SECURING UNDERWATER WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

Presented By

Ku. Devyani B. vaidya

OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

NECCESITY OF UWCNs

ATTACKS AND COUNTER MEASURES

SECURITY REQUIREMENT

PROPOSED SECURITY MECHANISM

APPLICATIONS OF UWCNs

DISADVANTAGES OF UWCNs

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

.Underwater wireless communication networks (UWCNs) are constituted

by sensors and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) that interact to

perform specific applications such as underwater monitoring .

Sensors Nodes are simply nodes energy constrained devices that have

ability of sensing the surrounding environment.

Sink also known as base station, is a more powerful node that behaves

as an interface between the sensor nodes and the clients.

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVS) that interact to perform

specific applications such as underwater monitoring.

HISTORY

The science of underwater communication began in 1490 when

Leonardo da Vinci stated.

In 1687 , Issac Newton wrote his Mathematical Principles of Natural

Philosophy which included the first mathematical treatment of sound

of water.

NECESSITY OF UWCNs

Wired underwater is not feasible in all situations as shown below-

Temporary experiments

Breaking of wires

Significant cost of deployment

Experiment over long distances

Radio waves do not propagate well underwater due to high energy

absorption of water. Therefore UWCNs are based on acoustic links

characterized by large propagation delay.

It cannot rely on GPS.

ATTACKS AND COUNTERMEASURES

Underwater wireless communication networks are particularly vulnerable

to malicious attacks due to the high bit error rates, large and variable

propagation delays and low bandwidth of acoustic channels.

Several methods are proposed to secure UWCN . Three schemes are there

namely secure time synchronaization, localization and routing in UWCN.

Jamming

Wormh

ole

attacks

Sybil

attack

Selective

Forwardi

ng

Acknowl

edgment

Spoofing

ATTACKS Hello

Flood

attack

Sinkhole

Attacks

ATTACKS AND COUNTER MEASURES

JAMMING

Method of Attack

A jamming attack consists of interfering with the physical channel by putting

up carriers on the frequencies neighbor nodes use to communicate .

Countermeasures Spread spectrum techniques

Sensors can switch to sleep mode

WORMHOLE ATTACK

Methods of Attack• False neighbourhood relationship

are created.

• The adversary can delay or drop

packets sent through the wormhole.

Countermeasures Estimating the direction of arrival by a

wormhole indicator variable.

SINKHOLE ATTACK

Methods of Attack• A malicious node attempts to attract

traffic from a particular area towards it by

announcing that it is a high quality route.

Countermeasures Geographical routing.

Authentication of nodes exchanging

routing information.

HELLO FLOOD ATTACK

Methods of Attack• A node receiving a hello packet from a malicious node may interpret that

the adversary is a neighbor node.

Countermeasures Bidirectional link verification.

Authentication is a possible defense.

SELECTIVE FORWARDING

Methods of Attack • Malicious nodes drop certain messages instead of forwarding

them to hinder routing.

Countermeasures Multipath routing.

Authentication.

Sybil Attack

Methods of Attack• Sybil attack is defined as a malicious

node illegitimately taking on multiple

identities.

• Attacker with multiple identities

pretend to be in many places at once.

Countermeasures Authentication.

Position verification.

Acknowledgement Spoofing

Methods of Attack• A malicious node overhearing packets sent to neighbor nodes use the

information to spoof acknowledgements.

Countermeasures Encryption of all packets sent through the networks.

SECURITY REQUIREMENT

Authentication :-Proof that data was sent by a legitimate user.

Confidentiality:- Information is not accessible to unauthorized

parties.

Integrity:-Information is not altered.

Availability:-Data should be available when needed by an authorized

user.

PROPOSED SECURITY MECHANISM

Securing underwater wireless communication :

Secure time synchronization.

Secure localization.

Secure routing.

SECURE TIME SYNCHRONIZATION:

Why is Time Synchronization important ?

Location and proximity siblings

Maintain ordering of messages

Internetwork coordination

Energy efficiency

SECURE LOCALIZATION:

Why is Localization important ?

Sensor tasks .

Making routing decisions .

The attacker makes the node think it is somewhere different from actual location.As a

result wrong decisions happen.

Secure localization gives the guarantee of correctness despite of

presence of intruders.It is the process for each sensor node to locate its position in the

network.

SECURE ROUTING:

Why is routing important ?

A sensor routing rejects the routing paths containing malicious

nodes.

It is specially challenging in UWCNs due to the large propagation

delays,low bandwidth,difficulty of battery refills of underwater

sensors and dynamic topologies.

APPLICATIONS OF

UNDERWATER WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION.

Search and rescue missions under water.

Environmental monitoring to gather oceanographic data.

Marine archaeology

DISADVANTAGES of UWCNs

Battery power is limited and can not be recharged easily.

The available bandwidth is severely limited.

Long and variable propagation delays.

Multipath and fading problems.

High bity error rate.

CONCLUSION

Wireless technology will play a vital role in many application areas that

are not possible in past.

The main challenges related to secure time synchronization,localization

and routing have been surveyed.

Since the deployment of the proposed system is still in its development

stage , an account of actual implementation has not been provided in

this paper. The research issues of UWCNs remain wide open for

future investigation.

REFERENCES

M.C Domingo ,”Securing underwater wireless communication networks”, Journal ,IEEE Wireless Communications archive.

Volume 18 Issue 1, February 2011

I.F. Akyildiz, D. Pompili, and T. Melodia, “Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: Research Challenges,” Ad Hoc

Net., vol. 3, no. 3, Mar. 2005.

W. Wang et al., “Visualization of Wormholes in Under-water Sensor Networks: A Distributed Approach,” Int’l. J. Security Net., vol. 3,

no. 1, 2008.

F. Hu, S. Wilson, and Y. Xiao, “Correlation-Based Security in Time Synchronization of Sensor Networks,” Proc. IEEE WCNC,

2008.

C. Tian et al., “Tri-Message: A Lightweight Time Synchronization Protocol for High Latency and Resource-Constrained Networks,”

Proc. IEEE ICC, 2009.

C. Tian et al., “Localization and Synchronization for 3D Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks,” in Ubiquitous Intelligence and

Computing, LNCS, Springer, 2007, pp. 622–31.