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ARTICLES

Achmat, Zackie. “Law Politics and Social Transformation”, International Journalof Legal Information 32 (2004): 237–242

Aiken, Nevan T. “Learning to Live Together: Transitional Justice and IntergroupReconciliation in Northern Ireland”. The International Journal of TransitionalJustice 4 (2010): 166–188

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An-Na’im, Abdullahi. “Editorial Note: From the Neocolonial Transitional toIndigenous Formation of Justice”. The International Journal of TransitionalJustice 7 (2013): 197–204

Arbour, Louise. “Economic and Social Justice for Societies in Transition”.International Law and Politics 40(1) (2007): 1–27

Archibald, Steven and Richards, Paul. “Converts to Human Rights? PopularDebate about War and Justice in Rural Central Sierra Leone”. Africa 72(3)(2002): 340–367

Arriaza, Laura and Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. “Social Reconstruction as a LocalProcess”. The International Journal of Transitional Justice 2 (2008): 152–172

Arzt, Donna E. “Views on the Ground: The Local Perception of InternationalCriminal Tribunals in the Former Yugoslavia and Sierra Leone”. Annals of theAmerican Academy of Political and Social Science 603 (2006): 226–239

Aukerman, Miriam. “Extraordinary Evil Ordinary Crime: A Framework forUnderstanding Transitional Justice”. Harvard Human Rights Journal 15(2002): 39–97.

Balint, Jennifer; Evans, Julie and Mcmillan, Nesam. “Rethinking TransitionalJustice, Redressing Indigenous Harm: A New Conceptual Approach.” TheInternational Journal of Transitional Justice 8 (2014): 194–216

Barrett, John Q. “Opening the Nuremberg Trial: The Moment of November 20,1945”. St. John Legal Studies Research Paper December 1 (2015): 1–9

Barria, Lilian A. and Roper, Steven. “How Effective are International CriminalTribunals? An Analysis of the ICTY and ICTR”. The International Journal ofHuman Rights 9 (2005): 349–368.

Bell, Christine and O’Rourke, Catherine. “Does Feminism Need a Theory ofTransitional Justice? An Introductory Essay”. The International Journal ofTransitional Justice 1 (2007): 23–44

Betts, Alexander. “Should Approaches to Post-Conflict Justice and Reconciliationbe Determined Globally, Nationally or Locally?”. The European Journal ofDevelopment Research 17(4) (2005): 735–752

Bilsky, Leora. “Transitional Justice as a Modern Oedipus: The Emergence of aRight to Truth”. Critical Analysis of Law 2(2) (2015): 447–466

Bonacker, Thorsten. “Global Victimhood: On the Charisma of the Victim inTransitional Justice Processes”. World Political Science Review 9(1) (2013):97–129

Borgwardt, Elizabeth. “A New Deal for the Nuremberg Trial: The Limits of Lawin Generating Human Rights Norms”. Law and History Review 26(3) (2008):679 – 705.

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Bradshaw, Sarah. “Is the Rights Focus the Right Focus? Nicaraguan responses tothe rights agenda”. Third World Quarterly 27(7) (2006): 1329–1341

Brahm, Eric. “Uncovering the Truth: Examining Truth Commission Success andImpact”. International Studies Perspectives 8(1) (2007): 16–35

Burke-White, William W. “Protecting the Minority: A Place for Impunity? Anillustrated Survey of Amnesty Legislation, Its Conformity with InternationalLegal Obligations, and Its Potential as a Tool for Minority-MajorityReconciliation”. Journal of Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe 1(2000): 1–53

Cahn, Naomi R. and Ní Aolain, Fionnuala D. “Gender, Masculinities and Transitionin Conflicted Societies”. New England Law Review 1 (2010): 101–123

Cassese, Antonio. “Reflections on International Criminal Justice”, Journal ofInternational Criminal Justice 9(1) (2011): 271–275

