Understanding the Boot Process and Command Line - EWU · PDF fileUnderstanding the Boot...
Transcript of Understanding the Boot Process and Command Line - EWU · PDF fileUnderstanding the Boot...
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PCFifth Edition
Chapter 3
Understanding the Boot Process and Command Line
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You Will Learn…
About the boot process and some tools for troubleshooting a failed boot
To use many commands at the command prompt
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Booting Up Your Computer
Hard (cold) boot versus soft (warm) boot
Startup BIOS is in control when boot process begins
Turns control over to the OS
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Steps in the Boot Process
1. Startup BIOS runs power-on self test (POST) and assigns resources
2. ROM BIOS startup program searches for and loads an OS
3. OS configures the system and completes its own loading
4. Application software is loaded and executed
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Boot Step 1: POST
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How the BIOS Finds and Loads the OS
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How the BIOS Finds and Loads the OS (continued)
BIOS executes MBR program
Turns to partition table to find OS boot record
Program in OS boot record attempts to find a boot loader program for OS
Ntldr (Windows NT/2000/XP)
Io.sys (Windows 9x)
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Boot Step 2: Loading the OS
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Loading the MS-DOS Core of Windows 9x
Brings OS to real-mode command prompt
Relevance: Real-mode DOS core often used as a troubleshooting tool
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Loading the MS-DOS Core of Windows 9x (continued)
Files necessary to boot to command promptIo.sys
Msdos.sys
Command.com
To customize 16-bit portion of load processAutoexec.bat
Config.sys
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Boot Step 3: OS Initializes Itself
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Emergency Startup Disks
Bootable disks with some utility programs to troubleshoot a failed hard drive
Each OS provides automated method to create a rescue disk (Windows 9x) or set of disks (Windows 2000)
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Emergency Startup Disks (continued)
Creating a Windows 9x startup disk
Add/Remove Programs icon in Control Panel
Using a Windows 9x startup disk with another OS
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Windows 9x Startup Disks
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Using the Command Prompt
Multiple ways of accessing a command prompt
Launching a program using the command prompt
Using commands to manage files and folders and perform utility tasks when troubleshooting a failed system
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How to Access a Command Prompt in Windows
Windows 2000 or Windows XP
Startup disks (Windows 2000) or installation CD (Windows XP) to boot PC and load Recovery Console
All versionsStart, Run, Command.com in Run dialog box
All versionsCommand window from Windows desktop
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How to Access a Command Prompt in Windows (continued)
Windows 9xCtrl + F8 while booting
Windows 95/98Start, Shutdown, Restart in MS-DOS mode
Windows 9xBoot from a bootable disk
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Launching a Program Using the Command Prompt (continued)
Type filename of program file at command prompt
OS
Attempts to find program file by name,
Copies file into RAM, and
Executes program
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Launching a Program Using the Command Prompt (continued)
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DOS File and Directory Naming Conventions
8.3 formatUp to 8 characters, separating period, and file extension of up to 3 characters (eg, filename.ext)
Acceptable characters Letters a through zNumbers 0 through 9_ ^ $ ! # % & - { } ( ) @ ‘ `
Do not use space, period, *, ? or \Acceptable extensions: .com, .sys, .bat, .exe
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Windows File and Directory Naming Conventions
Up to 255 characters
Can contain spaces
When DOS part of system is operating, it
Truncates long filenames
Assigns new 8-character names (eg, Mydocu~1.doc)
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Wildcards
Question mark (?)
Wildcard for one character
Asterisk (*)
Wildcard for more than one character
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Commands to Manage Disks, Drives, Files, and Directories
Deletes files or groups of filesDel or Erase
Displays contents of text file on screen
Type
Renames a file or folderRename or Ren
Lists files and directoriesDirFunctionCommand
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Result of Dir Command
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Commands to Manage Disks, Drives, Files, and Directories
Deletes directory tree beginning with specified subdirectoryUse with caution!
Deltree [drive:]path
Same general command-source-destination format as CopyOffers several more options
Xcopy /C /S /Y /D:
Copies single file or group of filesDoes not alter original files
CopyFunctionCommand
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Commands to Manage Disks, Drives, Files, and Directories
Removes a subdirectoryRmdir [drive:]path or RD [drive:]path
Changes current default directory
Chdir [drive:]path or CD [drive:]path or CD..
Creates a subdirectory under a directory
Mkdir [drive:]path or MD [drive:]path
FunctionCommand
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Commands to Manage Disks, Drives, Files, and Directories
Displays or changes read-only, archive, system, and hidden attributes assigned to files
Attrib
Reports information about a diskChkdsk [drive:] /F /V
Copies system files needed to boot to a disk or drive
Sys Drive:
FunctionCommand
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Commands to Manage Disks, Drives, Files, and Directories
Rewrites files on hard drive in contiguous clusters to improve hard drive performance
Defrag Drive: /S
Restores or repairs Windows 98 registry
Scanreg /Restore /Fix /Backup
Scans hard drive for errors and repairs them
Scandisk Drive: /A /N /P
FunctionCommand
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Commands to Manage Disks, Drives, Files, and Directories
Views/manipulates components of a file system on disks and drives (FAT, directories, boot records)Views contents of memory and hexadecimal addresses
Debug
Extracts files from a cabinet fileExtract filename.cab file1.ext /D
Displays version of OS in useVerFunctionCommand
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Commands to Manage Disks, Drives, Files, and Directories
Attempts to reverse effects of accidental format
Unformat
Formats disk or hard drive/S option makes drive bootable
Format Drive
Partitions hard drive for first useFdisk
Enables editing text files while working at command prompt
Edit [path][filename]FunctionCommand
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Editing Autoexec.bat and Config.sys
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Options for Fdisk Command
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Options for Format Command (continued)
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Options for Format Command (continued)
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Using Batch Files
To execute group of commands using single command
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SummaryHow a PC first boots upParts of the boot process
POSTLoading the OSOS initializing itselfLoading and executing an application
Troubleshooting tools to use when the boot failsEssential commands used from a command prompt when troubleshooting a failed system