Understanding The Immune System
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Understanding The Immune System
MICro 451IMMUNOLOGY
Prof. Nagwa Mohamed Amin Aref
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The Immune System
SARS virus
Parasite in red blood cell
Fungus
Bacteria
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Markers of Self
Muscle cell
Nervecell
Epithelialcell
Leukocyte
Class I MHC self-marker protein
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Markers of Non-Self
Non-self leukocyte
Antibody
Epitope Class I MHC protein
Epitope
Antibody
Antigen
Antigen
Bacteria
Non-self nerve cell
SARS virus
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Markers of Self:Major Histocompatibility Complex
Antigenic peptide
Antigen-presenting cell uses MHC Class I or II
Cell membrane
MHC Class II
Antigenic peptide
Viral infection
Infected cell
MHC Class I
Antigenic peptide
MHC Class I
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Organs of the Immune System
Tonsils and adenoids
Lymph nodes
Bone marrow
Appendix
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Peyer’s patches
Spleen
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
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Lymphatic System
Lymph node Lymphatic vessel
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Lymph Node
Germinal center
Vein
Cortex
Paracortex
Incoming lymphatic vessel
Outgoing lymphatic vessel
Artery
Medulla
Follicle
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Cells of the Immune System Bone graft
Multipotentialstem cell
Hematopoieticstem cell
Platelets
Macrophage
ErythrocytesEosinophil
Neutrophil
Megakaryocyte
Mast cell
Basophil
T lymphocyte
Natural killer cell
Dendritic cell
B lymphocyte
Lymphoid progenitor cell
Myeloid progenitor
cell
Monocyte
Marrow
Bone
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B Cells
Plasma cell
Class II MHC and processed antigen are displayed
Antigen-presenting bacteria
Antigen
Antigen-specific B cell receptor
AntibodiesB cell
Activated helper T cell
Lymphokines
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Antibody
Assembled antibody molecule
Heavy chain
Antigen-bindingregion
Constant region
Light chain
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Immunoglobulins
IgA
IgM
IgG, IgD, IgE, and IgA
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Antibody Genes
Assembled antibody molecule
VDJ
C
Gene components scattered through one chromosome
Heavy chain
Antigen-binding region
Constant region
Light chain
V
V
V
DD
JJJJ
C
Rearranged gene
components encoding a heavy chain
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T Cells
Activated killer cellActivated helper T cell
Resting cytotoxic T cellResting helper T cell
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Cytokines
Mature helper T cell
MonokinesLymphokines
Macrophage
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Killer Cells: Cytotoxic Ts and NKs
Killer cell
Target-oriented granules
Surface contact
Target cell
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Phagocytes and Their Relatives
Monocyte
Dendritic cell
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Basophil
Mast cell
Macrophage
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Phagocytes in the Body
Brain: microglial cells
Joint:synovial A cells
Precursors in bone marrow
Lymph node: resident and recirculating
macrophages
Blood: monocytes
Kidney:mesangial
phagocytes
Spleen: macrophages
Liver: Kupffer cells
Lung:alveolar
macrophages
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Complement
C9Enzyme
C2
C5C3b
C3aC3
C4Antigen
IgG
C1C8
C7
C6
C5b
C5b
C5a
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Mounting an Immune Response
Complement
VirusKiller cell
B cell
Antibodies
T cell
Lymphokines
Macrophage
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Antigen Receptors
Killer cell
Infected cellAntigen-presenting cell Antigen-presenting cell
CD8 protein
Cell membrane MHC
Class IMHC Class I
Antigenic peptide
T cell receptor
CD4 protein
Cell membrane MHC
Class II
Antigenic peptide
T cell receptor
Cell membrane
Antigen
Antigen-specific receptor
Helper T cellB cell
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Activation of B Cells to Make Antibody
Antigen-presenting cell
Antigen
Circulating antibody
Antigen is processedClass II MHC
Antigen
Activated helper T cell
Class II MHC and processed antigen are displayed
Antibodies
Plasma cellAntigen-presenting cell
Antigen-specific B cell receptor
B cell Lymphokines