Celermajer, Danielle. “Mere Ritual? Displacing the Myth of Sincerity inTransitional Rituals”. The International Journal of Transitional Justice 7(2013): 286–305

Chapman Audrey R. and Ball, Patrick. “The Truth of Truth Commissions:Comparative Lessons from Haiti, South Africa, and Guatemala”. HumanRights Quarterly 23 (2001): 1–43

Clark, Janine Natalia. “Reconciliation Through Remembrance? War Memorialsand the Victims of Vukovar”. The International Journal of Transitional Justice7 (2013): 116–135

Clark, Janine Natalia. “The Limits of Retributive Justice”. Journal of InternationalCriminal Justice 7 (2009), 463–487.

Clarke, Kamari. “Rethinking Africa Through Its Exclusions: The Politics ofNaming Criminal Responsibility. Anthropological Quarterly 83(3) (2010):625–652

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Crenzel, Emilio. “Argentina’s National Commission on the Disappearance ofPersons: Contributions to Transitional Justice”. The International Journal ofTransitional Justice 2 (2008): 173–191

Crosby, Alison and Lykes, M. Brinton. “Mayan Women Survivors Speak: TheGendered Relations of Truth Telling in Postwar Guatemala”. The InternationalJournal of Transitional Justice 5 (2011): 456–476

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Daly, Erin. “Truth Skepticism: An Inquiry Into the Value of Truth in Times ofTransition”. The International Journal of Transitional Justice 2 (2008): 23–41

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Dube, Siphiwe Ignatius. “Transitional Justice Beyond the Normative: Towards aLiterary Theory of Political Transitions”. The International Journal ofTransitional Justice 5 (2011): 177–197

Duffy, Aoife. “Indigenous Peoples’ Land Rights: Developing a Sui GenerisApproach to Ownership and Restitution”. International Journal on Minorityand Group Rights 15 (2008): 505–538

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Eastmond, Marita and Mannergren Selimovic, Johanna. “Silence as Possibility inPostwar Everyday Life”. The International Journal of Transitional Justice 6(2012): 502–524

Elander, Maria. “The Victim’s Address: Expressivism and the Victim at theExtraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia”. The InternationalJournal of Transitional Justice 7 (2013): 95–115

Elias, Jose Sebastian. “Constitutional Changes, Transitional Justice, andLegitimacy: The Life and Death of Argentina’s ‘Amnesty’ Laws”. YaleStudent Scholarship Papers 57 (2007): 1–67

Engle, Karen. “On Fragile Architecture: The UN Declaration on the Rights ofIndigenous Peoples in the Context of Human Rights”. The European Journal ofInternational Law 22(1) (2011): 146–162

Eppel, Shari. “‘Bones in the Forest’ in Matabeleland, Zimbabwe: Exhumations asa Tool for Transformation”. The International Journal of Transitional Justice8(3) (2014): 404–425

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Falk, Richard. “Telford Taylor and the Legacy of Nuremberg”. Columbia Journalof Transnational Law 37 (1998–1999): 693–723.

Ferme, Mariane C. “Archetypes of Humanitarian Discourse: Child Soldiers,Forced Marriage, and the Framing of Communities in post-Conflict SierraLeone”. Humanity 4(1) (2013): 49–71

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Findlay, Mark. “Activating a Victim Constituency in International CriminalJustice”. The International Journal of Transitional Justice 3 (2009): 183–20

Franke, Katherine M. “Gendered Subjects of Transitional Justice”. ColumbiaJournal of Gender and Law 15(3) (2006): 813–828

Furtado de Mendonça, Isabel. “Searching for Reconciliation in a Post ComplexPolitical Emergency Scenario”. Naçao e Defesa 105(2) (2003): 121–140

Gallagher, Karen. “No Justice, No Peace: The Legalities and Realities of Amnestyin Sierra Leone”. Thomas Jefferson Law Review 23 (2000): 149–198

