Integrated Dual Diagnosis Treatment Model

Understanding the Integrated Dual Diagnosis Treatment ModelCalifornia Institute for Mental Health WebinarApril 7, 2012Floyd M. Brown, M.D.Medical Director, Bonita House, Inc.

Todays SpeakerFloyd M. Brown, M.D.

2ObjectivesUnderstand the benefits of integrated treatment for co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders.Understand the elements of the Integrated Dual Diagnosis Treatment model.Understand the relationship of evidence based practice to the emerging recovery movement.Understand how Mental Health Boards can assist in the development and evaluation of integrated treatment at the system and program levels.3DisclosuresThe speaker is Medical Director of Bonita House, Inc., a community-based non-profit organization headquartered in Oakland, CA.No commercial affiliations.4Bonita House, Inc. Programs5DefinitionsDual Diagnosis: Co-occurring substance use disorder (SUD) and mental illness (MI).COD/COC: Co-occurring disorders/conditions (mental illness + substance use disorder)IDDT: Integrated Dual Diagnosis TreatmentSPMI: Serious and persistent mental illness (e.g.; schizophrenia, bipolar, schizoaffective, major depression, etc.)

6DefinitionsDual diagnosis capable (DDC): all programs should have basic capability to assess and provide treatment or referral services to persons living with dual disorders.Dual diagnosis enhanced (DDE): programs with special capacity to serve individuals with more severe mental health and substance abuse issues (such as IDDT trained teams). 7Case ExampleJohn S. is a 20 y/o male with a history of crack cocaine use who presented at a local mental health service seeking help because of persistent and disturbing voices.In a traditional mental health clinic John was told he had a drug problem and the psychiatrist told him he could not be given medication until he was clean and sober for 3 months.8Case ExampleJohn made an appointment at a local substance abuse treatment center.When the intake counselor learned of his voices John was told he was too psychiatrically ill for treatment and told he needed mental health treatment.If you were John what would you do?Have any of you who are mental health consumers or who are family members of someone living with a mental illness had similar experiences?

9Why Integrated Treatment?After multiple hospitalizations, including a suicide attempt, John was referred to Bonita House, Inc.He was assigned to a case manager, who assisted John in finding housing and applying for benefits even though he had not given up cocaine.He was seen by a psychiatrist who offered an antipsychotic medication, which helped reduce his voices, even though John was not ready to stop using.Over time Johns drug use diminished and his voices became more manageable.10Integrated TreatmentConsumer choice is an important aspect of the IDDT model.What happens if John was not open to taking medications?Assess for safety (self/others). Assess Johns most pressing concerns and offer to provide appropriate services based on his needs.Offer continuing service even if medications are refused.Provide psychoeducation about treatment options, including medication, if indicated.

11Integrated Dual Diagnosis TreatmentAt Bonita House, Inc. we treat persons living with severe mental illness and substance abuse using the evidence-based Integrated Dual Diagnosis Treatment (IDDT) model developed at Dartmouth University by Dr. Robert Drake and others.12SAMHSA Evidence Based PracticesIntegrated Dual Diagnosis TreatmentSupported EmploymentAssertive Community TreatmentFamily PsychoeducationIllness Management and RecoveryToolkits available at www.samhsa.gov.

