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Understanding your Results… What Does this Genetic Test Accomplish?

This genetic ancestry test works by analyzing specific regions of the Y chromosome.

These regions, termed “Short Tandem Repeats” (STRs), are segments of your DNA that

contain repeated sequences in your DNA code . The vast majority of STRs do not contain

any critical information, so they are highly variable among the human population. For

example, at the STR “DYS19” you may have three repeats of “TAGA” on your DNA, while

your neighbor, John, has four repeats of “TAGA”. Please see Figure 1 below.

Figure 1. Simple example i llustrating different versions of the Short Tandem Rep eat (STR),

DYS19.

These variations are useful for a number of different purposes. Interestingly, STR

analysis is the same technology that is used t o genetically identify humans. This is

because the odds of two people having the exact same set of STRs are astronomical.

However, groups of people still share patterns in their STRs. This genetic test takes

advantage of this shared information to determine your long -term ancestral heritage.

Why the Y Chromosome?

First of all, what is the Y chromosome? It is one of two sex chromosomes (the other

being X) that determines the gender of an individual. Unlike the other 23 chromosomes

that make up your genome, the Y chromosome is only passed from father to son. It is

this unique pattern of inheritance that mak es the Y chromosome especially useful for

paternal ancestry determinations. Essentially, the genetic material contained in the Y

chromosome (“Y-DNA”) is passed down the male side of the family in an unbroken chain,

eventually leading back to the very beginnings of mankind.

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3/14/2017

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Figure 2. Genomic map of the Y chromosome. The labeled regions indicate the STRs that are

analyzed in this genetic test. A total of 23 different regions are analyzed to de termine your

paternal ancestry.

What is a Y-DNA Haplogroup? Y-DNA haplogroups are groupings created to represent the development and migration of

early human populations. In general, Y -DNA haplogroups are assigned an alpha character

based on the age of the population they represent. For example, haplogroup D first

appeared roughly 50,000 years ago, while haplogroup H first appeared around 30,000

years ago. Please see figure 2 below for a “family tree” of all Y -DNA haplogroups.

Figure 3. Lineage of all Y-DNA haplogroups.

At the very top of the tree there is one man known as the Y-Chromosomal Most Recent

Common Ancestor, informally known as “Y-Chromosomal Adam.” This individual passed

on his copy of the Y chromosome to every male human and is quite literally father to all

mankind. Estimates regarding when Y-Chromosomal Adam lived vary, but is generally

thought to be roughly 200,000 to 300,000 years ago.

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Your Results! Dynamic DNA Laboratories certifies that the following results are authentic and 100% accurate.

STR Genotype 1 Genotype 2 Haplogroup Probability (%)

DYS576 17 E1b1a 0.0

DYS389-I 14 E1b1b 100.0

DYS448 20 G2a 0.0

DYS389-II 32 G2c -

DYS19 14 H -

DYS391 10 I1 0.0

DYS481 22 I2a (xI2a1) 0.0

DYS549 12 I2a1 0.0

DYS533 12 I2b (xI2b1) -

DYS438 10 I2b1 0.0

DYS437 14 J1 0.0

DYS570 21 J2a1b -

DYS635 22 J2a1h -

DYS390 24 J2a1 x J2a1-bh -

DYS439 12 J2b 0.0

DYS392 11 L 0.0

DYS643 12 N -

DYS393 13 Q 0.0

DYS458 16 R1a 0.0

DYS385 16 18 R1b 0.0

DYS456 17 T -

GATA-H4 11 S -

Table 1. STR and haplogroup results from your ancestry test at Dynamic DNA Laboratories.

Additional comparison of your STR genotypes has indicated that you belong to the haplogroup E-

L143, which is a subgroup of E-V13.

RAW DATA

Figure 4. Output from our DNA sequencer identifying the lengths of your STRs. The

numbers below each peak refer to the number of repeats in each STR. This number is

referred to as your “STR Genotype.”

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You are

here

Additional Information Regarding Your Y-DNA Haplogroup

Due to patterns in your STR data, additional information is available regarding your Y -

DNA haplogroup. Due to patterns in your STR data , we have further refined your Y-

haplogroup as E-L143. This additional genetic information allows for a better

determination of your regional ancestry . Please see Figure 5 for a breakdown of E1b1b

haplogroups.

Getting Acquainted with The Stone Age Throughout this report, you will find references to various periods throughout the Stone

Age. To better understand these time points and their perspective to human

development, we encourage you to refer to the timeline below while reading these

findings.

Figure 6. Timeline of major milestones in early European humans, ranging from 50,000 to 2,000 years

ago (kya).

