Unicellular OrganismsEntire organism is made up of one single cell

Bacteria and protists

Smallest unit capable of all life functions

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Multicellular OrganismsThe organism is made up of many

cells

Cells have specialized functions within the organism

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All living things are made of cells. Our bodies are made up of between 10 trillion (1013) and 100 trillion (1014) cells.

A cell is the basic unit of life. Each contains smaller parts called organelles. These organelles have special functions that maintain all the life processes of the cell, including:

Intake of nutrients

movement

Growth

Response to stimuli

Exchange of gases

Waste removal

Reproduction 3

nucleus nucleolus rough endoplasmicreticulum

smooth endoplasmicreticulum

ribosomes(small brown dots)

Golgi apparatus

mitochondrion

cell membrane

cell wall

central vacuole

cytoskeleton

wall of adjacent cell

chloroplast

cytoplasm

chromatinPlant Cell

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Animal Cell

Vacuole

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Nucleus

Brain of the cell Office of the factory Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and

with it the coded instructions for making PROTEINS and other important molecules

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Nuclear membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of 2 membranes Dotted with thousands of nuclear pores

How do we get messages, instructions and blueprints out of the office?

Allow material to move in and out of nucleus by using “little runners” such as proteins, RNA and other molecules

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Inside the nucleus we see…

Contain a granular material called… CHROMATIN

Chromatin= DNA + protein Usually spread out in nucleus During cell division, chromatin clumps

together or condenses…we call this…. CHROMOSOMES

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Chromosomes

Threadlike structures that contain genetic information that is passed on from one generation to the next

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Nucleolus

Small dense region inside the nucleus Function: assembly of ribosomes begin…

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Ribosomes Most important function of cell is…

Making proteins Proteins regulate a zillion different things Like…

Proteins are assembled ON Ribosomes Ribosomes are small particles of protein &

RNA (what’s RNA?) They follow instructions from the nucleus to

make proteins…follow the orders from the “head haunchos” in the main office

Scattered throughout the cell They are like little factories If a cell’s main function is making proteins, how

many ribosomes are you going to have?12

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Internal membrane system The site where the lipid components of

the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials exported from the cell

2 types Smooth ER Rough ER

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Rough ER Involved in protein making (synthesis) So what are we going to see on it?

ribosomes Once a protein is made, it leaves the

ribosome and goes into the Rough ER The rough ER then modifies the protein All proteins that are exported by the cell

are made on the RER Membrane proteins are made on the

RER too14

Smooth ER NO ribosomes on it Looks smooth Contains collections of ENZYMES that have

specialized tasks What do enzymes do?

Tasks include: Synthesis of membrane lipids Detoxification of drugs Liver cells

Big in detox therefore….what do u think liver cells have a lot of?

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Golgi Apparatus Discovered by Italian scientist Camillo Golgi Once proteins are done being “modified” in the

RER, they move onto the Golgi apparatus Looks like a stack of pancakes Function: modify, sort, and package proteins

and other materials from the ER for STORAGE or SECRETION outside the cell Proteins are “shipped” to final destination

They are the CUSTOMIZATION SHOP Finishing touches on proteins before they leave

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Lysosomes (The factory’s clean-up

crew It’s an Organelle filled with

enzymes Function: Digestion (break

down) of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into smaller molecules that can be used by the cell

Also digest organelles that have outlived their usefulness

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Vacuoles The factory’s storage place Only in certain cells Sac-like organelles Function: stores material such as water,

salts, proteins, and carbohydrates Plant cells have a single, large central

vacuole Pressure of central vacuole allows plants to

support heavy structures21

Single-celled organisms and some animals also have vacuoles…

Paramecium Contractile vacuole Contracts rhythmically to pump excess water

out…this maintains what? homeostasis

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What is the one thing all living things need to eat, breath, reproduce, move and much more?

ENERGY!!!!23

Two ways cells get energy…

From food molecules From the sun

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Mithochondria

Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convienent for the cell to use

Has 2 membranes Inner membrane Outer membrane

Nearly all come from the ovum You get your mitochondria from your mom!

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Chloroplasts

Capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy…what is this process called? PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Like solar power for plants 2 membranes Inside: large stacks of other membranes

that contain chlorphyll

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Organelle DNA

Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own genetic info In form of small DNA

molecules

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Cytoskeleton

Supporting structure and transportation system Network of protein filaments that helps

the cell to maintain its shape and to help the cell move

2 main type of filaments Microtubules Microfilaments

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Cell membrane

A thin covering that surrounds the cell. The cell membrane

a) protects the cell

b) Helps give the cell its shape

c) Allows materials to enter and leave the cell

d) Helps keep the cell material together

Cytoplasm

The living material inside the cell membrane but outside of the nucleus. It helps give a cell its shape. Most of the functions take place within the cytoplasm

CELL PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

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HOW ARE PLANT CELLS DIFFERENT FROM ANIMAL CELLS?

Plant cells and animal cells are not exactly alike. Plant cells have certain parts that animal cells do not have. These parts are a cell wall and chloroplasts.

Cell wall: the cell wall surrounds the cell membrane of a plant cell. The cell wall is made of a nonliving material called cellulose. The cell wall is more rigid (stiff) than the cell membrane. It gives a plant cell its stiffness. It also gives it its shape

Chloroplasts: are found in the cytoplasm of a plant cell. Chloroplasts contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is needed by green plants for food-making. The food-making process of green plants is called photosynthesis. Most chlorophyll is found in the leaf cells of green plants

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THE “INS AND OUTS” OF THE CELL MEMBRANE

Substances must be able to get into and out of a cell in

order for the cell to do its job. The passage of these

materials takes through the cell membrane by a

process called diffusion. In diffusion, some molecules

may pass through tiny holes in the membrane. Others

are carried across the membrane by special “carrier

molecules”.

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THE “INS AND OUTS” OF THE CELL MEMBRANE

The molecules that are diffusing move to whichever side that the has a lower concentration of that kind of molecule. For example, dissolved nutrients and oxygen tend to move into the cell. Dissolved wastes, such as carbon dioxide, tend to move out of the cell

The movement of water through a membrane is called osmosis

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