Gandsman, Ari Edward. “Retributive Justice, Public Intimacies and theMicropolitics of the Restitution of Kidnapped Children of the Disappeared inArgentina”. The International Journal of Transitional Justice 6 (2012): 423–443

Garcia-Godos, Jemima. “Victim Reparations in the Peruvian Truth Commissionand the Challenge of Historical Interpretation”. The International Journal ofTransitional Justice 2 (2008): 63–82

Garkawe, Sam. “The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission: ASuitable Model to Enhance the Role and Rights of the Victims of GrossViolations of Human Rights”. Melbourne University Law Review 27 (2003):334–380

Gibson, James L. “On Legitimacy Theory and the Effectiveness of TruthCommissions”. Law and Contemporary Problems 72 (2009): 123–141

Gibson, James L. “The Contributions of Truth to Reconciliation. Lessons fromSouth Africa”. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (2006): 409–432

Gibson, James L. “Truth, Reconciliation, and the Creation of a Human RightsCulture in South Africa”. Law & Society Review 38(1) (2004): 5–39

Gibson, James L. “Overcoming Apartheid: Can Truth Reconcile a DividedNation?”. Politikon 31 (2004): 129–155

Glasius,Marlies andMeijers, Tim. “Constructions of Legitimacy: The Charles TaylorTrial”. The International Journal of Transitional Justice 6 (2012): 229–252

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Gready, Paul and Robins, Simon. “From Transitional to Transformative Justice:A New Agenda for Practice”. The International Journal of Transitional Justice8 (2014): 339–361

Groome, Dermot. “The Right to Truth in the Fight Against Impunity”. BerkeleyJournal of International Law 29 (2012): 175–199

Groome, Dermot. “The Right to Truth: The Evolution of a Right”. Available atSocial Science Research Network (2015): 1–11

Hale, Charles R. “Neoliberal Multiculturalism: The Remaking of Cultural Rightsand Racial Dominance in Central America”. PoLAR 28(1) (2005): 10–28

Hamber, Brandon. “Masculinity and Transitional Justice: An Exploratory Essay”The International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (2007): 375–390

Han, Sang Wook Daniel. “Transitional Justice: When Justice Strikes Back – CaseStudies of Delayed Justice in Argentina and South Korea”. Houston Journal ofInternational Law 30(3) (2008): 653–701

Haque, Mozammel. “Hope for Gender Equality? A Pattern of Post-ConflictTransition in Masculinity”. Gender, Technology and Development 17(1)(2013): 55–77

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Haskell, John D. “The Complicity and Limits of International Law in ArmedConflict Rape”. Boston College Third World Law Journal 29 (2009): 35–84

Helfman, Tara. “Francis Biddle and the Nuremberg Legacy: Waking the HumanConscience”. The Journal Jurisprudence 15 (2012): 353–372

Henry, Nicola. “From Reconciliation to Transitional Justice: The Contours ofRedress Politics in Established Democracies”. The International Journal ofTransitional Justice 9 (2015): 199–218

Henry, Nicola. “Memory of an Injustice: The ‘Comfort Women’ and the Legacyof the Tokyo Trial”. Asian Studies Review 37(3) (2013): 362–280

Henry, Nicola. “Witness to Rape: The Limits and Potential of International WarCrimes Trials for Victims of Wartime Sexual Violence”. The InternationalJournal of Transitional Justice 3 (2009): 114–134

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Humphrey, Michael. “From Victim to Victimhood: Truth Commissions andTrials as Rituals of Political Transition and Individual Healing”. TheAustralian Journal of Anthropology 14(2) (2003): 171–187

Igreja, Victor. “Amnesty Law, Political Struggles for Legitimacy and Violence inMozambique”. The International Journal for Transitional Justice 9(2) (2015):239–258

Igreja, Victor. “Multiple Temporalities in Indigenous Justice and HealingPractices in Mozambique”. The International Journal of Transitional Justice6 (2012): 404–422