Figure 5.

Phylogenetic tree

of haplogroup

E1b1b provided by

Eupedia. This tree

reveals the

mutations in the

E1b1b haplogroup

over t ime and

location. Your

testing results

indicate that you

belong to the L143

subclade, which is

largely localized in

the Brit ish Isles.

You are here

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About Haplogroup E Haplogroup E is thought to have first emerged roughly 50,000 years ago in East Africa ,

very close to the modern day countries of Ethiopia and Somalia. During this time,

humans had yet to migrate out of Africa. Indeed, it is thought that some of the very first

humans to leave Africa and move into the Middle East and the Fertile Crescent were

members of haplogroup E1b. From this perspective, nearly every other paternal

haplogroup stems from the early members of haplogroup E that left Africa to inhabit a

world untouched by man. The exact route of this migration is a hotly contested topic in

the study of prehistoric Europe. Given this, one of the most popular theories is

presented below, but cannot be stated with 100% certainty.

According to popular opinions, the first movements of E1b individuals from Africa into

the Middle East began approximately 15,000-20,000 years ago. At this time, the

Paleolithic time period was ending along with the last ice age and humans were beginning

to expand from the Fertile Crescent. The earlies t archaeological samples from E1b

originate from the Caucasus during the early Mesolithic time period. These findings

indicate that E1b individuals were migrating out of the Middle East d uring this time,

likely following the domestication of cattle and goats. This primary migration during the

Mesolithic resulted in the members of haplogroup E1b being widespread throughout

Anatolia, the Levant, the Caucasus, and Mesopotamia. Here early human remains have

been found that suggest E1b men were some of the first to bring the first practices of

agriculture into the region throughout the Neolithic period.

Moving into the Bronze Age, members of haplogroup E1b would go onto found some of

the most powerful civilizations of the ancient world . Predominate E1b ancient

civilizations include the Hattians, Minoans, Phoenicians, and Greeks. The influence and

dispersion of these civilizations throughout the Iron Age resu lted in a secondary spread

of E1b members throughout the Mediterranean and northward through the remainder of

Europe.

Geographic Distribution of Haplogroup E1b

Overall, haplogroup E is one of the most widely distributed Y-DNA haplogroups across the

world, with members showing up across a diverse population set. Indeed, haplogroup E

is ubiquitous throughout the Middle East and northern Africa , but is also found in the

throughout Europe. Figure 7 below highlights the extent of haplogroup E1b throughout

Europe.

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Figure 7. Frequency of haplogroup E1b throughout Europe.

Your Paternal Subgroup – E-L143

From an ancestral point of view, the broad range of E1b is not especially useful. Due to

haplogroup E being such a large and diverse group of individuals, there are in excess of

50 different subgroups that have emerged from E1b. Luckily , additional determinations

may be made using your more precise haplogroup, E -L143. Given this information, it is

possible to accurately determine the location of your paternal heritage. Haplogroup E -

L143 is most commonly found in the British Isles and the surrounding regions, but is also

found to a somewhat lower extent throughout Central and southern Europe (Figure 8).

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Figure 8. Heatmap highlighting the distribution of the E-L143 (a subgroup of E-V13) haplogroup

prior to the era of intercontinental travel. The area encircled in red indicates the most l ikely

origin of your paternal lineage within the past 500 years.

Your Regional Ancestry

Based on the results of your Y-DNA analysis, it can be said with a great deal of certain ty

that your paternal lineage stems from the British Isles, most likely from the modern day

country of Scotland, but traces of English ancestry cannot be ruled out. More often than

not, individuals belonging to haplogroup L143 outside of these regions exhibit additional

genetic markers that were not detected in your sample.

Genetic Matches and Possible Living Relatives In some circumstances, it is possible to identify other individuals that share some or all

of your genetic markers. This is accomplished by comparing your results to an online

database of individuals that have also had their Y -DNA ancestry tested using STRs. Given

this, in order to find a distant relative, they must have also had their test performed and

entered into this database. Even then, the odds of finding a “long lost” relative are

somewhat low, but certainly not impossible! Often times, a partial match is found that

you were likely related to in the very distant past. With the use of some mathematics , an

estimate can be generated as to when you and your match last shared an ancestor. This

calculation is referred to as the “time to most recent common ancestor” (TMRCA).

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Analysis of your genetic data revealed one individual that you share 18/18 markers with.

TMRCA calculations using this data suggest that there is a 15% chance that you shared an

ancestor with this individual 1 generations ago, a 50% chance that you shared an

ancestor 4 generations ago, and a 95% chance that you shared an ancestor 18

generations ago. These calculations assume that one generation equals 31 years.