13IDDT: Bringing Cultures Together

14Traditional MH and AOD Philosophical and Clinical DifferencesAddiction TreatmentMental Health TreatmentPeer counselor modelMedical/professional modelSpiritual recoveryScientific treatmentSelf-helpMedicationConfrontation and expectationSupport and flexibilityDetachment/empowermentCase management/careEpisodic treatmentContinuous treatmentRecovery ideologyDeinstitutionalization ideologyPsychopathology secondary to addictionAddiction secondary to psychopathologyRelapse results in denial of serviceRelapse results in increased service15New Directions for Mental Health TreatmentThe emerging treatment paradigm is influenced by 3 trends:The Recovery Model, which is heavily influenced by consumer input.Evidence-based medicine (based on the most current available research outcomes).Integration of mental health, substance abuse and primary care. We believe that programs can be both recovery oriented and rely on evidence based technology. 16Integrated Care: Expect ComplexityWhile Dual Diagnosis is used to refer to co-occurring MI and SUD, comprehensive integrated care also includes addressing other health issues as well. Statistics show that persons living with chronic, serious mental illnesses are at high risk for chronic medical conditions and a reduced lifespan.BHI has developed partnerships with Lifelong Medical Care to improve access to primary care.17How Are IDDT Mental Health Programs Different?Anticipate the presence of dual disorders.Staff are trained to assess for the presence of both disorders and a multidisciplinary treatment team trained to treat both conditions provides services.Consumer choice is paramount.Shared decision making and individualized, collaborative treatment planning includes consumer, family, and provider input.18How Are IDDT Mental Health Programs Different?Stage based treatment. Spirituality and self-help groups are utilized.Treatment is time unlimited.Psychopharmacologic (medication) treatments are not dependent on total abstinence.Strength based approach.19How Are IDDT Mental Health Programs Different?Respectful, non-judgmental, hopeful, and welcoming.IDDT model programs, like all behavioral health services, should be culturally informed, sensitive, and should strive to develop cultural competency.Goals are to reduce harm first and to assist consumers to achieve recovery.

20What Is Recovery?Surgeon General David Satcher wrote: "Recovery is variously called a process, an outlook, a vision, a guiding principle. There is neither a single agreed-upon definition of recovery nor a single way to measure it. But the overarching message is that hope and restoration of a meaningful life are possible, despite serious mental illness. (The Presidents New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, 2003)21Believing You Can Recover is Vital to Recovery (Daniel Fisher, M.D., PhD., ED, National Empowerment Center)Illnesses dont recover, people do Mark Ragins, M.D. (Medical Director, The Village, Long Beach, CA) Recovery is rediscovering meaning and purpose It is a process, a way of life, an attitude, and a way of approaching the days challenges (Pat Deegan, Ph.D., recovery advocate)

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How Do You Define Recovery?23Cultural CompetencyDoes the IDDT model apply to Californias diverse population? CIMH evaluation of 5 programs statewide found no evidence that IDDT is less effective for minority clients being served in mixed ethnicity outpatient clinics.However even with modifications, monolingual clients in a site serving a predominately Latino population had comparatively poorer outcomes.(Chandler et al, CIMH, 2007)

24Consumer Employment: Opportunities and ChallengesUnlike mental health programs, addiction treatment services have traditionally been delivered by peer counselors but licensure or certification is becoming an expectation.IDDT-based programs present an excellent opportunity to integrate trained consumers and/or family members as full team members.Issues to consider:Role (peer/family specialist vs. generalist)Training and prior experience requirementsLived experience vs licensure (billing/reimbursement)Documentation requirements (MediCal)

25Co-Occurring Disorders are CommonLifetime prevalence of substance abuse in persons with severe mental illness is estimated between 40-60%. (Mueser, Nordsy, Drake, Fox, Integrated Treatment of Dual Disorders: A Guide to Effective Practice, 2003)Lifetime prevalence of substance abuse in the general population is about 17% (ECA study) (Regier et al, JAMA, 1990)I

(Clarification: in the following 2 slides the legend identifies MDD=major depressive disorder and MD=major depression; refers to same diagnostic condition)

26The focus of this presentation is on co-occurring SMI and SUD.As you can see the rate of SUD is significantly higher than the general population.We will look at some theories that may help explain this later in the presentation.26Lifetime Prevalence (%) of Substance Use Disorder

Regier, et al, JAMA, 1990 (ECA)

2727In this slide from the often quoted ECA study we see that persons with schizophrenia and mood disorders have high rates of SUDsLifetime Prevalence (%) of Any Alcohol or Drug Use Disorder