Iliff, Andrew R. “Root and Branch: Discourses of Tradition in GrassrootsTransitional Justice”. The International Journal of Transitional Justice 6(2012): 253–273

Isaacs, Anita. “At War with the Past? The Politics of Truth Seeking in Guatemala”.The International Journal of Transitional Justice 4 (2010): 251–274

Jacobson, Douglas. “A Break with the Past or Justice in Pieces: Divergent Paths onthe Question of Amnesty in Argentina and Colombia”. Georgia Journal ofInternational and Comparative Law 175 (2006): 175–204

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January, Sativa. “Tribunal Verite’: Documenting Transitional Justice in SierraLeone”. The International Journal of Transitional Justice 3(2009): 207–228

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Jenks, Chris and Acquaviva, Guido “Debate: The Role of International CriminalJustice in Fostering Compliance with International Humanitarian Law”.International Review of the Red Cross 96 (2014): 775–794

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Kelsall, Michelle Staggs and Stepakoff, Shanee. “When We Wanted to Talk AboutRape: Silencing Sexual Violence at the Special Court for Sierra Leone”. TheInternational Journal for Transitional Justice 1 (2007): 355–374

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INDEX

AAcknowledgment (truth,

victims), 159, 200, 204,206–210, 255, 259, 269, 274,276–277, 279

Ad hoc international tribunalsoutreach, 157–159, 164, 177–179political character, 131, 141,

160–162, 181–182Al Bashir, Omar, 90, 117, 131Alfonsín, Raul, 109American Convention of Human

Rights (ACHR), 49Amnesties

accountable, 108amnesic, 107, 109–110Committee (South Africa) (see

South Africa Truth andReconciliation Commission)

compatibility with internationallaw, 5, 88, 98–106, 114

compromise, 107, 111corrective, 107–108definition of, 88, 91–93evolution of, 88–91relationship with

accountability, 94–97,103–105

relationship with peace, 88–90, 92,95, 97, 105, 113–115

An-Na’im, Abdullahi, 231, 236Apartheid, see South AfricaApologies, official, 75Arbour, Louise, 161Argentina

amnesty laws, 5, 109–110Comisión Nacional sobre la

Desaparición de Personas(CONADEP), 28, 203, 206,210

Mothers of the Disappeared, 90Truth trials, 209

BBalkan wars, see YugoslaviaBlame, 11–12, 219Bonacker, Thorsten, 14Bottom-up initiatives, 229–245Borgwardt, Elizabeth, 128

CCambodia

Extraordinary Chambers of theCourts of Cambodia(ECCC), 104

© The Author(s) 2017G. Girelli, Understanding Transitional Justice,Philosophy, Public Policy, and Transnational Law,DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53606-4

327

Cambodia (cont.)Khmer Rouge regime, 1, 2, 172

Canada, 73, 182, 258Cassese, Antonio, 154, 157Christian tradition, influence, 69–70,

76, 206, 209Churchill, Winston, 126Colombia, 19Colonialism, 15, 140, 152, 172, 187,

231, 235–236, 256, 276,281–282

Colonising field, transitional justiceas, 235

Communities, effects of conflictson, 201, 265, 300

CONADEP, see ArgentinaConfession, 96, 112–113, 115, 204,

209, 214, 217–219, 233Conflicts, root causes, 3, 7, 19, 52, 54,

73, 108, 177, 232, 241, 243,254, 257, 271–273, 277, 296,299

Connell, Raewyn, 20Convention against Torture and Other

Cruel, Inhuman or DegradingTreatment or Punishment, 100

Convention for the Protection of AllPersons from EnforcedDisappearances, 48

Crane, David, 181Crimes, international

against humanity, 17, 102, 105,110, 128, 130, 132, 133, 136,153, 162, 176, 178

individual accountability for, 89,132, 219

against peace, 127–128, 130war, 99–100, 105, 127–128, 130,

141, 154, 162, 176Criminal trials

cathartic potential of, 137–138educational function of, 137–138

instrumentalisation of, 135–138political character of, 130–131,

181–182selection of the defendants, 129,

130, 156, 157, 181–182Crosby, Alison, 16Cruvellier, Thierry, 160

DDaly, Erin, 58, 211Darfur, see SudanDe Beauvoir, Simone, 44Definitional, transitional justice

