Understanding the human factor by making · PDF fileUnderstanding the human factor by making...

Understanding the human factor by making understandablevisualizations

by Gerrit Muller Buskerud University Collegee-mail: [email protected]

www.gaudisite.nl

Abstract

Architecture Frameworks offer many representations to visualize views. Unfortu-nately, many of these representations focus more on being complete and precise,rather than being understandable. Many of the stakeholders do insufficientlyunderstand these representations. The designers at the same time do insuffi-ciently understand the human factors in the system context, since most of thesehave been abstracted away.We show that simple diagrams in, for instance, space and time help to bridgethese two worlds and help both stakeholders and designers. We will illustrate thisby examples from Magnetic Resonance Imaging.This work has been carried out as part of the Darwin project at Philips Healthcare under the responsibility of theEmbedded Systems Institute. This project is partially supported by the Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairsunder the BSIK program.

Distribution

This article or presentation is written as part of the Gaudí project. The Gaudí projectphilosophy is to improve by obtaining frequent feedback. Frequent feedback is pursued by anopen creation process. This document is published as intermediate or nearly mature versionto get feedback. Further distribution is allowed as long as the document remains completeand unchanged.

October 20, 2017status: preliminarydraftversion: 0.2

corridor

magnet patient table

technical

room

cabinets

control room

dressing

room rest room waiting room

accessorycabinet

1

2

3

45

6

preparation work flow

1 get patient

2 patient on table

3 get RF coil

4 position RF coil

5 move patient in magnet

6 plan scan

console

1 meter

Figure Of ContentsTM

problem statement solution assertion

MRI introduction

"Meta" Magnetic

Resonance Imaging

Scenario "George"

scenario introduction

time space flow

diagrams

requirements design

conclusion

questions?

Understanding the human factor by making understandable visualizations2 Gerrit Muller

version: 0.2October 20, 2017

UHFVlogo

Problem Statement

drivers of architecture frameworks and tool

support

+ complete

+ unambiguous

+ precise

+ consistent

+ traceable

causes

focus on

- unified presentation

- formality

- abstraction

- automation support

causes

impact on stakeholders and designers

> distance design - use

> lack of communication

> lack of understanding of design and system use



UHFVproblemStatement

Today’s Architecture Frameworks

examples from: OMG Document Number: dtc/2007-08-02 <ftp://ftp.omg.org/pub/docs/dtc/07-08-02.pdf>



UHFVumlExample

Assertion: How can we Solve this Problem?

solution assertion:

use more diagrams and representations

that are close to the human experience

and use concrete examples

examples:

time

space (e.g. maps)

flow

scenario's, stories

diagrams



UHFVsolutionAssertion

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Introduction


MRI introduction

"Meta" Magnetic

Resonance Imaging

Scenario "George"


time space flow

diagrams

requirements design

conclusion

questions?



UHFVlogoMRIintroduction

Case: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)



ARMRproducts

Example of Engineering Induced Problem

The engineer creates a technological UI...

Select Virtual Representation Display Mode

Intermitting

Adaptive

Semi-Reflective

0.2 Fuzzle Factor

Patient Jansen has

been removed

OK

"In the meantime the

patient is horrified by the

intimidating system, the

weird cage around his

body and the EKG leads

attached to his breast..."

without imagining the clinical reality



MRcardioUseability

MRI Basic Principles

SW HW

magnet, e.g. 3T

static field B0

Hydrogen fresonance

gradient coil,

e.g. 10 mT/m

gradient field Gx, Gy, Gz

to encode spatial information

RF receive coils

RF transmit coil

e.g. 15 kW, 180 MHz

RF field B1

to excite spins

receive RF signal

to get data

determine

region and

contrast of interest

view images

human

use

convert needs in

sequence

generate

B0, Gx, Gy, Gz, B1

receive RF

reconstruct images



MRbasicPrinciples

Basic Imaging Sequence

Gz

Gx

Gy

RF

TETR

Gy=0 Gy=127

imaging =

repeating similar pattern

many times

typical TE:

5..50ms

transmit receive



MRimaging

Scenario


MRI introduction

"Meta" Magnetic

Resonance Imaging

Scenario "George"


time space flow

diagrams

requirements design

conclusion

questions?



UHFVlogoScenario

Scenario: Patient George

• Patient George has continuous headache.

• His family doctor has send him to the Neurologist.

• The Neurologist wants to exclude the possibility of a tumor

and requests an MRI examination.

• The Radiologists does not see any indication for a tumor.

• The Radiologist sends his report to the Neurologist.

• The Neurologist discusses his findings with the patient and

sends a report to the family doctor.



