but not always, assigned to a District or Department but couldoperate over wider areas. Some of the most prominent armies were:

Army of the Cumberland, the army operating primarily in Tennessee, and laterGeorgia, commanded by William S. Rosecrans and George Henry Thomas.Army of Georgia, operated in the March to the Sea and the Carolinas commanded byHenry W. Slocum.Army of the Gulf, the army operating in the region bordering the Gulf of Mexico,commanded by Benjamin Butler, Nathaniel P. Banks, and Edward Canby.Army of the James, the army operating on the Virginia Peninsula, 186465,commanded by Benjamin Butler and Edward Ord.Army of the Mississippi, a briefly existing army operating on the Mississippi River,in two incarnationsunder John Pope and William S. Rosecrans in 1862; under JohnA. McClernand in 1863.Army of the Ohio, the army operating primarily in Kentucky and later Tennessee andGeorgia, commanded by Don Carlos Buell, Ambrose E. Burnside, John G. Foster, andJohn M. Schofield.



Private Samuel K. Wilson (18411865) of the Sturgis Rifles, IllinoisVolunteer Infantry (1862).

Army of the Potomac, the principal army in the Eastern Theater, commanded byGeorge B. McClellan, Ambrose E. Burnside, Joseph Hooker, and George G. Meade.Army of the Shenandoah, the army operating in the Shenandoah Valley, under DavidHunter, Philip Sheridan, and Horatio G. Wright.Army of the Tennessee, the most famous army in the Western Theater, operatingthrough Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Georgia, and the Carolinas; commandedby Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, James B. McPherson, and Oliver O.Howard.Army of Virginia, the army assembled under John Pope for the Northern VirginiaCampaign.

Each of these armies was usually commanded by a major general. Typically, the Department or Districtcommander also had field command of the army of the same name, but some conflicts within the ranksoccurred when this was not true, particularly when an army crossed a geographic boundary.

The regular army, the permanent United States Army, was intermixed into various units and formationsof the Union Army, forming a cadre of experienced and skilled troops. They were regarded by many aselite troops and often held in reserve during battles in case of emergencies. This force was quite smallcompared to the massive state-raised volunteer forces that comprised the bulk of the Union Army.

Theaters

Operations in the Civil War were distinctly divided within broad geographic regions known as theaters.For overviews of general army operations and strategies, see articles on the main theaters, including theWestern Theater, and Eastern Theater.

Personnel organization

Soldiers were organized by military specialty. The combat armsincluded infantry, cavalry, artillery, and other such smallerorganizations such as the United States Marine Corps, which, atsome times, was detached from its navy counterpart for landbased operations. The Signal Corps was created and deployed forthe first time, through the leadership of Albert J. Myer.

Below major units like armies, soldiers were organized mainlyinto regiments, the main fighting unit with which a soldier wouldmarch and be deployed with, commanded by a colonel,lieutenant colonel, or possibly a major. According to W. J.Hardee's "Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics" (1855), the primarytactics for riflemen and light infantry in use immediately priorand during the Civil War, there would typically be, within eachregiment, ten companies, each commanded by a captain, anddeployed according to the ranks of captains. Some units onlypossessed between four and eight companies and were generallyknown as battalions.[4] Regiments were almost always raisedwithin a single state, and were generally referred by number andstate, e.g. 54th Massachusetts, 20th Maine, etc.



Regiments were usually grouped into brigades under the command of a brigadier general. However,brigades were changed easily as the situation demanded; the regiment was the main form of permanentgrouping. Brigades were usually formed once regiments reached the battlefield, according to where theregiment might be deployed, and alongside which other regiments.

Leaders

Several men served as generals-in-chief of the Union Army throughout its existence:

Winfield Scott: July 5, 1841 November 1, 1861George B. McClellan: November 1, 1861 March 11, 1862Henry W. Halleck: July 23, 1862 March 9, 1864Ulysses S. Grant: March 9, 1864 March 4, 1869

The gap from March 11 to July 23, 1862, was filled with direct control of the army by President Lincolnand United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, with the help of an unofficial "War Board" thatwas established on March 17, 1862. The board consisted of Ethan A. Hitchcock, the chairman, withDepartment of War bureau chiefs Lorenzo Thomas, Montgomery C. Meigs, Joseph G. Totten, James W.Ripley, and Joseph P. Taylor.[5]

Scott was an elderly veteran of the War of 1812 and the Mexican-American War and could not performhis duties effectively. His successor, Maj. Gen. McClellan, built and trained the massive Union Army ofthe Potomac, the primary fighting force in the Eastern Theater. Although he was popular among thesoldiers, McClellan was relieved from his position as general-in-chief because of his overly cautiousstrategy and his contentious relationship with his commander in chief, President Lincoln. (He remainedcommander of the Army of the Potomac through the Peninsula Campaign and the Battle of Antietam.)His replacement, Major General Henry W. Halleck, had a successful record in the Western Theater, butwas more of an administrator than a strategic planner and commander.

