Understandings of Aquafeed

Prof. Kim, Jeong-Dae Ph.D.Aquafeed Nutritionist

Kangwon National UniversityChuncheon, Korea

Talk on Nov. 25, 2019University of Brawijaya, Indonesia

World capture fisheries and aquaculture production, 1950 – 2014

Source: FAO (2016b).

Total: 194.5 MMT

Aquatic animals: 73.8 MMTAquatic plant: 27.3 MMT

Capture: 93.4 MMT

Total Fisheries Landings (excluding aquatic plants): 167.2 MMT

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World Aquaculture and Capture Fisheries

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Total fish production projected to be 196.3 MMT in 2028(102.2 MMT Aquaculture)

Asia-Pacific region: 65.2 MMT

• Historically, the Asia-Pacific region (in particular the People’s Republic of China, South Asia and South-east Asia sub-regions) has dominated global aquaculture production, both in quantity and value; the region contributed 65.2 MMT of aquatic animals, amounting to 88 percent of the global total in 2014 (FAO, 2016b).

• The value of Asia-Pacific regional aquatic animal production in 2014 was 79 percent of the global total, amounting to US$127 billion.

• As in the past, the Asia-Pacific region contributed significantly to the global total of seaweed by producing 27 million tonnes, valued at US$5.60 million (99 percent of the global value).

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Comparative trends in aquatic animal production through aquaculture

Aquaculture production (excluding aquatic plants):Asia-Pacific region Vs. the rest of the world, 1950 – 2014

Source: FAO (2016b).

73.8 MMT

65.2 MMT

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Global aquaculture production is divided

• into five main species categories: finfish, molluscs, crustaceans, aquatic plants and others. “Others” include amphibians and niche species. Figure shows the comparative contribution of these five species categories to the global aquaculture production in 2014 by volume (Left) and by value (Right).

Source: FAO (2016a).Total production: 101.1 MMTAquatic animals: 73.8 MMT, Seaweeds: 27.3 MMT

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Aquaculture Vs. Agriculture

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Why Aquaculture?Farming salmon is about seven times more efficient than raising beef.

www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/aquaculture/Can the blue revolution solve the world's food problem?

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However, DWG of fish is much lower than….

Kim (2017, 2019)20191125 10

GuramiHarvest size:800gFeeding: 1 year

C.CatfishHarvest size: 120gFeeding: 4.5 months

2.2g

0.9g

MilkfishHarvest size:330gFeeding: 4.5 months

2.3g

Aquafeeds

Commercial• Complete Formula Feeds:- Compressed Pellets (DP): Sinking- Extruded Pellets (EP): Floating, Sinking, Semi-floating

Homemade MP• Moist Pellets based on Trash fish• Moist Pellets based on Rice bran

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Global Aquafeed Development Trend

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Water pollution problem by feeding FM-based feed

Less Pollution Feed

Less FM/FO FeedFM & FO price UP

Fish-Free FeedProtection of forage fish

Green Feed

Animal ingredients’ safety(FMD/AI)

Early 1990

Mid 2000

Early 2010

Destination

Animal by-productsPlant meals

Animal by-productsPlant meals, PPC

Animal by-productsPPC, Plant PUFA

Neither fish nor Animal by-products- SCP, PPC, Insect meal, FBP- Plant PUFA

Kim (2018)

Global Feed Production (Species groups)

Pig, 272.4

Ruminant, 221.1Poultry, 451.6

Aqua,

39.9Pet, 25

Equine, 7.8 Others, 8.4

Alltech (2017)

Unit: Million tons

Region Production (MMT)

Africa 1.6

Asia-Pacific 26.7

Europe 5.9

Latin America 3.6

Middle East 0.3

North America 1.8

Total 39.9

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•Rumput Laut : 10,815,952 TON• Ikan : 6,401,759 TON•TOTAL : 17,217,701 TON

Realisasi Produksi Tahun 2017

***

9,675,533

13,300,906

14,359,129 15,634,094

16,675,031 17,217,701

-

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

16,000,000

18,000,000

20,000,000

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Produksi perikanan budidaya (2012-2017)