Regier, et al, JAMA, 1990 (ECA)2828Alcohol remains the drug of choice, but stimulant, opiate, cannabis, and inhalants are commonly used by persons with SMI.Adverse Outcomes Associated with Co-Occurring SMI and SUDIncreased risk of psychiatric relapse and hospitalizationUnemployment/povertyIncreased risk of incarceration Family/interpersonal relationship dysfunctionIncreased risk of violenceIncreased risk of domestic violence/victimizationIncreased risk of homelessnessIncreased health risks, including early deathIncreased risk of exposure to HIV, hepatitisIncreased risk of suicide(Drake, Essock, Shaner et al, Psych. Services, 2001)(RachBeisel, Scott, Dixon, Psych Services, 1999)29Numerous studies have shown that co-occurring substance abuse has serious consequences for persons living with SMI.29Treatment ModelsSequentialParallelIntegratedComprehensive integration of pharmacotherapy, psychosocial treatments, and substance abuse counseling results in improved patient outcomes. (Drake, Meuser, Brunette et al, Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 2004)Considered an evidence based practiceSAMHSA toolkit: Integrated Dual Diagnosis Treatment (IDDT) (www.samhsa.gov)

30Historically treatment of co-occurring disorders has not been integrated.In the serial model patients entering the mental health system with SUDs were told to get sober and then return for care. You can guess what usually happened.Persons seeking substance abuse treatment with behavioral or psychiatric issues were likewise turned away.In the parallel model treatment is provided simultaneously by different teams in different settings but often with quite different perspectives and often little communication. The parallel model is more likely to be helpful than the serial model if good communication exists between providers.Best outcomes have been found when treatment is integrated.30Disadvantages of Sequential and Parallel Treatment ModelsSequentialParallelUntreated disorder worsens the treated disorderTreatments not integrated into a cohesive packageUnclear which disorder should be treated first; treatment may be deniedProviders fail to communicateUnclear when one disorder has been successfully treated so treatment for the second can beginBurden of integration falls on the consumerConsumer is not referred for further treatmentFunding and eligibility barriers to accessing both treatmentsIncompatible treatment philosophiesNo provider has final responsibility and consumer slips through the cracksFrom: Mueser, Noordsy, Drake & Fox, Guilford Press, 2003Providers lack a common language and treatment methodology31Advantages of Integrated TreatmentOrganizational and administrative barriers are eliminated.No coordination between providers required.Both disorders considered primary and are treated concurrently.Conflict over philosophical differences is minimized and shared perspectives evolve.

32History of Dual Diagnosis Treatment at Bonita House, Inc.Serving SPMI population since 1971.Dedicated services to COD population since 1991.IDDT training project (CIMH) 2004-2007)Alameda County-wide COCI (Co-Occurring Conditions Initiative) 2008-present3333IDDT BasicsPriority population is SPMI but others may benefit.Evidence based model (research supported) that results in improved clinical outcomes.One multidisciplinary team provides mental health and substance abuse services.Coordination of treatment, incorporating consumers, family/significant others, providers.34FidelityResearch suggests that programs with the most similarity to evidence based practices, such as the IDDT model, have the best outcomes.IDDT contains elements of other evidence based practices.Even if full fidelity isnt achieved services can be improved.35Fidelity ScaleUsed in the SAMHSA funded study conducted by CIMH as a pre and post-assessment of programs in the project.Assesses fidelity across 13 domains using a 5 point scale.36Fidelity Scale Domains www.cimh.org DomainDomainMultidisciplinary TeamGroup Dual Disorder TreatmentStage-wise InterventionFamily Dual Disorder TreatmentComprehensiveness of Dual Disorder ServicesSelf-help LiaisonLong Term ServicesPharmacological TreatmentOutreachInterventions to Reduce Negative ConsequencesMotivational InterventionsSecondary Interventions for Treatment Non-respondersSubstance Abuse CounselingIntegrated Assessment and Treatment Planning* (added by CIMH)37IDDT: Practice ComponentsComponentsComponentsMultidisciplinary Team (includes integrated substance abuse specialist)Group Dual Disorder TreatmentStage-Wise InterventionsFamily Psychoeducation on Dual DisordersAccess to Comprehensive ServicesPharmacological TreatmentTime Unlimited ServicesInterventions to Promote Health OutreachSecondary Interventions for Treatment of Non-RespondersMotivational InterventionsSubstance Abuse Counselingwww. ohiosamiccoe.case.edu38Multidisciplinary TeamIncludes professional and paraprofessional clinicians with previous training or background in mental health or substance abuse treatment.Includes licensed professionals and unlicensed clinicians, including persons with lived experience.At Bonita House, Inc. clinical staff are cross-trained in the IDDT model.39Multidisciplinary TeamIn some mental health programs a substance abuse specialist may be hired to work collaboratively with the team.Vocational and housing specialists may be integrated into the team (FSP).Primary care specialists may also be included, especially in FSP programs.FSP=Full Service Partnerships