as, 254, 274, 283De Greiff, Pablo, 10–11De Klerk, F.W., 198, 204Del Ponte, Carla, 161Deterrence, 3, 9, 52–53, 73, 94–96,

131, 138, 154, 163, 188, 203Development

of collective memory, 53, 74economic/socio-economic, 29,

173, 233, 239, 245, 264human rights and, 4, 43, 49, 73,

129, 235and individual accountability, 125institutional, 3, 233of international law, 74, 129–130justice and, 219, 235, 245mechanisms, 4, 10, 43peace and, 80, 235, 239, 271, 280,

283policies, 28, 301programmes, 268societal relations and, 55, 57stability and, 67sustainable, 279, 283transitional justice and, 245, 254,

256–257, 261–263, 272–274Dimitrijevic, Nenad, 147, 203

328 INDEX

Disarmament, Demobilisation andReintegration (DDR), 31–32

Dwyer, Susan, 70, 80

EEducation, 21, 58, 74, 136–138, 178,

197–200, 258, 260, 262,267–268, 282

Elster, Jon, 299European Convention on Human

Rights (ECHR), 50European Court of Human Rights

(ECtHR), jurisprudence of, 50Case of El-Masri v The Former

Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia, 50

European Union, 162, 164

FFambul Tok, 230, 238–239, 244Ferme, Mariane, 184Forced marriage, 16, 178, 184, 189Forgiveness, 4, 54, 67, 69–70, 75–77,

88–89, 113, 174, 209, 238, 240,296

Forsythe, David, 164Foucault, Michel, 45Freeman, Mark, 91, 105Fuller, Lon, 134, 146Funding, 157, 161, 173, 179–180,

188, 242Furtado de Mendonça, Isabel, 69

GGaltung, Johan, 67, 73–74Gender

-based violence (see Violence)dynamics, 15, 18–20, 23, 30

identities, 10, 15norms, 15, 19–20, 24

Geneva Conventions, 1949, 61n36,61n38, 98, 118n74, 119n79, 141

Additional Protocol I, 1977, 49Additional Protocol II, 1977, 99

Genocide Convention, 100, 141Germany

and Allied forces, 127, 130,139–142

Nazism, 198Control Council Law n.10, 138volk, 26see also Holocaust

Gibson, James, 78Goering, Hermann, 133, 138Grassroots mechanisms

adoption post-conflict, 230, 231,237

as manifestations of powerdynamics, 237–238

risks of marginalisation within, 238Gready, Paul, 280Guatemala

Comisión para el EsclarecimientoHistórico(CEH), 267,269–270

Indigenous population, 261–263internal conflict, 254, 258, 263–266Patrulla de Autodefensa Civil

(PACs), 264Peace Accords, 1996, 16, 267transitional process, 266–272

HHabermas, Jürgen, 46–47Hart, H.L.A., 134Healing

justice as, 216–218psychoanalysis/psychoanalytical

tradition, 209, 214, 233

INDEX 329

Healing (cont.)social dimension of, 210truth as, 213–216

Higonnet, Ethel, 180Hollander, Theo, 15Holocaust, 26, 29, 35, 126, 151Humphrey, Michael, 25, 27Hybrid courts,

characteristics, 171–185as separate model, 172, 185–187

Hybridisation (of post-conflictinterventions/of transitionaljustice), 171, 174, 186, 188

IIdentity(ies)

collective, 258, 278and crimes, 96ethnic, 152, 248, 258–259, 262,

264, 270formation of, 71–72, 262gender, 10, 15individual, 71–72, 77–78, 207, 240,