Ulysses S. Grant was the final commander of the Union Army. He was famous for his victories in theWest when he was appointed lieutenant general and general-in-chief of the Union Army in March 1864.Grant supervised the Army of the Potomac (which was formally led by his subordinate, Maj. Gen.George G. Meade) in delivering the final blows to the Confederacy by engaging Confederate forces inmany fierce battles in Virginia, the Overland Campaign, conducting a war of attrition that the largerUnion Army was able to survive better than its opponent. Grant laid siege to Lee's army at Petersburg,Virginia, and eventually captured Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy. He developed the strategyof coordinated simultaneous thrusts against wide portions of the Confederacy, most importantly theGeorgia and Carolinas Campaigns of William Tecumseh Sherman and the Shenandoah Valley campaignof Philip Sheridan. These campaigns were characterized by another strategic notion of Grant's-betterknown as total wardenying the enemy to access resources needed to continue the war by widespreaddestruction of its factories and farms along the paths of the invading Union armies.

Grant had critics who complained about the high numbers of casualties that the Union Army sufferedwhile he was in charge, but Lincoln would not replace Grant, because, in Lincoln's words: "I cannotspare this man. He fights."

Among memorable field leaders of the army were Nathaniel Lyon (first Union general to be killed inbattle during the war), William Rosecrans, George Henry Thomas and William Tecumseh Sherman.Others, of lesser competence, included Benjamin F. Butler.



Burying Union dead, Antietam,Maryland

The 26th U.S. Colored VolunteerInfantry on parade, Camp WilliamPenn, Pennsylvania, 1865

Union victory

The decisive victories by Grant and Sherman resulted in the surrender of the major Confederate armies.The first and most significant was on April 9, 1865, when Robert E. Lee surrendered the Army ofNorthern Virginia to Grant at Appomattox Court House. Although there were other Confederate armiesthat surrendered in the following weeks, such as Joseph E. Johnston's in North Carolina, this date wasnevertheless symbolic of the end of the bloodiest war in American history, the end of the ConfederateStates of America, and the beginning of the slow process of Reconstruction.

CasualtiesOf the 2,213,363 men who served in the Union Army during theCivil War, 364,511 died in combat, or from injuries sustained incombat, disease, or other causes, and 281,881 were wounded.More than 1 out of every 4 Union soldiers was killed or woundedduring the war; casualties in the Confederate Army were evenworse1 in 3 Southern soldiers were killed or wounded. Itshould be noted, however, that the Confederates suffered aconsiderably lower amount of overall casualties than the Union,at roughly 260,000 total casualties to the Union's 360,000. This isby far the highest casualty ratio of any war in which America hasbeen involved. By comparison, 1 out of every 16 Americansoldiers was killed or wounded in World War II, and 1 out of every 22 during the Vietnam War.

In total, 620,000 soldiers died during the Civil War. There were 34 million Americans at that time, so2% of the American population died in the war. In today's terms, this would be the equivalent of 5.9million American men being killed in a war.

Ethnic groupsThe Union Army was composed of many different ethnic groups,including large numbers of immigrants. About 25% of the whitepeople who served in the Union Army were foreign-born.[6]

The estimate of 25 percent of the Union armed forces beingforeign-born is very accurate. This means that about 1,600,000soldiers and sailors were born in the United States, includingabout 200,000 African-Americans. About 200,000 soldiers wereborn in one of the German states (although this is somewhatspeculative since anyone serving from a German family tendedto be identified as German regardless of where actually born).[7]About 200,000 soldiers and sailors were born in Ireland.Although some soldiers came from as far away as Malta, Italy,India, and Russia, most of the remaining foreign-born soldiers came from England, Scotland andCanada.



Twenty year-old German immigrantJohn Haag of Company B, 26thWisconsin Volunteer InfantryRegiment (August 1862)[8]



Breakdown of the approximately 2.2 million Union soldiers[ethnic origin and nativity have been conflated inconsistently]:

Number Percent Origin1,000,000 45.4 Native-born white Americans.