40Stage-Wise TreatmentBased on the change theory first described by Prochaska and DiClemente.Stages of ChangePrecontemplation: no problem, not ready to change.Contemplation: maybe a problem; thinking of change.Preparation: getting ready to change.Action: taking action to change.Maintenance: following a plan to avoid resuming the behavior.41Stage-Wise TreatmentTreatment interventions are consistent with the individuals readiness to change.Treatment occurs in stages as well.Engagement: (forming a relationship/alliance)Persuasion: (helping client to develop motivation to participate in recovery-oriented interventions)Active Treatment: (helping client acquire skills and supports for managing illness and pursuing goals)Maintenance: (helping client develop and use strategies for maintaining recovery)42Access to Comprehensive ServicesResidential servicesSupported employmentFamily psychoeducationIllness management and recoveryInterventions to learn to manage illness, find recovery goals, and make informed treatment decisions.

43Access to Comprehensive ServicesAssertive community treatment (ACT) or intensive case managementClient to clinician ratio of 15:1 or less, 24 hour access, and at least 50% field based contacts.

44Time Unlimited ServicesLong term treatment available, with intensity modified according to need and degree of recovery.45OutreachAssertive outreach, especially in the engagement phase but continuing as needed.Provide practical assistance in the consumers environment. Examples:HousingBenefitsCrisis interventionMedical Legal

46Motivational InterventionsMotivational interviewing (MI)Developed by Miller and RollnickCollaborative, non-judgmental, patient (consumer) centered approach groundedin an attitude of respect.Focusonbuildingrapport and identifying, examining and resolving ambivalence about behavior change.

47Substance Abuse CounselingCan be delivered by a substance abuse counselor or by cross-trained MH staff.Includes:Recognizing and managing triggersRelapse prevention planningChallenging beliefsSkills training to deal with symptoms and negative mood states48Group Dual Disorder TreatmentGroup treatment specifically designed to address both mental health and substance abuse problems.49Family PsychoeducationWith permission from the consumer, family and/or significant members of the social support network are engaged to provide education about dual disorders, coping skills to reduce stress in the family, and to promote collaboration with the treatment team.50Participation in Alcohol or Drug Self-Help GroupsInvolvement in self-help groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, Rational Recovery, Dual Recovery Anonymous (DRA) is encouraged and facilitated, as appropriate for a clients stage of change.51Pharmacological TreatmentPsychiatrists or mid-level psychiatric practitioners are trained in IDDT principles.Prescribe medications despite active use.Work closely with team & consumers.Focus on increasing medication adherence.Avoid/minimize use of addictive medications.Use medications that may reduce addictive behavior.

52Interventions to Promote HealthEfforts to promote health and reduce negative consequences of substance abuse in areas such as:Physical conditions, including infectious disease, chronic illness, etc.Social effects (e.g.; loss of family support, victimization, etc.).Self-care and independent functioning.Use of substances in unsafe settings/situations.