258, 278masculine, 20–24negotiation of, 19, 71–72religious, 69social, 54, 72, 77–78and value, 210

Iliff, Andrew, 241Imperialistic, transitional justice as, see

Colonising fieldImpunity, 11, 16–17, 52–53, 62, 76,

89–90, 93–94, 97, 104–107,109–110, 114–115, 155, 175,200, 204, 219, 268

Indigenous Peoplesancestral lands, 258, 262, 266, 269holistic organisation of, 280–281identification of, 255–256

Individualism, 232, 272

Informal justice systems, 230, 231,236, 240, 242, 243, 246

Information, right to, 51Inter-American Commission on

Human Rights (IACHR), 49Inter-American Court of Human

Rights (IACtHR), 49, 103jurisprudence; Case of Barrios Altos v

Peru, 103–104; Case ofVelásquez Rodríguez vHonduras, 103

International communitypolitical nature of, 57, 103–105,

160–161, 163, 182, 220role in peace processes, 231top-down intervention post-

conflict (see Colonising field)International Covenant on Civil and

Political Rights, 100International Criminal Court

(ICC), 26, 95, 102, 105, 117,131, 149, 162–163

International Criminal Tribunal forRwanda (ICTR), 17, 141,150–154, 156–157, 160–162,164, 175, 179–180, 294

ICTR Statute, 152–154, 162, 182jurisprudence, Prosecutor v Anto

Furundzija, 104International law, Human rights

civil and political rights,violations, 17, 213, 220, 232,234, 259, 270, 273, 280, 295

collective rights, 49, 51–52, 57customs, 101–103, 105–106defenses under International

law, 132International Humanitarian

law, 98–99, 133, 152, 176socio-economic rights,

violations, 258, 261, 271treaty law, 98–101, 127, 135

330 INDEX

International tribunals, see Ad hoctribunals

Iraq, 142, 232

JJackson, Robert, 130–131Japan, 125, 127–128, 130, 136,

139–140, 142, 150, 156, 183Justice

losers’, 97, 160peace vs. (see Peace)restorative, 6, 27–28, 65, 78, 88,

114–115, 189, 195–196, 199,201, 208, 210, 213–214, 219,229, 238, 294, 298

retributive, 5, 6, 27, 114, 141, 177,181, 183, 189, 206, 217, 219,229, 298

victors’, 5, 126, 129–131, 161, 176Western approach to, 87

KKelsall, Tim, 183Kelsen, Hans, 130, 135Kohen, Ari, 76Kosovo, 153, 159

LLand

issues, 270, 278, 279, 282reform, 279

Lawnatural law approach, 133–134, 136vs. politics, 160–162positivistic approach, 133–134rule of, 74, 93, 134, 136, 177, 185,

212, 234Legalism, 136, 234, 272, 294–295

Legal pluralism, 184, 242Local providers of justice/local

conflict resolution mechanisms,see Informal justice systems

Local vs. International, 6, 171–190Lollini, Andrea, 112, 209, 219London Charter, 127–128, 130–132Luban, David, 131Lykes, Brinton, 16

MMacArthur, Douglas, 128Mallinder, Louise, 102Mamdani, Mahmood, 2, 13–14Mandela, Nelson, 197–198Masculinity, 16, 18–24, 30McAuliffe, Padraig, 181McConnachie, Kirsten, 11McEvoy, Kieran, 11, 235McMahon, Patrice, 164Media, role of, 13, 45, 137, 158–159,

177–178Memorials/memorialisation, 1, 7, 29,

74, 208Men, violence against, 21–22, 162Militarisation, 21–23, 31, 264Millar, Gearoid, 187, 207, 214Milosevic, Slobodan, 146, 151, 161,