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Maritime Affairs Minister Indroyono Soesilo (2015)2019 Projection*Rumput Laut: 22,000,000T*Ikan : 9,000,000T

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Realisasi Produksi Tahun 2017

•Rumput Laut : 10,815,952 TON• Ikan : 6,401,759 TON•TOTAL : 17,217,701 TON

Species Production Fed:Unfed Est. FCR E. Feed Needs

Shrimp (M & V) 550,000 50:50 1.3 357,500

Milkfish 1,120,000 10:90 1.1 123,200

Clarias 1,100,000 70:30 1.3 1,001,000

Pangasius 1,300,000 70:30 1.3 1,183,000

Carps 550,000 60:40 1.3 468,000

Tilapia 1,150,000 60:40 1.3 897,000

Grouper 30,000 50:50 1.5 22,500

Others 601,759 10:90 1.5 90,264

Total 6,401,759 4,142,464

Feed Production in 2017: 1,556,000T

Home-made 62.4%(2,586,454 T)

Formula feed 37.6%(1,556,000 T)

How much Feed?7,682,100T (FCR=1.2)

Actual Shrimp Production in 2017285,454 TFeed: 302,000 T

Aquafeed Production in Indonesia

Imported Udang feed: 22,000~24,000T

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Dependency on big corporations detrimental

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Marine and Fisheries Affairs Minister, Susi Pudjiastuti, highlighted that the dependency on big corporations for fish feed production is one of the critical factors hindering the development of the Indonesian aquaculture industry.

He announced that a medium-scale fish feed factory built in Pangandaran, West Java, is ready to commence operations in 2019, with a production capacity of 1 – 1.2 tons per hour and 3,450 tons per year.

Shrimp Production(MT) in Indonesia

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2015

2017

595,701

623,000

550,000

285,454

0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000

FAO

Wfish

MMAF

GPMT

Who knows the actual production?

Global Farmed shrimp production

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SAN DIEGO, California, US –Global shrimp production is likely to increase to around 3.3 MMT in 2019, according to the shrimp panel at the Global Seafood Market Conference (GSMC).India is set to be flat in 2019, but Indonesia, Vietnam, Ecuador, Thailand and Mexico are all showing positive growth.

Global Seafood Market Conference(2019)

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Shrimp farming production by regionSources: FAO (2018) and GOAL surveys (2011 to 2018) for 2010 to 2017; GOAL survey (2019) for 2018 to 2021

GOAL forecast(2019) is almost 5.3MMT in 2021,relying on the assumption that major disease crises are averted in the near future

5.3 MMT

GOAL (Global Outlook for Aquaculture Leadership), 2019

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Aquaculture Cost Drivers

Feed is Nutrients & Energy Supplierand the most important cost factor

Fish & Shrimp Farm Management

Seed Feed Water Disease

• Healthy • Nutrients• Energy• Attractant• Stimulant• Stability• Feeding• Storage

• pH• Ammonia• DO• Temp.• Nitrite• Transparency• H2S

• Bacteria• Fungi• Parasite• Virus

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Fish Feed:

Home-made with rice bran and wild fishDry pelletExtruded pellet

Sinking- feed loss

Floating- less feed loss20191125 23

AquaFeed

• EP using an Extruder

• DP using a Triple conditioner pellet machine

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Fish & Shrimp Require• Energy

- Protein • Amino acids

- Lipids • Fatty acids

- Carbohydrates

• Vitamins• Minerals

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InvestmentManagement

+

-

Stocking Density Complete Feed

Natural Food

Feeding and Culture

Extensive

Semi-extensive

Intensive

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Super-Intensive

Supplemental Feed

• Can be a source of important nutrients– Lipids – Protein– Vitamins– Minerals

• However, natural food is not consistent and cannot support rapid growth or high production alone – properly formulated feed is required (supplemental

feed)

Natural Food

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Protein – Amino Acids

• Most fish feeds are described by crude protein level• Fish actually require amino acids

• >20 amino acid – 11 Essential• Histidine• Arginine• Isoleucine• Leucine• Lysine*• Methionine*• Phenylalanine• Threonine• Tryptophan• Valine• Taurine