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Activation of T Cells: Helper
Activated helper T cell
Monokines
MHC Class II
T cell receptor
Antigen-presenting cell
CD4 protein
Antigenic peptide
Antigen is processed
Resting helper T cell
Class II MHC
Lymphokines
Helper T cell receptor recognizes processed antigen plus Class II MHC
Macrophage
Processed antigen and Class II MHC are displayedAntigen
Helper T cell
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Activation of T Cells: Cytotoxic
Processed antigen and Class I MHC
Lymphokines
Class I MHC
Class II MHC
Processed antigen and Class II MHC are displayedAntigen
Resting helper T cell receptor recognizes processed antigen plus Class II MHC
Macrophage
Monokines
Cyt
oto
xic
T c
ell
Infe
cted
ce
ll
MHC Class I
Antigenic peptide T cell receptor
CD8 protein
Resting helper T cell
Cytotoxic T cell
Cytotoxic T cell becomes activated
Antigen (virus)
Processed antigen (viral protein)
Cell dies
Infected cell
Activated cytotoxic T cell
Activated helper T cell
Antigen is processed
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Regulatory T Cells
Regulatory T cells
Mature dendritic
cell
Regulatory T cell
Proliferation
T cells compete forcytokine signals
T cells competefor same antigen
CytotoxicT cell
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Immunity: Active and Passive
Artificially acquired
Passive immunityActive immunity
Naturally acquired Naturally acquired
Artificially acquired
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Disorders of the Immune System: Allergy
Plasma cell
Interleukins
Mature helper T cell
B cell
IgEAllergen
SymptomsMediators
Mast cell
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Disorders of the Immune System:Autoimmune Disease
Cytotoxic T cell
Pancreas
Beta cell
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Disorders of the Immune System:Immune Complex Disease
Glomerular basement membrane of kidney
Large complex
Endothelial cell
Small complex
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Disorders of the Immune System: AIDS
Virus protein
Virus RNA
New virus particle
Virus DNA
Cell DNA
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Human Tissue Typing for Transplants
HLA
ACBD
Leukocyte
Chromosome 6
MHC protein
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“Privileged” Immunity
Chorionic villi
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Immunity and Cancer
Antibody
Helper T cell
Natural killer cell
Cancer cell
Macrophage
Cytotoxic T cell
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Immunotherapy
Antibody
Breast cancer cell
Growth factor
Herceptin blocks receptor
Growth slows
Radioisotope
Antigen
Lymphoma cell Lymphoma cell
destroyed
Herceptin
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Dendritic Cells That Attack CancerComplex binds to dendritic cell precursor
T cells attack cancer cell
Dendritic cell displays tumor antigen and activates T cells
Cancer cell
T cell
Tumor antigen
Tumor antigen is linked to a cytokine
Dendritic cell matures and is infused back into patient
Complex is taken in by dendritic cell precursor
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The Immune Systemand the Nervous System
Thymosins
Macrophage
B cell
T cell
Thymus
Brain
Bonemarrow
Neuroendocrine and autonomic pathways
Immunotransmitters (feedback, regulation and modulation)
Lymphokines Monokines
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Hybridoma Technology
Antibody-producing plasma cells
Antigen
Cells fuse to make hybridomas Cancerous
plasma cells
Monoclonal antibodies are purified
Desired clones are cultured and frozen
Hybridomas are kept alive in mouse
Clones are tested for desired antibody
Individual hybridoma cells are cloned
Hybridoma cells grow in culture
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Genetic Engineering
A plasmid (ring of DNA) is isolated from a bacterium
The new gene directs the bacterium to make a new protein product such as interferon
When the bacterium divides and replicates, it copies itself and the recombinant DNA
The recombinant plasmid is inserted back into the bacterium
The gene is inserted into the plasmid, where it fits exactly. This is recombinant DNA
A gene for protein, taken from another cell, is cut with the same enzyme
An enzyme cuts the DNA at specific sites
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The SCID-hu Mouse
Mouse kidneys
Immuno-incompetent SCID mouse
Immature human immune tissue
Immature human immune cells
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