MRneuroScenario

From Complaint to Diagnosis

Family

Doctor

Patient

Referring

Physician

Nurse,

operatorRadiologist

consult

Request

Request

Report

Report

findings

MRI scanner



MRradiologyPatientAndPhysicians

weeks view: from Complaint to Diagnosis

functional flow

9 101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

call family doctor

visit family doctor

call neurology department

visit neurologist

call radiology department

examination itself

diagnosis by radiologist

report from radiologist to

neurologist

visit neurologist

19 2011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 24 25

days



MRendToEndTimeLine

Room Layout

corridor


technical

room

cabinets

control room

dressing


accessorycabinet

1 meter

console



MRroomLayout

half hour view: Examination

15 minute time slot

14:00 14:15 14:30

George

arrivesat radiology

department

Nurse

explainsthe procedure

Position Imaging

George

leavesexam room

Examination of previous patient

George is

waitingin the dressing room

PrepareGeorge for the

examination

(a.o. RF coils)

Viewaway

Viewaway



MRneuroTypicalTimeline

5 minute view: Patient Preparation (1 operator)

functional procedure

14:1514:20

walk from dressing room to table

position patient on table

move table upwards

position coils and connect

move table and patient into magnet

make plan scan

walkposition

on table

table

upcoils in magnet plan scantalk walk talk



MRpatientPreparationTimeLine

Patient Preparation Work Flow

corridor


technical

room

cabinets

control room

dressing


accessorycabinet

1

2

3

45

6

preparation work flow

1 get patient

2 patient on table

3 get RF coil

4 position RF coil


6 plan scan

console

1 meter



MRroomLayoutWorkflow

MRI Requirements and Design


MRI introduction

"Meta" Magnetic

Resonance Imaging

Scenario "George"


time space flow

diagrams

requirements design

conclusion

questions?



UHFVlogoMRIreqAndDesign

10..100ms view

Gz

Gx

Gy

RF

TETR

typical TE:

5..50ms


version: 0.2October 20, 2017MRmethodsView

How to Increase Imaging Performance?

Gz

Gx

Gy

RF

TETR

typical TE:

5..50ms

shorter RF pulse

more power

faster gradient ramp

more voltage

higher gradient

more currentimprove SNR

higher B0


version: 0.2October 20, 2017MRfasterImaging

How to Speed-up Patient Preparation?


14:1514:20


position patient on table

move table upwards



make plan scan

walkposition on

table

table

upcoils in magnet plan scantalk walk talk

table design, layout

coil connector

connector position

weight, size, flexibility

coil integration

room layout

remove/reduce anxiety factors

workflow approach

2nd operator

smarter positioning

faster imaging



MRfasterPreparation

Relations Needs, Requirements, Design Choices

design

patient throughput

diagnostic quality

patient handling

layout

resolution

contrast

scan speed

space cost of ownership

patient comfort noise

B 0 field

demographics aperture

G x,y,z max

G x,y,z rise time

imaging method

UI location

Grad. I max

Grad V max Grad amp.

B 1 field RF amp. RF power

RF receive coil

coil connection

RF signal quality

RF receive chain

et cetera

et cetera

et cetera

needs drivers



UHFVkeyDriverGraphSimplified

Conclusion


MRI introduction

"Meta" Magnetic

Resonance Imaging

Scenario "George"


time space flow

diagrams

requirements design

conclusion

questions?



UHFVlogoConclusion

Diagrams Conclusion

corridor


technical room

cabinets

control room

consol e

dressing room rest room waiting room

accessory cabinet

1

2

3

4 5

6

preparation workflow

1 get patient

2 patient on table

3 get RF coil

4 position RF coil


6 plan scan


14:15 14:20


sit on table and position patient

move table upwards



make plan scan

walk sit, position table

up coils in magnet plan scan talk walk talk

2D map

work flow

time line

time , space and flow diagrams are:

complementary

close to human experience

insightful



UHFVconclusionDiagrams

Scale Conclusion

time, space, and flow diagrams are useful in a broad dynamic range.

nano..giga seconds

nano..giga meters

14:15 14:20

walk sit, position table

up coils in magnet plan scan talk walk talk

functional flow

9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

call family doctor

visit family doctor call neurology department visit neurologist call radiology department examination itself

diagnosis by radiologist

report from radiologist to neurologist

visit neurologist

19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 24 25

days

Gz

Gx

Gy

RF

TE

TR

typical TE: 5..50ms

15 minute time slot

14:00 14:15 14:30

George arrives

at radiology department

Nurse explains

the procedure

Position Imaging

George leaves

exam room

Examination of previous patient

George is waiting

in the dressing room Prepare

George for the examination

(a.o. RF coils)

View away

View away

days

hour

minutes 10..100 ms

G y =0 G y =127

sec..min



UHFVconclusionScale

Scenario/Story Conclusion

Stories and Scenarios

make discussions concrete

are means to understand

are means to design

• Patient George has continuous headache.

• His family doctor has send him to the Neurologist.

• The Neurologist wants to exclude the possibility of a tumor and requests an MRI examination.

• The Radiologists does not see any indication for a tumor.

• The Radiologist sends his report to the Neurologist.

• The Neurologist discusses his findings with the patient and sends a report to the family doctor.



UHFVconclusionScenario

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