216,000 9.7 about 216,000 German born.

210,000 9.5African American. Half were freedmen who lived in the North, and half wereex-slaves from the South. They served under mainly white officers in more than160 "colored" regiments and in Federal regiments organized as the UnitedStates Colored Troops (USCT).[9]

200,000 9.1 Irish born90,000 4.1 Dutch.50,000 2.3 Canadian.50,000 2.3 Born in England.

40,000 1.8 French or French Canadian. About half were born in the United States ofAmerica, the other half in Quebec.20,000 0.9 Scandinavian (Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, and Danish).

7,000 Italian7,000 Jewish6,000 Mexican

5,000 Polish (many of whom served in the Polish Legion of Brig. Gen. WodzimierzKrzyanowski)4,000 Native Americans

Several hundred of other various nationalities

Many immigrant soldiers formed their own regiments, such as the Irish Brigade (69th New York, 63rdNew York, 88th New York, 28th Massachusetts, 116th Pennsylvania); the Swiss Rifles (15th Missouri);the Gardes Lafayette (55th New York); the Garibaldi Guard (39th New York); the Martinez Militia (1stNew Mexico); the Polish Legion (58th New York); the German Rangers (52nd New York); theHighlander Regiment (79th New York); and the Scandinavian Regiment (15th Wisconsin). But for themost part, the foreign-born soldiers were scattered as individuals throughout units.

For comparison, the Confederate Army was not very diverse: 91% of Confederate soldiers were nativeborn and only 9% were foreign-born, Irish being the largest group with others including Germans,French, Mexicans (though most of them simply happened to have been born when the Southwest wasstill part of Mexico), and British. Some Southern propaganda compared foreign-born soldiers in theUnion Army to the hated Hessians of the American Revolution. Also, a relatively small number ofNative Americans (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Creek) fought for the Confederacy.

Army administration and issuesVarious organizational and administrative issues arose during the war, which had a major effect onsubsequent military procedures.

Blacks in the army

The inclusion of blacks as combat soldiers became a major issue. Eventually, it was realized, especiallyafter the valiant effort of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry in the Battle of Fort Wagner, thatblacks were fully able to serve as competent and reliable soldiers. This was partly due to the efforts ofRobert Smalls, who, while still a slave, won fame by defecting from the Confederacy, and bringing a



Bell's photograph of PrivateMyer's leg amputation, 1865

Confederate transport ship which he was piloting. He later met with Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War, toargue for including blacks in combat units. This led to the formation of the first combat unit for blacksoldiers, the 1st South Carolina Volunteers. Regiments for black soldiers were eventually referred to asUnited States Colored Troops. The blacks were paid less than white soldiers until late in the war andwere, in general, treated harshly. Even after the end of the war, they were not permitted (by Sherman'sorder) to march in the great victory parade through Washington, DC.

Unit supplies

Battlefield supplies were a major problem. They were greatly improved by new techniques in preservingfood and other perishables, and in transport by railroad. General Montgomery C. Meigs was one of themost important Union Army leaders in this field.

Combat medicine

Medical care was, at first, extremely disorganized and substandard.Gradually, medical experts began calling for higher standards, andcreated an agency known as the United States Sanitary Commission.This created professional standards, and led to some of the firstadvances in battlefield medicine as a separate specialty. GeneralWilliam Alexander Hammond of the Medical Corps did some majorwork and provided some important leadership in this area.

Additionally, care of the wounded was greatly improved by medicalpioneers such as Clara Barton, who often worked alone to providesupplies and care, and brought a new level of dedication to caring forthe wounded.

Military strategy

The Civil War drove many innovations in military strategy. W. J.Hardee published the first revised infantry tactics for use with modern rifles in 1855. However, eventhese tactics proved ineffective in combat, as it involved massed volley fire, in which entire units(primarily regiments) would fire simultaneously. These tactics had not been tested before in actualcombat, and the commanders of these units would post their soldiers at incredibly close range, comparedto the range of the rifled musket, which led to disastrous mortality rates. In a sense, the weapons hadevolved beyond the tactics, which would soon change as the war drew to a close. Railroads provided thefirst mass movement of troops. The electric telegraph was used by both sides, which enabled politicaland senior military leaders to pass orders to and receive reports from commanders in the field.