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Lipids

• Important energy source • Aqua species don’t have a requirement for fat, but do have a requirement

for fatty acids• Source of fat is very important (Fish oil, Lard, Tallow, Coconut oil)

• Also important for pellet quality

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Lipids- Fatty Acid Requirements

• Linoleic (18:2w6)• Tilapia• Carp• Eel

• Linolenic (18:3w3)• Carp• Eel

• EPA/DHA (20:5w3/22:6w3)• Flounder• Sea bass• Grouper• Striped bass• Red Drum• Shrimp• Milkfish

2003 Cargill, Incorporated All Rights ReservedCargill Confidential

Difference between freshwater and marine fish

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Carbohydrates

• Primary energy storage form in plants• Minor component of fish body

• Not required by fish• Starch may be an inexpensive energy source• Fiber can hurt digestibility

• Important for the physical quality of the feed

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• Organic compounds that are distinct from protein, lipid and carbohydrate

• generally present in small amounts in the body• required for normal growth and survival• generally not synthesized by the animal

• required in small amounts in the diet• each vitamin performs specific functions in the

body• deficiency of a vitamin results in specific symptoms

Vitamins

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• Fat-soluble vitamins

• Vitamin A• Vitamin D• Vitamin E• Vitamin K

Vitamins

• Water-soluble vitamins

• Biotin• Choline• Folic Acid• Myo-Inositol• Niacin• Pantothenic acid• Pyridoxine (B6)• Riboflavin (B2)• Thiamin (B1)• Vitamin B12• Vitamin C

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• Macro-minerals

• calcium• phosphorous• magnesium• sodium• potassium• chloride• sulfur

Minerals

• Micro-minerals

• chromium• cobalt• copper• iodine• iron• manganese• molybdenum• Selenium• zinc

2003 Cargill, Incorporated All Rights ReservedCargill Confidential

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What is Feed Performance?

• Growth Speed• Feed Conversion• Healthy Fish• Economy• Environment

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National standard vannamei feeds Vietnam 2014Source: Ministry of Agriculture Vietnam

1. Physical parameters- Pellet size/ - Fines/ - Water stability

2. Nutritional specifications- Proximate composition/ - Lys/Met/ - Ca/P

3. Ingredient quality- NaCl/ - sand

4. Feed/food safety- Microbiology/ - Mycotoxin/ - Melamine/ - Antibiotics

Coutteau & Wu (2015)

Available !!!

Syarat mutu pakan Udang Vaname

Proximate Composition of Aquafeeddoes not reflect its quality !

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No information is provided on the essential nutrients/antinutrients and their bioavailability

(Antinutritional factors, Non-starch polysaccharides, Mycotoxins, etc)

Factors affecting Growth

EAAs

EFAs

ANFs, NSPs, MTs

Vitamins

Minerals

Energy

Tacon, 2015

Present Feed Labeling

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The label just complies with national feed manufacturing laws & proximate composition guarantees for the farmer

LysineMethionine

Ca, P

Future Labeling

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More Precise Labeling (DP, ME, EAA, EFA….)- Bioavailability of nutrients- Use of specific controlled ingredients- Use of Functional Ingredients- Absence of specific adulterants

Improved Feed Formulation and Less Use of Fish meal- New Ingredient blending- Use of specific additives- Use of bioavailable EAA levels- Absence of Antibiotics-resistance Gene- Free from Cultural & Social Concerns

More Optimal Nutrient Requirements- Requirements on Growing Stages- Expressed as g/100BW/d instead of % Diet- Formulation on Nutrient Requirements

More Precise Ingredient Specification- Bioavailable Nutrients- Antinutrients (NSPs) levels- Toxins or Adulterants levels

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What to focus on?

