UNICEF Newsletter on the Situation of Children - January 2011

8/7/2019 UNICEF Newsletter on the Situation of Children - January 2011

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2/7

November. In contrast, the proportion

of men that earn their living from

service provision and sales increased

by 24 percentage points between the

same time period.

The rising trend in unemployment

compared to pre-crisis November

2008 continued. At this time, a total

of 66% of women aged 15-49 yearswere working in Antananarivo. By

May 2010, only 56% of women were

working, a proportion that remained

unchanged by December 2010. This

is attributed to significant loss of

labour in the free-trade zones,

namely in the textile industry, which

to a large extent had been employing

women. As for men, the negative

trend has been steady: in November

2008, a total of 72% of men aged 15-

49 years were working, in May 2010it was 70% and in November of the

same year 65%. With the

unemployment rate being defined by

the proportion of people who do not

have work but who are looking for

work, the overall unemployment rate

in the Capital remained rather stable

(13% in May and 12% in November).

Yet, the unemployment rate for the

very young population is significantly

higher than the average. For the age

group 15-17 years (of which about

one third has entered the labour

market to work or look for work), a

total of 35% are unemployed. Among

those aged 20-24 years, 23% are

unemployed.

As for Toliara, the overall

employment situation has remained

rather stable with the notable

exception of an increase of female

heads of households engaged in

work. In May 2010, 77% of female

household heads were working

compared to 93% in November 2009.

A rather peculiar development in the

labour market has been noticed for

the period May-November 2010.

There is an increasing number of

males that do not work and that at

the same time do not look for work

(controlling for any increases in post-

secondary education). In fact, whilethe proportion of men aged 15-64

years that work decreased from 71%

to 67% between May and November

2010 in Antananarivo, the proportion

of men that were out of work but did

not search for work increased from

22% to 27%. This behaviour appears

to be of concern and may be

attributed to an increasing sense of

discouragement among men to look

for work in the market, or to an

increasing trend in labour activitiesthat shall remain unreported.

The trend that an increasing

proportion of the population that is

out-of-work is not looking for work

has been even more pronounced in

Toliara. A total of 47% among those

aged 15-64 years that are not

working did not search for work in

November 2010 compared to 30% in

May 2010.

School ing

Of particular interest are behaviours

related to the schooling of children as

the new school year had just begun

at the time of the surveys. In Toliara,

no change was registered in the

overall enrolment rates of children

aged 6-17 years for the school years

2009/10 in comparison to 2010/11;

rates remained at 85%. The

enrolment rate for the age group 6-10

years is 89%. However, a drop in

enrolment was registered for children

in the age group 11-14 years, with a

clear preference of taking out girls

from school before doing so with

boys. While a total of 91% of girls of

the age group 11-14 years were

inscribed for 2009/10, it was only

82% for the school year 2010/11.

Households made clear choices

where to keep children at school and

where not, especially when economic

resources are tight. In particular girlsthat are far beyond the age of

attending primary school, but that

nevertheless were still attending in

the past year (because of multiple

repetitions or late school entry) were

withdrawn: the proportion of girls

dropping out of school in the age

group 15-17 years that still attends

primary school was 19.5% compared

to 0% among boys in the same

situation.

A similar trend, albeit without

discrimination against girl students -

was observed in Antananarivo with

regards to adolescents in general,

and in particular that had been

repeating classes for several times

and/or had been enrolled in classes

not appropriate to their age group. A

significant reduction in the overall

enrolment rate of children aged 15-17

years was registered between the

school years 2009/10 (69%) and

2010/11 (59%). In contrast, a

surprising increase by 5% in school

enrolment for primary school children

was noticed between the past and


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current school years. The total

enrolment rate for this age group is

97%. The drop-out rate for school

children of this age group has been

0% between the two mentioned

school years. However, drop-out

rates for children aged 11-14 years

was 2.5%, for children aged 15-17

years it was 11%.

The above shows that parents

apply a high esteem for having

their young children enrolled in

primary school, which is near-

universal in the Capital

irrespective of their income

situation. The fact that there has

been even an increase in the

enrolment rate in the current school

year has increased pressures on

current school infrastructure that

struggle to accommodate an evergrowing number of students. It should

be noted that only one third of all

children in the Capital frequent public

schools, the remainder go to private

schools. In order to make the

enrolment possible, households have

temporarily reduced food expenses

and increased education expenses to

ensure that the relatively high school

expenses at the beginning of the

school year can be covered.