163Murphy, Coleen, 72Museums, 1, 29Mutua, Makau, 140–141, 163, 230,

259

NNadler, Arie, 72NATO, “humanitarian

bombings”, 161Nazism, 198

INDEX 331

Nazism (cont.)see also Germany; Nuremberg

tribunalNeoliberal paradigm, 232, 234NGOs, 13, 26, 37, 164, 229–230Non-retroactivity principle, 5,

134–135, 156Northern Ireland, 46, 77Nouwen, Sarah, 185–186Nuremberg trial

composition of thetribunal, 126–129

judgment, 138–140London Charter, 127–128,

130–132Nuremberg Code, 138Nuremberg Principles, 131–136,

141Nuremberg tribunal, 127, 131, 134,

138, 139, 149, 294Ohlin, Jens David, 142Orentlicher, Diane, 51Owen, James, 128Ownership, 7, 31, 171, 176, 178, 185,

187, 229–230, 240, 245–246,254–255, 258, 268–270, 279,281–282, 284

PPal, Radhabinod (Judge), 135Parker, Robert, 89Patriarchy, 16–20, 30, 244, 259Peace

vs. justice, 10, 92, 95, 97–98, 189,297, 299

positive, 94, 244, 261, 275, 296,298, 300

Peace agreements, 16, 24, 30, 33, 174,268, 271

Perpetrators, 2, 11, 15, 18–22, 27, 33,41, 52–53, 55, 57, 66, 75–78,

93–96, 99–100, 103–105,110–112, 115, 130, 133–134,137, 154, 156–157, 160,178–184, 188–189, 196, 202,204, 207–209, 211, 215–218,232, 238, 240, 259, 290, 295–296

vs. victims (see Victims)Plea-bargaining, 160Punishment, 3, 11, 27, 31, 34, 53, 56,

73, 87, 93, 95–97, 100, 103,112, 114–115, 126, 129–131,135, 142, 154, 156, 164, 183,195, 206, 218–219, 244, 264,293, 296–297

objectives of, 3, 93, 131–136

RRape/rape, as a weapon of war, 16–17,

149, 151, 162, 173, 214, 264Reconciliation

as an objective, 66–71definitions of, 66–67dimensions of, 67–71factors contributing to, 71–77personal, 66–67, 71as a process, 66–71role of truth commissions in

achieving, 195–220societal, 66, 67, 69, 73, 75

Reconstruction, 3, 5–6, 44–45, 47,54–58, 70, 74, 76, 93, 96–100,106, 109, 125–126, 139, 164,171, 177, 184, 186, 200, 207,209, 216, 234, 237, 238, 241,243, 246–247, 259, 269, 275,278–279, 295

Redistribution, 73, 234, 260, 263,276, 279

Reparations, 10, 28, 32, 52, 54, 58,68, 74, 87, 95–96, 104, 108,115, 159, 200–201, 205, 208,

332 INDEX

210, 212–213, 216, 260, 268,271, 274–277, 279, 296

Robins, Simon, 280Rome Statute, see International

Criminal CourtRoosevelt, Franklin D., 126Rubio Marin, Ruth, 10Rwanda

Gacaca courts, 157, 245genocide, 151–153, 163–164transitional process, 142, 163, 257

Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), 161

SSankoh, Foday, 172Sartre, Jean Paul, 44Security, 3, 15, 24, 30–31, 72, 94–95,

97, 106, 115, 129, 151, 153,154, 263–264, 294

Serbia, see YugoslaviaShaw, Rosalind, 214Shnabel, Nurit, 72Show trials, 126, 128–129, 136–138Sierra Leone

childhood, prevailing understandingin, 184

Civil Defence Forces (CDF), 173Lomé Peace Accord, 173–174marriage, prevailing understanding

in, 178, 184–185Revolutionary United Front

(RUF), 172Special Court for (SCSL), 171–189;

jurisprudence (Prosecutor vAugustine Gbao), 104;outreach efforts, 177–179;SCSL statute, 176, 178, 180,182