ConventionalAdopted

ConventionalPartly adopted Controversial Novel*

Fishmeal Vegetable oils Blood products Insects

Fish oil Seaweed/macro algae Feather meal Polychaetes

Soya products Fermentation by-products Poultry meat meal Bio-proteins/bacteria

Maize products Cottonseed Meat and bone meal Earth worms

Wheat products Ground nut Poultry fat Micro algae

Peas and beans Rice products Gelatin Aquatic macrophytes

Sunflower products Milk by-product e.g. casein Food by-products (bakery)

Rapeseed products Food by-products (catering) Plant protein concentrates

Yeasts Plant HUFA, Algal HUFA

Potatoes Palm oils & by-products

Shrimp/prawn/shellfish Krill

DDGS By-catch

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WHY FISHMEAL

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• Rich source of dietary protein (60-70%)• Rich source of EAA: Lysine, Methionine, Taurine• Good source of nucleotides• Rich source of highly digestible marine lipids & energy• Rich source of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA) & fish oil• Good source of phospholipids & cholesterol• Good source of minerals: Ca, P, Mg, K, Se, I, Zn, F, Cr• Absence of anti-nutritional factors• Good palatability/feed attractant• Good source of fat soluble & water soluble vitamins

… its not just a source of CP

Fish meal, Plant proteins and Novel ingredients

Components Fish meal Plant protein Novel

EAA composition +++ ++ +++Digestible AAs +++ ++ +++

EPA+DHA +++ - +-Arachidonic acid ++ - ++

Av. P ++ + ++-DE +++ ++ ++

Micro minerals +++ - -+Phospholipid +++ +- -+Cholesterols +++ - -+

Hormone/Activator + +- -+Taurine +++ - -+

Nucleotide +++ -+ ++Dig. Fiber/OligoSc - +++ -

Fiber (Cellulose, Lignin) - +++ -

ANFs - +++ -Pollution factors ++ +++ -

Phytic acid - +++ -Palatability/Stimulants +++ - ++

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Aquafeed:

• In the coming decades, not only feeding the world, but also feeding aquaculture, has become an important issue. Since nearly 90 percent of global aquaculture production is from the Asia-Pacific region, the issue of aquaculture feeds is an important regional subject.

• Asia is the largest user of farm-made and industrially produced aquafeeds in the world. There are many controversies associated with feeds, primarily regarding the use of fishmeal and fish oil in aquaculture (Han et al., 2016). Asian aquaculture has its share of these, given its large and increasing utilization of fishmeal and trash/low-value fish (De Silva and Turchini, 2009).

• In nutritionally wholesome aquafeed, the protein component is the costliest, often accounting for more than 60 percent of the cost of feed. Of all the protein sources, fishmeal is the preferred protein source for feeds of aquatic animals because of the balanced amino acid profile, phospholipid and favourable fatty acid composition, palatability and easy digestion and absorption.

• The Asia-Pacific region will continue to produce more fish and fish feed and will certainly utilize more feed resources than it does now. However, research into replacement of scarce and expensive ingredients, such as fishmeal and fish oil, is producing less costly alternatives. Thus the use of fisheries resources for feeding the fish will not grow exponentially.

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Main Factors affecting Production

High production

Quality&

Quantity of Feed

Waterquality

Healthyfry Broodstock managementWater

Energy & Nutrients

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Extrusion-Cooking for Fish Feed

Extruder: Floating and Sinking Pellet

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Aquafeed Manufacturing Line

Ingredient insert

Weighing by

formula

Grinding MixingConditioning

Extrusion

DryingCoatingCoolingPackaging

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Shrimp Diet manufacturing

Key Stage for Water Stability of Pellet20191125 48

Feed Manufacturing Process

90~120℃/30 min65℃/20 min20 min

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Biosecurity

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EMS-FreeEHP-FreeWFD-FreeSHIV-free

Incinerate & Fumigate

- Organic residues- Dead shrimp- Molted shell

Conclusion:Further Growth in Indonesian Aquaculture

• Shrimp feed production is estimated to reach 500,000 MT in 2020. • Future growth in Indonesian aquaculture will be severely restricted if the industry

remains reliant on fishmeal and fish oil. • So, the industry must find out a solution to increase the use of local ingredients

and to decrease the reliance of imported commodities (fish feed 65%, Shrimp feed 90%).

• The first step is to lower dietary protein level because the value on feed bag is nothing but a number.

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