53Secondary Interventions for Treatment Non-RespondersHigher levels of care or more intensive services for individuals who do not respond to outpatient IDDT.54Adapting IDDT Goals: Transformation of.Service SystemsOrganizationsIndividual Clinical Practices55Transformational Levels56Program EvaluationAccording to California Welfare and Institutions Code Section 5604.2 Mental Health Boards are directed to:Review and evaluate the communitys mental health needs, services, facilities and special problems.Advise the governing body and the local mental health director as to any aspect of the local mental health program.57Program Evaluation: SystemsWhat efforts are being made in your local communities to develop comprehensive integrated services?Begin with assessment of systems; review data collected by your local Mental Health Department.Assist your local Mental Health Department assess needs, set priorities, and plan for program development.58Program Evaluation: Programs and Organizations Before initiating a review of a program or organization it is helpful to establish a relationship and create an atmosphere of good will.Ensure that reviews are intended to assist organizations develop improved quality of care, rather than to penalize them for failing to meet guidelines; report concerns to the local Mental Health Department.59Evaluating Systems ChangeLeadership and support from County Mental Health Department senior and middle management.Policies and procedures support program adaption of COD treatment, including IDDT.Fiscal policies reduce obstacles to the development of COD treatment. Development of QA/QI systems to support and evaluate COD programs.60Evaluating Organizational ChangeIDDT ElementsIDDT ElementsPROGRAM/PHILOSOPYTRAININGELIGIBILITY/CLIENT IDENTIFICATIONSUPERVISIONPENETRATION (% of clients with access compared to total who could benefit)PROCESS MONITORINGASSESSMENTOUTCOME MONITORINGTREATMENT PLANNING (individualized)QUALITY IMPROVEMENTTREATMENT (individualized)CLIENT CHOICE61Program PhilosophyClearly articulated, shared philosophy consistent with IDDTExecutive Leadership/Program LeaderSenior managementClinicians Consumers/family membersBrochures and written materials

62Eligibility/Client IdentificationAll clients screened for co-occurring disorders using standardized tools or admission criteria consistent with the IDDT model.63PenetrationNumber of clients in a program receiving IDDT treatment divided by the number of clients eligible.64Individualized Treatment PlanGoals, objectives, services/interventions, and intensity are unique to the individual consumer.65Individualized TreatmentProgress notes reflect a focus on unique and specific goals developed in collaboration with the consumer.Interventions are appropriate for the stage of treatment and stage of change.66TrainingNew clinical staff receive training in IDDT practices and are assisted in identifying and reducing knowledge gaps.Existing staff receive regular refresher training.67SupervisionClinicians receive weekly individual or group clinical supervision from an experienced practitioner trained in the IDDT model.68Process MonitoringMonitor the progress of IDDT implementation and use data to improve the program.69Outcome MonitoringClient outcomes are regularly measured and data are shared with clinical staff in an effort to improve services.70Quality Assurance (QA)A plan is developed to review fidelity to the model, assess progress, make recommendations to the organization for service improvements, etc.71Client ChoiceAll clients are offered a range of choices consistent with the IDDT model.All practitioners abide by client preferences except when doing so would result in risk or harm.72Evaluating Clinical Practice ChangeKnowledge of substances of abuse and how they affect mental illnesses.Ability to assess substance abuse and mental illness Motivational counseling skills and stage based treatment interventions.Integrated substance abuse counseling skills.73The Bonita House, Inc. ExperienceSuccesses:All staff trained in the use of stages of change and stages of treatment concepts.All staff trained in motivational interviewing.Improved assessment process.Collaborative, client centered treatment planning developed.New staff able to adapt agency culture and philosophy due to strong and consistent senior and middle management leadership.

74The Bonita House, Inc. ExperienceChallengesTraining for new staff is time and resource intensive.Comprehensive assessment instrument (FAI) was difficult to use and time consuming.Mission creep; loss of skills; staff turnover.Monitoring, program evaluation and outcome measures require resources not available to a small agency.75The Bonita House, Inc. ExperienceChallenges (cont.)Difficulty recruiting and retaining consumers for group interventions.Difficulty recruiting and retaining family members for group psychoeducation; engagement for individual family work more successful.Less than optimal caseloads in the SIL program.76The Bonita House, Inc. ExperienceLessons learnedCOD specialization resulted in agency philosophy that closely aligned with IDDT principles.Maintenance of newly learned skills requires regular supervision and training updates.Staff turnover results in challenges in orienting new hires to the agency mission and philosophy in addition to training up new staff in important skills such as motivational illness in order to avoid mission creep.

77The Bonita House, Inc. ExperienceUnable to replicate the year long, 8 hour monthly training sessions we received from CIMH as part of the evaluation project due to competing training priorities.Fiscal realities may impede full adoption of all IDDT elements but services at all levels of care can be improved by implementing as much of the IDDT model as possible.Use of comprehensive assessment instruments challenging for some staff.

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