Truth and ReconciliationCommission, 173, 182

Truth telling, approach to in, 184

Simpson, Kirk, 46Slye, Ronald, 106–109, 113South Africa

African National Congress(ANC), 197–199

amnesty process in, 111–113,216–218

Apartheid, 196–198Constitutional reform, 199, 204,

216National Unity and Reconciliation

Act, 112, 199–200peace negotiations, 198–199Truth and Reconciliation

Commission (TRC), 195–220;Amnesty Committee(AC), 201, 215, 217;Committee on Human RightsViolations (HRVC), 200–201,215; impact on evolution of themodel, 196, 207;Mandate, 199–201; Reparationand Reconciliation Committee(RRC), 201, 205, 212–213

United Democratic Front(UDF), 197

Sovereignty, state, 89, 91–92, 131,133, 154, 163, 231

Stalin, Josef, 126Sudan (Darfur), 14, 95, 117, 231, 283

TTaylor, Charles, 172, 182Teitel, Ruti, 257Tokyo trial (IMTFE)

composition of the tribunal, 128judgment, 135jurisdiction of the tribunal, 128

Traditional mechanisms, see Informaljustice systems

INDEX 333

Transformation, transitional justiceas, 277–280

Transitional justice, definitionseconomic dimension, 260–261,

273, 278–279local dimension/bottom-up

approach (see Grassrootsmechanisms)

one-size-fits-all approach, 6, 79,165, 220, 229, 230–239,294–295

Trials, see Criminal trialsTruth

collective dimension of, 49, 51–53,57

cultural dimension of, 56–57finding processes, 53–56, 58–59human right to, 48–51individual dimension of, 44–45as a process, 46–48theories of, 44–48trials (see Argentina)

Truth CommissionsConstitutive potential, 196Reports, 68, 112, 200, 202–204,

210–211Tutu, Desmond, 70, 76, 200–201,

206

UUbuntu, 54, 205, 210, 216Uganda, 95United Nations (UN)

Charter, 149, 151–152, 154position on amnesties, 103–106role in peace processes, 149,

174–177, 179–180United States

ideals of justice, 126–127, 128–130,139

interventism, 130, 164, 181–182, 263Updated Set of Principles for the

Protection and Promotion ofHuman Rights through Action toCombat Impunity, 62

VValverde, Estela, 25, 27Victim-centred initiatives, see VictimsVictimhood

female, 15–20, 30–32global, 14hierarchies of, 13

Victimscategorisation, 10–15empowerment, 23–26, 28, 54, 56,

69, 74, 76, 80, 97–98, 208,215, 276–278

engagement/participation intransitional processes, 25–32

identification, 9, 10–15instrumentalisation, 9, 10, 13, 16,

25–28, 30–32vs. perpetrators, 11–12, 15, 18, 19,

21–22, 27, 33rights of, 10–11, 15, 17, 25–26self-perception as, 12–13

Violencecontinuum of, 24, 31, 33, 206,

261–266, 286domestic, 24–25gender-based, 13, 15–20pornography of, 2, 14socio-economic, 17–18, 28, 31,

267, 273structural, 254, 272, 274, 275,

277–278, 285subjective, prioritization

of, 256–259, 270

334 INDEX

WWeinstein, Harvey, 66Westphalian model (of international

relationships), 90, 131–132, 141,154, 163, 281

Wilke, Christian, 29Wolpe, Harold, 196–197Women

combatants, 18–19, 40empowerment after conflict, 23,

24–25, 234, 238, 240participation in peace

processes, 30–32violence against (see under Violence)

World War IICairo Declaration, 1943, 127

Declaration of Saint James’s Palace,1941, 127

Moscow Declarations, 1943, 127Potsdam Declaration,

1945, 127–128

YYoung, Graeme, 183Yugoslavia, 5, 17, 50, 140, 142,

149–165, 294

ZŽižek, Slavoj, 257

INDEX 335