Households, however, have also

made a choice to withdraw elder

children from school, in particular

where they seem to have failed to

progress.

More emphasis needs to be paid to

the needs of adolescent students to

avoid high drop-out rates that seem

to be significantly related to multiple

class repetition which points towards

a low quality of education in the

school itself and limited support for

the students in the home

environment.

A complementary spot-check

assessment by UNICEF of gross

enrolment in 104 public primary

schools in the country showed that

the 2010 CEPE success rate

increased by 2.7% compared to

2009, with the average passing rateat 84.2% compared to 81.7% in

2009. 76% of urban schools had a

CEPE success rate higher than 75%,

while only 63% of rural schools had

CEPE success rates exceeding 75%.

Informants noted that urban schools

had better working conditions, in

terms of human, pedagogical and

financial resources.

The assessment also found that

there was a general increase inprimary public school enrolment in

rural areas which was attributed to

transfers from urban to rural zones

and from private to public schools. It

may also be related to

counterintuitive behavior of parents

seen elsewhere in increasingly

volatile contexts where enrolment

rates increase contrary to

expectations. The assessment further

found a reduction in enrolment in

urban areas consistent with the

McRAM findings where the removal

from over-age children still attending

primary school reduced the gross

enrolment rates.

Because of continued hiring of FRAM

teachers by schools to meet their

staffing needs, the proportion of

FRAM teachers not receiving

government salary subvention

increased from 26% to nearly 31% in

the sampled schools. At the time of

the spot checks, all government-

subventioned FRAM teachers had

received their subventions up until

the last bimester of the 2009/2010

school year (June/July). However,

none had yet been paid for the

2010/2011 school year. All non-

subventioned FRAM teachers who

were paid by the schools, however,

had been paid for October.

None of the schools sampled had

received their caisses colesor

school capitation grants for neither

school year, 2009/10 or 20010/11. To

pay for running costs, they mainly

relied on parents. Some schools had

activated income generating

activities. For example, many urban

schools rented out parking spaces.

The off-loading of costs to maintain

schools onto parents was reinforcedby the introduction of registration fees

that did not exist previously. This is

contrary to all efforts to establish a

truly free education for children in

Madagascar that frees poor parents

from these additional costs that could

be invested in other necessary

expenses. In comparison, the

government spent a total of Ariary

12,971,943,000 or about 6.5 million

USD for the 2008/09 school year

covering a total of 20,261 primary

schools with an estimated 4,324,000

students enrolled.

In general, Madagascar cannot be

said to offer fee-free primary

education. The caisses colesalong

with the FRAM subventions are

largely credited with Madagascars

rapid increase in primary school

enrollment over the past decade.

One can only fear the consequences

if government financial support to

schools continues to be absent, as inthe case of the caisses coles, or

inconsistent and insufficient, as in the

case of the FRAM subventions. It is

unheard of that a government should

not contribute with any resources to

the running of its schools while global

advocacy and practice all

concentrates on providing cost-free

primary education. As per the results

from the 2010 Enqute Priodique

Auprs des Mnages(EPM),

households spent on average Ariary39,000 per school-enrollee, with

significant variations between urban

and rural sites and between the

countrys regions.

Scolarisationdesenfantsde617ans:volutiondestauxd'inscriptionen2009/2010et2010/2011

92,1 93,0

68,7

97,2

88,3

59,2

0

20

40

60

80

100

6-10 ans 11-14 ans 15-17 ans

Annescolaire2009/2010 Annescolaire2010/2011Source: McRAMIMai2010etMCRAMIINov.2010

Comparative enrolment rates for school years 2009/10 and 2010/11 in

Antananarivo. Source: McRAM Antananarivo, November 2010


4/7

Rural pover ty

While the situation in the urban areas

seems to be stabilising since the onsetof the crisis, and without having been

affected as heavily as expected, the

results from the main national

household survey producing the

countrys poverty data, the Enqute

Priodique Auprs des Mnages

(EPM), officially presented together

with a preliminary report at the end of

January 2011 by INSTAT, has shown a

worrying increase of poverty in the rural

areas since 2005, when poverty rates

were last measured. This comes ratherunexpected as the effects of the

political crisis 2001/02 had inverse

results with significant increases in the

urban poverty rate. While the overall

incidence of poverty increased from

68.7% in 2005 to 76.5% in 2010, rural

poverty increased from 73.5% to 82.2%

for the same period. Over 4/5 of the

population in rural areas is living below

the national poverty line1.

