Underwater Vehicles - MATE - Marine Advanced...
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Transcript of Underwater Vehicles - MATE - Marine Advanced...
Why do people go underwater? Under the sea is a dangerous, hostile
environment.
• Humans can’t breath underwater
• Cold
• Pressure
• Weather
The ocean is not
always a nice
place to work!
Photo courtesy of Robert Keith
Why do people go underwater?
• Profit – If you are willing and able to work in difficult terrain where
others cannot work, you can make a bigger profit.
• Discovery – Humans have a tendency to be curious and a desire to see
and learn new things.
• Military Advantage – Go where you enemy cannot see you and you have an
advantage.
History of working underwater Ancient Greece: Greek Sponge Divers were the first recorded people to
work in the underwater environment.
At first they didn’t have any special equipment.
New Technologies:
Diving bell
Air inside leather bladders
This tech wasn’t much, but it helped them
to stay down longer and complete
more work.
From Nautical Museum of Kalymnos
Why did the Greeks go underwater?
• Profit: They could acquire a product,
sponges, that no one on land could get.
• Discovery: Alexander the Great
reportedly went underwater with a
diving bell to look around.
• Military advantage: The Greeks used
sponge divers who could hold
their breath to cut the anchor
lines of enemy ships.
Why do you want
to go underwater?
First recorded female undersea worker. Cyana and her father, Scyillis. 500 BC.
The need for technology People found resources (profit) deeper in the oceans.
Explorers wanted to explore further into the seas.
Eventually they ran up against the limits of the human body. People
are only built to go so deep.
So scientists and thinkers of the time developed technology to go
deeper and deeper in the ocean.
Photos: Seabotix LBV, Video Ray,
Phoenix International Bot
Early Military Submarines The Turtle The Brandtaucher The Hunley US Revolutionary War Prussian American Civil War
Attacked British ship in Used to break a Danish Used to break the
in New York harbor blockade blockade of
Charleston, SC
Human Powered Human Powered Human Powered
(8 men)
Unsuccessful Partially successful Mission successful
Never returned
Photos Courtesy of Rick Cecchetti - Deep Submergence System Program Office at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard
Early Modern Submarines US Navy Competition: 1887,
1888, 1893
Engineer: John Holland
On March 3, 1895, the US Navy
contracted for the Plunger.
On April 11, 1900, the navy accepted the
Plunger and renamed it the USS John
Holland.
John Holland is considered the father of
modern submarines. His company, the
Electric Boat Company, is still in
existence today.
Photos Courtesy of Rick Cecchetti
World Wars Submarine technology advanced quickly during
World War I and World War II. German U-boats (Unterseeboot) revolutionized modern undersea warfare.
Was considered ‘ungentlemanly’ warfare, but it worked.
Greatly curtailed shipping.
Technology:
Mix of Diesel and Electric Battery
Snorkel
Torpedoes
Sonar
USS Squalus / Sailfish German U-boat. www.theonion.com
Modern Military Submarines New Technologies, Capabilities
Nuclear Power: Human endurance, food stocks became the
limiting factor.
Capabilities of modern military submarines: 1000 meters?
USS Nautilus (SSN-571) USS Salt Lake City
Picture courtesy of Rick Ceccetti www.usnavy/navydata
Early Manned Vehicles Diving Bell
Don Lethbridge’s Diving Engine – elongated, waterproofed barrel with arms
extending out and a little viewing port
Bathysphere ( deep sphere ) –
Metal sphere with view ports.
Did not move, simply hung from a
cable that also provided electricity.
Bathyscaph ( deep boat ) – Was
not attached by a cable. A
bathyscaph is an independent
diving craft with its own buoyancy
system.
Photos from NASA
SEAWIFS
The Trieste First vehicle to the deepest part of the ocean. Mariana Trench - Challenger Deep. 10,900+ meters deep.
Designed by Auguste Piccard, a Swiss physicist
On January 23, 1960, piloted by Piccard’s son, Dr. Jacques Piccard, and US
Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh, the Trieste made a historic dive to the
Challenger Deep.
Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ).
• Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the ONLY humans
to have ever visited the Challenger Deep.
• Two ROV’s, unmanned vehicles, the Japanese
vehicle Kaiko, and the Nereus operated by
Woods Hole, have also visited the area.
• In 2012, James Cameron went back to the Challenger
Deep.
The Trieste - Innovations
picture of Trieste
Photo from US Navy archive
1) Reinforced, spherical steel ball housed the occupants.
2) Buoyancy: 7 meter long, gasoline filled housing.
3) Detachable lead shot ballast, including a long steel chain.
Early Atmospheric Diving Suits The early history of the Atmospheric Diving Suit ( ADS ) is the
same as that of submersibles – getting people underwater.
• Diving bells
• Diving bells with operators protected,
somewhat, against the water.
- Salvage of the Swedish warship VASA
Men in diving bells protected from
the water by leather suits.
• Hardhat Diving:
A hardhat is the functional equivalent -
of a diving bell.
Hard hat is mobile, where the old style
diving bells were not.
Invention of the air pump revolutionized picture of suit
this technology. Now divers could
replenish their air supply.
History of Hardhat Diving • Don Lethbridge’s diving engine in 1715. Was trying a different
approach to finding sunken treasure.
• Klinger’s Dive Suit, 1797. Klinger’s Dive Suit
• Air pumps began seeing underwater
use in 1789, began by
John Smeaton. Allowed
fresh air to be pumped to
diver.
• More modern hardhat
diving, with the standard
underwater helmet, began
in 1827.
• This technology lasted
for 150 years.
Courtesy of Drew Michel
Divers vs ROV’s in the workplace
• Divers (hardhat) was the method of choice, for
underwater work up until the 1980’s. Through the
1980’s, ROV’s began to take over work that had
previously been completed by human divers.
Advantages of an ROV:
Didn’t get the bends
Time on bottom
Could venture deeper
- But there are still diving
suits in use.
Modern ADS • Modern Atmospheric Dive Suit technology is
derived from space technology.
• And ADS is quite similar to a space suit
worn by an astronaut. It is designed to
withstand positive pressure instead of
negative pressure.
• The modern ADS works at 1 atmosphere
internal pressure. No decompression.
• Articulated pressure joints allow the operator
to move arms and legs.
• Operating depth: 600 meters (2000 ft)
• Modern ADS are called Exosuits. ‘Exo’
means outer, and these suits are an outer
protective skin worn to protect an operator
from the environment.
• New Exosuits include self propulsions
systems. Operators no longer have to walk
along the bottom.
Nuytech Newtsuit Photo courtesy of Drew Michel
History of ROV’s • First remotely operated vehicle was constructed by
Dimitri Rebikoff in 1953. - First variation was simply a torpedo that would tow a diver
- In 1953, Rebikoff added a tether to control steering an a camera.
- Named this device POODLE, and is considered the first ROV.
• Many companies were started in the 1950’s and
1960’s. - Government cold war contracts prevalent.
- Money dried up in the 1970’s, but that is when the oil boom began, and
ROV’s really started to make an impact.
• By the 1980’s, ROV’s
were replacing divers as
the means to accomplish
work underwater.