The online database provided some additional information regarding this possible genetic

match:

Last Name Campbell

Contact Person Mark Campbell

Most distant known paternal ancestor William Campbell, born 1807

Country of Origin Galloway, Scotland

If you are interested in contacting this individual, then you can do so by logging into the

account on www.ysearch.org that was created for you by Dynamic DNA Laboratories using

the following credentials:

User ID: K4E5G

Password: dynamic

To find this individual select the “Search by Last Name” tab and search by last name for

“Campbell”. If you have any difficulties with this process please feel free to contact us

for assistance! Also, please note that other very close matches were also found to the

surname Kinney.

Famous People from Y-DNA Haplogroup E1b* Several noteworthy individuals have been identified as belong ing to haplogroup E1b.

These individuals include:

The Wright Brothers – The first individuals to successfully build and fly an airplane

Albert Einstein – World-renowned theoretical physicist

Lyndon B. Johnson – 36th president of the United States

Sir David Attenborough – English naturalist

Napoleon Bonaparte – French military and political leader

*It is important to note that just because there is a shared Y -DNA haplogroup, there is stil l a low

likelihood that you are closely related to any one of these indi viduals. Haplogroup E is an

extremely large and diverse grouping of humanity.

World Migration

So, now that you know your paternal haplogroup, let’s put this information in

perspective. To do this, we need to start at the beginning of the human story. It is

estimated that between 200,000 and 300,000 years ago there was a man who is quite

literally father to us all – this is our “Y-Chromosomal Adam”. It is important to note that

this man was not the only living human male at the time, but he was the only one to

produce a direct line of inheritance to a ny person alive today. This man lived in Africa,

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where humans first evolved and eventually migrated away from. The figure below

outlines this migration out of Africa and throughout the world. Using this information,

you can quite literally trace the steps that your paternal ancestors took throughout

history!

Figure 9. Map of human Y-DNA migrations out of Africa, beginning over 15 0,000 years ago.

Next Steps!

In closing, we at Dynamic DNA encourage you to continue to explore your genetic

heritage. The information presented in this report is only meant to act as an

introduction. Now that you are armed with your Y-DNA haplogroup, you now have

access to a wealth of new information via the internet . Here are some interesting links

to wonderful websites that help you further explore your paternal ancestry.

1) www.eupedia.com – an excellent source of information regarding Y-DNA haplogroups

2) www.worldfamilies.net – all things genetic genealogy!

Lastly, please remember that your Y-DNA testing results are only representative of your

paternal line. If you are interested in pursuing your maternal ancestry, please consider

having your mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) tested at Dynamic DNA Laboratories. Please go

to https://dynamicdnalabs.com or email us at info@dynamicdnalabs.com for additional

information.

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References

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intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in t he Iberian Peninsula.

American Journal of Human Genetics. 83(6):725-36. 2008.

Alvarez L, Santos C, Montiel R. Y-chromosome variation in South Iberia: insights into the

North African contribution. American journal of human biology: the official journal of the

Human Biology Council. 21(3):407-9. 2009.

Cruciani F, La Fratta R, Santolamazza P. Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E -

M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa.

American Journal of Human Genetics. 74(5):1014-22. 2004.

Kanduma EG, Mwacharo JM, Githaka NW. Analyses of mitochondrial genes reveal two

sympatric but genetically divergent lineages of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus in Kenya.

Parasites & vectors. 9(1):353. 2016.

Passarino G, Semino O, Quintana-Murci L, Excoffier L, Hammer M, Santachiara -

Benerecetti AS. Different genetic components in the Ethiopian population, identified by

mtDNA and Y-chromosome polymorphisms. American Journal of Human Genetics.

62(2):420-34. 1998.

Quintana-Murci L, Semino O, Bandelt HJ, Passarino G, McElreavey K, Santachiara -

Benerecetti AS. Genetic evidence of an early exit of Homo sapiens sapiens from Africa

through eastern Africa. Nature genetics. 23(4):437 -41. 1999.

Rowold DJ, Perez-Benedico D, Stojkovic O, Garcia-Bertrand R, Herrera RJ. On the paternal

heritage of the Bantu expansion in Southeast Africa. Gene. 2016.

Sanchez JJ, Hallenberg C, Børsting C, Hernandez A, Morling N. High frequencies of Y

chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19 -11, DYS392-12 in Somali males.

European Journal of Human Genetics: EJHG. 13(7):856-66. 2005.

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