Of real concern is a widening gap

between the poor and the rich, the

1INSTAT has calculated the poverty line

at Ariary 468,800/person/year whichamounts to approximately USD 230 (as ofFebruary 2011).

EPM 2010 has measured a rise in

inequality between 2005 and 2010.The Gini coefficient passed from 0.365

to 0.403 over the mentioned period. A

further analysis of the reasons for the

significant increase of poverty in the

rural areas will be required, an initial

assumption is that rural development

has been neglected over the past

years. In general, it seems that

investments made have not borne fruit

or have been too limited to halt a

negative trend. A total of 80.5% of the

Malagasy population is employed in theagricultural sector of which again

87.5% are cultivating rice. It will be

imperative to further investigate the

relation between increases in rural

poverty and the economic returns

gained by rice harvesting households.

The intensity of poverty has

significantly increased in rural areas

compared to 2005 and is one of the

highest since poverty levels have been

measured by INSTAT starting in 1993

with the exception of the year 2001.

This indicates a slow but mounting

crisis of rural households despite two

past years of comparatively good

harvests.

ECURITY

here has been a sharp deterioration in

e sense of security between May and

ecember 2010 in Toliara. In May, 38% of

e households indicated not feeling secure

0.5% female headed households) - this

gure increased to 77% in December (80.5%

r female headed households). A total of

% of households indicated having been a

ctim of some form of violence, a rate which

mained unchanged since May 2010.

Antananarivo, the sense of insecurity

creased too, albeit to a lesser degree, from

% in May 2010 to 61% of households

dicating a sense of insecurity in November

010. Equally, 6% of households indicated

aving been victim of a form of violence by

ovember 2010.

EEDS

s for Toliara, the priority needs in the shortrm as indicated by the households were

mployment (54%), followed by food (48%)

nd social support (32%). In the long term,

ouseholds indicated a need for housing

9%) followed by work (33.5%) and

ducation for their children (32.5%).

Antananarivo, the primary needs in the

ort term were employment (52%), an end

the political crisis (41%) and food

6%). In the long term, they hoped for

ousing (68%), work (29%) and schooling foreir children (26%).

MERGENCE OF A VULNERABLEROUP: FEMALE HEADEDOUSEHOLDS

early one quarter (23%) of all

ouseholds in Antananarivo are female

eaded households. Half of them live on

ss than 100,000 Ariary per

ousehold/month. (This proportion is true for

nly 27% of male headed households.)

bout 30% of them did not have work during

e time of the survey (November). The

elihood of children dropping out of school

om among these households is higher than

ompared to male headed households. A

tal of 77% of these women are either

vorced, widowed or live in separation to

eir husbands/fathers of their children. The

lnerability of female headed households

as increased between May and November

010.

Toliara, nearly one third of householdse female headed. Among them, 18.5% do

ot work and 40% of live on less than

00,000 Ariary/month/household. They are

ore often exposed to acts of violence

.5% indicated having been a victim

cently) compared to male headed

ouseholds (4.8%).


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UTRITION

oint Comprehensive Food and Nutrition

ecurity and Vulnerability Analysis

o provide an accurate and detailed assessment of the

urrent food and nutrition security situation and to assess

e causes and risk factors for food and nutrition

security in rural areas, UNICEF and WFP have carried

ut a joint Comprehensive Food and Nutrition Security

nd Vulnerability Analysis in all the rural zones of all 22gions of the country. This assessment may also help to

etter understand the surge in rural poverty. Analysis is

ngoing and will identify potential ways to mitigate food

nd nutrition insecurity in rural areas and identify

articularly vulnerable households (or pockets of

ulnerability) where special assistance may be required.

reliminary data for nutrition show large discrepancies

thin the country, for example for Vitamin A, a cost

fective high impact intervention which reduces by 23%

all-cause mortality1

show coverage as low as 21% and

3% respectively in Atsimo Andrefana and in Androy as

pposed to the national average of 74.1%.

ery much mirroring the results of the Demographic and

ealth Survey 2008/09, the total stunting (height-for-age)

evalence is 49% with the highest levels found in the

gh-lands namely Vakinakaratra(71%) and AmoroniMania

1%).

he assessment was carried out in August/September

010 at the beginning of the lean period the national level

global acute malnutrition (GAM) is 5.4%. However, in

ome regions worryingly high levels for this time of the

ear were noted namely in Atsimo Andrefana and in the

outh with GAM levels of 8.1%. The area most affected by

opical storm Hubert (Vatovavy Fitovinany) showed a

evalence of 8.8%).