There were many other innovations brought by necessity. Generals were forced to reexamine theoffensive minded tactics developed during the MexicanAmerican War where attackers could mass towithin 100 yards of the defensive lines, the maximum effective range of smoothbore muskets. Attackerswould have to endure one volley of inaccurate smoothbore musket fire before they could close with thedefenders. But by the civil War, the smoothbores had been replaced with rifled muskets, using the quickloadable mini ball, with accurate ranges up to 900 yards. Defense now dominated the battlefield. Nowattackers, whether advancing in ordered lines or by rushes, were subjected to three or four aimed volleysbefore they could get among the defenders. This made offensive tactics that were successful only 20years before nearly obsolete.

Desertions and draft riots



Rioters attacking a buildingduring the New York anti-draftriots of 1863.

Desertion was a major problem for both sides. The daily hardships ofwar, forced marches, thirst, suffocating heat, disease, delay in pay,solicitude for family, impatience at the monotony and futility ofinactive service, panic on the eve of battle, the sense of war-weariness, the lack of confidence in commanders, and thediscouragement of defeat (especially early on for the Union Army),all tended to lower the morale of the Union Army and to increasedesertion.

In 1861 and 1862, the war was going badly for the Union Army andthere were, by some counts, 180,000 desertions. In 1863 and 1864,the bitterest two years of the war, the Union Army suffered over 200desertions every day, for a total of 150,000 desertions during thosetwo years. This puts the total number of desertions from the UnionArmy during the four years of the war at nearly 350,000. Using thesenumbers, 15% of Union soldiers deserted during the war. Officialnumbers put the number of deserters from the Union Army at 200,000for the entire war, or about 8% of Union Army soldiers. It isestimated that 1 out of 3 deserters returned to their regiments, either voluntarily or after being arrestedand being sent back. Many of the desertions were by "professional" bounty men, men who would enlistto collect the often large cash bonuses and then desert at the earliest opportunity to do the sameelsewhere. If not caught, it could prove a very lucrative criminal enterprise.

The Irish were also the main participants in the famous "New York Draft Riots" of 1863 (as dramatizedin the film Gangs of New York). The Irish had shown the strongest support for Southern aims prior to thestart of the war and had long had an enmity with black populations in several Northern cities dating backto nativist attacks on Irish immigrants in the 1840s, when it was observed that blacks, who rivaled theIrish at the bottom of the economic ladder, were frequently reported encouraging on nativist mobs.

With the view that the war was an upper class abolitionist war led in large part by former nativists to freea large black population, which might move north and compete for jobs and housing, the poorer classesdid not welcome a draft, especially one from which a richer man could buy an exemption. As a result ofthe Enrollment Act, rioting began in several Northern cities, the most heavily hit being New York City.A mob reported as consisting principally of Irish immigrants rioted in the summer of 1863, with theworst violence occurring in July during the Battle of Gettysburg. The mob set fire to everything fromAfrican American churches and an orphanage for "colored children" as well as the homes of certainprominent Protestant abolitionists. A mob was reportedly repulsed from the offices of the staunchly pro-Union New York Tribune by workers wielding and firing two Gatling guns. The principal victims of therioting were African Americans and activists in the anti-slavery movement. Not until victory wasachieved at Gettysburg could the Union Army be sent in; some units had to open fire to quell theviolence and stop the rioters. By the time the rioting was over, perhaps up to 1,000 people had beenkilled or wounded (estimates varied widely, now and then).

See also

American Civil WarAmerican Civil War Corps BadgesCommemoration of the American Civil WarCommemoration of the American Civil War on postage stampsGrand Army of the Republic



Hispanics in the American Civil WarMilitary history of African AmericansUniform of the Union ArmyUnited States National Cemeteries

Armies

The following Armies were authorized during the American Civil War:

Army of the CumberlandArmy of the FrontierArmy of GeorgiaArmy of the GulfArmy of the JamesArmy of the MississippiArmy of the OhioArmy of the PotomacArmy of the ShenandoahArmy of the SouthwestArmy of the Tennessee

Corps

The following Corps were authorized during the American Civil War:

I CorpsII CorpsIII CorpsIV CorpsV CorpsVI CorpsVII CorpsVIII CorpsIX CorpsX CorpsXI CorpsXII CorpsXIII CorpsXIV CorpsXV CorpsXVI Corps



XVII CorpsXVIII CorpsXIX CorpsXX CorpsXXI CorpsXXII CorpsXXIII CorpsXXIV CorpsXXV CorpsCavalry Corps

Notes

References

Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: StanfordUniversity Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.Grant, Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4367). 2 vols.Charles L. Webster & Company, 188586. ISBN 0-914427-67-9.Glatthaar, Joseph T. Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and WhiteOfficers. New York: Free Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0-02-911815-3.Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War.Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. ISBN 0-252-00918-5.McPherson, James M. What They Fought For, 18611865. Baton Rouge: Louisiana StateUniversity Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8071-1904-4.