Beaton GH, Martorell R. Aronson KA et al. Effectiveness of vitamin A

pplementation in thecontrol of young childmorbidity and mortality inveloping countries. Toronto, Canada: Universityof Toronto,1993.

The s i tuat ion in t he South

While the Southern region of Madagascar suffers from chronic drought

and structural vulnerability in terms of food security, nutrition, access to

health and water and sanitation, a large portion of this region has been

particularly affected by two consecutive years of low annual rainfall (i.e.

294mm in 2009 and 325mm in 2010). In normal years the annual

average is 530mm. This situation has led to the failure of the main

agricultural season during 2009 and 2010, and for the first time areas

traditionally producing agricultural surplus have been affected, namely

the two districts of Betioky and Betroka in the North of the region . This is

the 3rd failed harvest over the last 5 years.

This prolonged drought situation in the three regions of Anosy, Androy

and Atsimo Andrefana, in the South of Madagascar, has affected an

estimated population of 1,827,235 inhabitants, resulting in the

worsening of the food security situation for 720,000 inhabitants in the 8districts of Betioky, Ampanihy, Beloha, Bekily, Tsihombe, Ambovombe,

Taolanaro and Amboasary.

According to the Food Security Early Warning System (SAP2), over the

last three years, there has been an alarming increase in the

municipalities classified as being food insecure: 31 in 2008; 45 in 2009

and 53 as of August 2010 out of a total of 104 municipalities covered by

the SAP. This is the highest number of municipalities classified as food

insecure ever since the creation of Food Security Early Warning System

(SAP) in 1996.

The hunger gap period began in October 2010 and is likely to extend up

to end of March 2011. During this period, the sale of livestock remains

the main source of income for livestock breeders. The average price of

a Zebu (local cow) had dropped from USD 103 in 2008 to USD 51 in

20103. In addition, the population has had little time to recover from the

losses of previous seasons and traditional coping mechanisms have

been eroded. Since the beginning of the hunger gap period, more than

a third of the population is using extreme coping strategies such as

eating wild food, and immature crops and going entire days without

eating. Distress food commodities such as cacti appear on market stalls

and unusual patterns of male migration due to food insecurity is also

observed in 43% of the southern municipalities while no migration was

observed at the same period last year 4.

2Systme dAlerte Prcoce, Final Prognosis, No 142, June 2010

3SAP bulletin No144, 54% of households sold more than usual cattle this year.

4While no unusual migration due to food insecurity was observed in December

2009, this phenomenon was observed in 16% of municipalities in July 2010and in 43% in September 2010, SAP Bulletins No 136 and No144.


6/7

EALTH

hile the overall allocation of resources for the health

udget appeared to be relatively unchanged in terms of its

oportion to the total public budget, the actual expenses

ave sharply decreased in 2010 - with a negative impact on

e ability of the public health services to function as

efore. It needs to be considered that already the

oportion of public health expenditures in the budget is

nly slightly above half of what is recommended by WHO,

amely 15% of the total public budget. The health sector

udget constituted 7.4% of the total budget in 2008, 7.1%

2009 and was announced to be 8.7% of the total budget

location as per the Finance Law for 2011. However,

ctual expenditures for the public health sector were in

010 the lowest since 10 years, namely USD 2 per person

y November-2010) compared with USD 5 in 2009 and

SD 8 in 2008.

he investment budget as well as the recurrent budget has

een sharp cuts. As for 2011, despite an optimistic budget

location for the sector as prescribed by the Finance Law,

e Ministry of Health has prepared itself for a continued

usterity programme by prioritizing certain activities overhers. Of particular concern are the cuts in the recurrent

udget affecting the functioning of basic health centres

at serve the majority of health seeking population and

at are essential for the treatment of basic childhood

nesses such as acute respiratory infections and

arrhea. It is yet unclear how the construction of

nnounced new hospitals will be financed and staffed

ven a dire health financial situation and the lack of

vailable qualified health staff nationally.