Further reading

1. See, for example, usage in Grant, Preface p. 3.2. Hattaway & Jones, pp. 910.3. Hattaway & Jones, p. 10.4. "Civil War Army Organization and Rank" (http://ncmuseumofhistory.org/workshops/cw/orgrank.htm). North

Carolina Museum of History. Retrieved February 14, 2012.5. Eicher, pp. 3738.6. McPherson, pp.3637.7. Sanitary Commission Report, 18698. Chippewa County, Wisconsin Past and Present, Volume II. Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1913.

p. 258.9. Joseph T. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers (2000)



Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to UnionArmy.

Nevins, Allan. The War for the Union. Vol. 1, The Improvised War 18611862. New York:Charles Scribner's Sons, 1959. ISBN 0-684-10426-1.Nevins, Allan. The War for the Union. Vol. 2, War Becomes Revolution 18621863. New York:Charles Scribner's Sons, 1960. ISBN 1-56852-297-5.Nevins, Allan. The War for the Union. Vol. 3, The Organized War 18631864. New York:Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971. ISBN 0-684-10428-8.Nevins, Allan. The War for the Union. Vol. 4, The Organized War to Victory 18641865. NewYork: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971. ISBN 1-56852-299-1.Shannon, Fred A. The Organization and Administration of the Union Army 18611865(http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015001813651). 2 vols. Gloucester, MA: P. Smith, 1965.OCLC428886 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/428886). First published 1928 by A.H. Clark Co.Welcher, Frank J. The Union Army, 18611865 Organization and Operations. Vol. 1, The EasternTheater. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-253-36453-1.Welcher, Frank J. The Union Army, 18611865 Organization and Operations. Vol. 2, TheWestern Theater. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-253-36454-X.

External links

Civil War Home: Ethnic groups in the Union Army(http://www.civilwarhome.com/ethnic.htm)"The Common Soldier", HistoryNet(http://www.historynet.com/who-was-the-common-soldier-of-americas-civil-war.htm)A Manual of Military Surgery (http://jdc.jefferson.edu/milsurgusa/), by Samuel D. Gross, MD(1861), the manual used by doctors in the Union Army.Union Army Historical Pictures (http://www.civilwarsoldier.com/cws_gallery_007.htm)U.S. Civil War Era Uniforms and Accoutrements(http://battleofolustee.org/uniforms/uniforms.html)Louis N. Rosenthal lithographs(http://www2.hsp.org/collections/manuscripts/r/Rosenthal3128.html), depicting over 50 UnionArmy camps, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.Official Army register of the Volunteer Force 1861; 1862; 1863; 1864; 1865(http://www.archive.org/stream/officialarmyregi00unitrich#page/n3/mode/2up)Civil War National Cemeteries (http://civilwarroster.com/cw/cw-bury.htm)Christian Commission of Union Dead (http://books.google.com/books?id=XJFBAAAAYAAJ)Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Vols 18(http://books.google.com/books?id=hUN3AAAAMAAJ)Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Vols 912(http://books.google.com/books?id=z0Z3AAAAMAAJ)Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Vols 1315



(http://books.google.com/books?id=Co53AAAAMAAJ)Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Vols. 1617(http://books.google.com/books?id=-m0UAAAAYAAJ)Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Vol. 18(http://search.ancestry.com/Browse/BookView.aspx?dbid=48626&iid=RollHonorXVIII-003885-1)Roll of Honor: names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Vol. 19(http://search.ancestry.com/Browse/BookView.aspx?dbid=48622&iid=RollHonorXIX-004346-i)Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Vols. 2021(http://www.archive.org/stream/rollofhonornames21unit#page/n5/mode/2up)Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Vols, 2223(http://www.archive.org/stream/rollofhonornames23unit#page/n5/mode/2up)Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Vols. 2427(http://www.archive.org/stream/rollofhonornames27unit#page/n7/mode/2up)Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in defense of the Union Vol. XXVII(http://books.google.com/books?id=dgF-AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA6-PA85&dq=National+Cemetery+at+Vicksburg+Mississippi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vfQpUv-UFMe64APQvoCgDQ&ved=0CGYQ6wEwBg#v=onepage&q=National%20Cemetery%20at%20Vicksburg%20Mississippi&f=false)

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