he Expanded Immunization Program (EPI) in Madagascar

as faced significant challenges in 2010 as the Ministry ofealth defaulted on its previous commitment to secure

ufficient funding for the purchase of vaccines, vaccine-

lated supplies and for maintaining the cold chain

ystem. In 2008 and 2009 respectively, the government

located USD 881,182 and USD 968,479 for the purchase

vaccines and supplies, but only USD 0.46 million in

010. UNICEF contributed USD 0.50 (in 2008) and USD 0.48

n 2009) worth of vaccines and supplies, but had to

crease its contribute with as much as USD 1.7 million in

010 in order to secure the supply of basic vaccines for

e country.1

or 2011 the government has committed to contribute USD

13 million for the purchase of new vaccines, and USD

68 million for the purchase of routine vaccines. Failing to

ay its contribution will result in GAVI suspending its USD

6.4 million contribution, leaving 787,000 children under

ne year unprotected against Diphtheria Tetanus,

ertussis, Haemophillus influenza B, Hepatitis B and

neumococcal infections.

nce 2009 no GAVI performance awards were paid to

adagascar EPI programme - the last one was paid in

008. This has seriously impeded the functioning costs of

e EPI program.

n the pluri-annual plan for EPI, signed by the government, UN and

nors UNICEFs contribution is agreed at 411,000 USD

According to the 2010 WFP/FAO crop and food security assessment

report, between 2009 and 2010, there has been an increasing number

of households with poor food consumption (poor dietary diversity and

low frequency of consumption of different food groups), poor access

to food (reduced income and low food stocks), and use of extreme

coping strategies. Global food insecurity (moderate and severe) in the

targeted districts increased by 8.6% but severe food insecurity

increased by 28% because 19.3 % shifted from moderate food

insecure to severely food insecure with a worrying trend in the South

West of the country. Furthermore, the assessment has also shownthat compared to 2009, cereal production in the South has decreased

by 80% and tuber output by 40%. This deterioration is putting the

population, already weakened by two consecutive years of drought, at

risk of a more serious crisis as their traditional coping mechanisms are

almost exhausted.

Moreover, the socio-political crisis that persists since 2009 led to the

suspension of development aid and a drop in external financial

support by 77% in terms of subsidy and 39.5% in terms of loans. The

global financial crisis contributed to a fall of 8% of GDP during the

biennium 2009/2010. Most social and development projects have

been suspended in the south aggravating further the alreadyprecarious situation of the population in terms of food security, health,

nutrition and water and sanitation. The situation is not likely to improve

as Madagascars political agenda remains uncertain in the coming

months and the international funding is not expected to resume in a

short or medium term.

According to last Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) report, the

Southern Regions of Anosy and Androy registered one of highest

prevalence of stunting5

in the world with respectively 57.5% and

55.5%. The national average is 50.1%. These high stunting rates are

aggravating factors for the child mortality in a already very fragile

socio-economic context.

This situation has been further exacerbated by the sharp increase in

the mean price of water, 13% between 2009 and 2010 (from 770

Ariary a bucket of 15 litres in 2009 to 873 Ariary in 2010) and 58%

from January to November 2010 (742 Ariary to 1.174 Ariary)6. Water

availability remains a cause of concern especially in remote villages

and populations have often to walk 10-15 km on average to find water.

Even in basic health centres (CSB), patients are requested to bring

their own water from unknown sources as in most of the CSBs there is

no water

The supply chain for essential medicines is also inadequate in 87% of

the health centres covered by a survey jointly led by WHO, UNICEF

and UNFPA, e.g. oxytocin for safe motherhood interventions is

unavailable in most health centres, essential medicine stocks are

depleted in the majority of them. The joint survey also found that

approximately 60% of the population mentions financial reasons for

not attending health centres when needed, more than double the rate

of the rest of the country. This is consistent with the other data about

the price of cattle falling (zebu at half price). Due to the food crisis,

households have to prioritise their budgets towards procurement of

food. Little is left for any other essential and life-saving services.

Given both the treats to food and nutrition security and the declining

state of health services a humanitarian intervention is warranted.

5Chronic malnutrition: High for Age< 32 score

6Ar 2,000 = $1 Source: Food Security Early Warning System (SAP)


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agascar Publica

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children und

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UNICEF Newsletter on the Situation of Children - January 2011

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Transcript of UNICEF Newsletter on the Situation of Children - January 2011